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Item 1. Cover Page
PART 2A OF FORM ADV: FIRM BROCHURE
CALEDONIA (PRIVATE) INVESTMENTS PTY LIMITED
Level 10, 131 Macquarie Street
Sydney, NSW 2000
Australia
Telephone: +61 2 9255 7600
Facsimile: +61 2 9255 7610
E-mail: rsilverstein@caledoniafund.com
mmoses@caledonia.com.au
Web Address: www.caledoniafund.com
September 25, 2025
This brochure (“Brochure”) provides information about the qualifications and business practices of
Caledonia (Private) Investments Pty Limited (“Caledonia”). If you have any questions about the
contents of this Brochure, please contact us at 347 287 3760 or at rsilverstein@caledoniafund.com. The
information in this Brochure has not been approved or verified by the United States Securities and
Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or by any state securities authority.
Additional information about Caledonia is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.
Registration with the SEC or with any state securities authority does not imply a certain level of skill or
training.
This Brochure is for informational purposes only. It does not convey an offer of any type and is not
intended to be, and should not be construed as, an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any
interest in any entity, investment or investment vehicle.
Item 2.
MATERIAL CHANGES
This Brochure dated September 25, 2025, contains the following material changes since the last annual
update of this Brochure dated September 18, 2024:
Item 8 was updated to explain current risk factors in greater detail.
•
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Item 3.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item
Section
Page
Item 2.
MATERIAL CHANGES .......................................................................................................... 2
Item 3.
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... 3
Item 4.
ADVISORY BUSINESS .......................................................................................................... 4
Item 5.
FEES AND COMPENSATION ............................................................................................... 5
Item 6.
PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT .......................... 8
Item 7.
TYPES OF CLIENTS ............................................................................................................. 10
Item 8.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS, INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISK OF LOSS .......... 11
Item 9.
DISCIPLINARY INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 42
Item 10. OTHER FINANCIAL INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES AND AFFILIATIONS ........................... 43
Item 11.
CODE OF ETHICS, PARTICIPATION IN CLIENT TRANSACTIONS AND PERSONAL
TRADING ............................................................................................................................... 44
Item 12.
BROKERAGE PRACTICES .................................................................................................. 47
Item 13.
REVIEW OF ACCOUNTS .................................................................................................... 52
Item 14.
CLIENT REFERRALS AND OTHER COMPENSATION ................................................... 53
Item 15.
CUSTODY .............................................................................................................................. 54
Item 16.
INVESTMENT DISCRETION .............................................................................................. 55
Item 17. VOTING CLIENT SECURITIES .......................................................................................... 56
Item 18.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................. 57
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Item 4.
ADVISORY BUSINESS
Caledonia is an SEC-registered investment adviser with its principal place of business in Sydney,
Australia. Caledonia was founded in 1992. Caledonia’s principal owner is Caledonia Holdings Co Pty
Limited. (For purposes of this Brochure, principal owners include those with at least a 25% interest in
Caledonia).
Caledonia provides discretionary investment management services, directly or through its affiliates, to
U.S. and to non-U.S. pooled investment vehicles and single investor funds (“Funds”), as well as to
separately managed account clients (“SMAs”) (the “Funds” and “SMAs” collectively together are, the
“Clients”).
The investment objective of Caledonia is to seek high absolute returns over a long-term horizon by
investing on a long/short basis primarily in corporate equity securities, predominantly listed securities,
and related instruments in global markets. Caledonia manages Client assets generally within a single
long-short global equity strategy in accordance with the terms set forth in the applicable governing
documents, which may include, but is not limited to, the offering memorandum, organizational
documents, private placement memorandum, prospectus, limited partnership agreement, limited liability
company agreement, investment management agreement, and/or subscription agreements (each and
collectively, the “Governing Document”). Caledonia does not tailor advisory services to the individual
needs of Clients. Caledonia’s investment program is speculative and entails substantial risks. Since
market risks are inherent in all investments to varying degrees, there can be no assurance that
Caledonia’s investment objectives will be achieved. In fact, certain investment practices can, in some
adverse circumstances, substantially increase the adverse impact of Caledonia’s investment portfolio.
Please refer to Item 8 of this Brochure for additional information regarding Caledonia’s methods of
analysis and investment strategies, and their associated risks. Prospective investors should refer to the
appropriate Governing Document for important additional information and considerations. Clients, in
limited circumstances per the Governing Document, may impose restrictions on investing in certain
securities.
Caledonia US, LP (“Caledonia US”), a US Limited Partnership, an affiliate of Caledonia and an SEC-
registered investment adviser, serves as the investment adviser to some of the Clients. Another affiliate
of Caledonia, Caledonia GP, LLC (“Caledonia GP”), a Delaware limited liability company, serves as
the general partner of certain U.S. based Funds. Caledonia Co-Invest GP, LLC (“Caledonia Co-Inv
GP”), also an affiliate of Caledonia, serves as the general partner of certain Funds registered in the
Cayman Islands.
Caledonia US, Caledonia GP, and Caledonia Co-Inv GP are related persons of Caledonia.
Caledonia US, Caledonia GP and Caledonia Co-Inv GP and their employees and personnel are subject
to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”) and rules thereunder, and to all of
Caledonia’s compliance policies and procedures. Each of the personnel of Caledonia US, Caledonia GP
and Caledonia Co-Inv GP are deemed “persons associated with” Caledonia (as that term is defined in
section 202(a)(17) of the Advisers Act) and are subject to SEC examination.
As of June 30, 2025, Caledonia managed Client regulatory assets under management on a discretionary
basis in the amount of U.S. $10.23 billion.
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Item 5.
FEES AND COMPENSATION
For Caledonia’s services to Clients, Caledonia or its affiliates will charge a management fee
(“Management Fee”) and performance-based compensation in the form of either an incentive allocation
or a performance fee (each, a “Performance Fee”) as described below. These fees and compensation
are negotiable.
Management Fee
In general, Caledonia will receive from each Client an asset-based Management Fee in the range of 0.5%
to 1.5% per annum. The Management Fee will generally be calculated and payable monthly, in arrears,
as of the first day of each month. Please refer to the applicable Governing Document for additional
information.
Performance Fee
In general, subject to certain adjustments and a “high water mark,” Caledonia is entitled to a
Performance Fee from each Client which generally ranges from 5% to 20% of all net realized and
unrealized income and gains derived from portfolio investments. This Performance Fee will generally
be calculated and payable annually, in arrears, as of the applicable Client’s fiscal year end and as agreed
in the Governing Documents. Please refer to the applicable Governing Document for additional
information.
General Information
The Management Fee and Performance Fee may be waived, reduced or calculated differently with
respect to Caledonia’s affiliates, members or employees or any particular affiliated or unaffiliated
investor at Caledonia’s discretion.
Fees and compensation paid or allocated to Caledonia or its affiliates by Clients are generally directly
debited from the assets of such Clients.
Except as set forth in the applicable Governing Document, each Client bears all other expenses
incidental to and incurred in relation to its operations and business as well as its pro rata share of such
Client’s expenses, including, but not limited to, brokerage (see Item 12 of this Brochure), each Client
bears its own costs, fees and expenses and its attributable share of the relevant fund’s expenses, as well
as any similar expenses incurred by any special purpose vehicles and/or trading or investing vehicles in
which the investor or the master fund invests, including, without limitation, the Management Fee (if
any); expenses relating to the formation, maintenance and winding up of the Client, special purpose
vehicles and/or trading or investing vehicles formed to facilitate the Client’s investments and/or co-
investment vehicles (including fees, costs and expenses incurred in connection with establishing co-
investment vehicles in connection with proposed investments that are not consummated, to the extent
not borne by such vehicles); investment expenses (e.g., expenses that, in Caledonia’s discretion, are
related to the investment of the Client’s assets, whether or not such investments are consummated, such
as brokerage commissions, expenses relating to short sales, clearing and settlement charges, custodial
fees, bank service fees and interest expense; expenses of outsourced “treasury” services whereby a third-
party service provider manages and advises on matters pertaining to cash reserves and cash management
(e.g., cash management, securities finance, collateral management, counterparty management and
margin management)); expenses relating to research generated through the use of third-party consultants
and similar service providers, news and quotation equipment and services, portfolio risk management
services and market information systems and computer software and information expenses; professional
fees (including expenses of consultants, investment bankers, attorneys, accountants and other experts)
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relating to investments; external accounting and valuation expenses, including expenses incurred by
certain non-investment personnel in this regard, as determined appropriate by Caledonia; research and
market data (including quotation and market data services (e.g., Bloomberg)); administrative expenses,
including fees and expenses of the Administrator; legal expenses (which includes, without limitation,
responding to formal and informal inquiries, audit, examination, proceeding or claim expenses on behalf
of or for the benefit of the Client or in connection with their business); expenses related to the preparation
and filing of regulatory filings related to the Client, Caledonia, any sub-advisor and any consultant as
well as other blue sky, AIFMD (as defined below) and corporate filing fees and expenses (except for
expenses relating to any compliance costs associated with registration as an investment adviser in the
U.S., the preparation of Form ADV and Form PF); external accounting and valuation expenses; expenses
relating to FATCA, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Standard
for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information – Common Reporting Standard (the “CRS”),
Standard for Automatic Exchange of Tax Information (“AEOI”) regimes and preparation costs of
financial statements, tax returns (including schedules thereto) and reports to investors and Schedule K-
1s (or any other required Form 1065 schedules) to investors; audit expenses and tax compliance and
preparation expenses; costs and expenses with respect to the Clients representative’s representation of
the Client and the partners; costs of printing and mailing reports and notices; taxes (including, for the
avoidance of doubt, any entity-level taxes, withholding taxes and/or similar charges that may be incurred
or payable by the Client); corporate licensing; regulatory expenses (including filing fees and expenses
relating to filings made in connection with the Client’s holdings or activities); organizational expenses;
expenses incurred in connection with the offering and sale of the Participating Shares, including the
negotiation of Side Letters (as defined below); expenses incurred in connection with meetings of the
investors; expenses of the UCC (as defined herein); indemnification expenses; and extraordinary
expenses and other similar expenses related to the Client. For purposes of this paragraph, third-party
consultants shall mean consultants, agents and other experts who Caledonia believes ordinarily spend a
not-insignificant portion of their business time providing services to bona fide third-party clients not
affiliated with Caledonia or their affiliates.
For the avoidance of doubt, “similar expenses” refers to any expenses that are similar in type and nature
to the expenses described in the previous paragraphs, and is intended, given the dynamic ongoing nature
of the business of the Client, to cover any expenses determined by Caledonia to be primarily related to
the categories listed above but not specifically enumerated. Caledonia considers that such similar
expenses include, but are not limited to: (i) broken deal expenses, initial and variation margin, loan fees,
private placement fees, appraisal fees, commitment fees and other transactional charges, fees or costs
(all of which Caledonia considers investment expenses); (ii) any judgments or settlements paid in
connection with any formal and informal inquiries, audit, examination, proceeding or claim expenses
on behalf of or for the benefit of the Client or in connection with its business (which Caledonia considers
legal expenses); (iii) entity-level taxes and governmental fees or other charges payable by or with respect
to or levied against the Client, its investments, or to U.S. federal, state or other governmental agencies,
U.S. or non-U.S., including real estate, stamp or other transfer taxes (which Caledonia considers tax
expenses); (iv) expenses related to the offering of interests in compliance with the Directive 2011/61/EU
of the European Parliament and the Council of 8 June 2011 on Alternative Investment Fund Managers
(“AIFMD”) (which Caledonia considers offering expenses); (v) directors’ and officers’ liability or other
similar insurance policies, errors and omissions insurance and other similar policies for the benefit of
the Client and all other costs and expenses arising out of the Client’s indemnification obligations (which
Caledonia considers indemnification expenses); (vi) any and all fees, costs and expenses incurred in
connection with any amendments, modifications, revisions or restatements to the constituent documents
of the Client, Caledonia, any special purpose vehicles and/or trading or investing vehicles; and (vii)
wind-up and liquidation expenses of the foregoing entities (all which Caledonia considers organizational
expenses and/or legal expenses).
The above expenses, other than the Management Fee (if applicable) and Incentive Fee, will generally
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be borne, directly or indirectly, on a pro rata basis by all Participating Shareholders, based on the
aggregate NAV of the Participating Shares they hold. Certain expenses incurred on behalf of or for the
benefit of one or a few Series of Participating Shares, may be borne only by such Series of Participating
Shares, as determined by Caledonia. Consequently, it is anticipated that certain investment and offering
and sale expenses that Caledonia determines are related exclusively to a particular Series of Participating
Shares will be borne only by such Series of Participating Shares. Conversely, it is anticipated that those
expenses that Caledonia determines as being related to the overall operation of the Client will generally
continue to be borne by all Participating Shares, irrespective of Series designation.
If any of the foregoing expenses are also attributable to one or more other accounts, such expenses will
be allocated among the Client and such other accounts in a manner determined by Caledonia in its
discretion to be fair and reasonable. In certain circumstances, Caledonia and/or the General Partner may
elect to bear certain expenses otherwise incurred for or allocated to other accounts or the Client. Any
such election by Caledonia and/or the General Partner will not obligate either party to bear such expenses
in any other instance.
Investors or prospective investors should carefully review the applicable Governing Documents for
additional information regarding the expenses borne by each respective Client. The information
contained in this Item 5 is a summary only and is qualified in its entirety by such Governing Documents.
Caledonia has adopted an expense allocation policy that is designed to ensure that expenses are allocated
to Clients in a fair and equitable manner. Caledonia allocates expenses to each Client in accordance with
the Client’s Governing Documents. Caledonia generally allocates common client expenses among
multiple Clients pro rata based on gross assets under management as at the beginning of the month in
which the expenses are incurred. Caledonia may deviate from this standard allocation method if it
determines that an expense disproportionately benefits a particular Client or group of Clients.
Neither Caledonia nor its Access Persons accepts compensation for the sale of securities or other
investment products, including asset-based sales charges or service fees.
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Item 6.
PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT
As disclosed in Item 5 of this Brochure, Caledonia is generally entitled to receive a Performance Fee
from Clients, calculated and payable on an annual basis and as otherwise set out in the Governing
Documents.
The fact that Caledonia or its affiliates are entitled to receive Performance Fees creates a potential
conflict of interest in that it may create an incentive for Caledonia to effect transactions in investments
that are riskier or more speculative than would otherwise be the case. Several of Caledonia’s investment
personnel are compensated in a manner that includes a performance-based component. The Client’s
performance-based compensation is generally calculated on a basis that includes unrealized appreciation
of the Client’s assets; such compensation may be greater than if it were based solely on realized gains.
While Caledonia has the right to waive performance-based compensation as to particular investors in a
Client, Caledonia manages each Client’s portfolio as an undivided pool. Caledonia also generally
manages SMAs in parallel with the same investment strategy of the Funds (subject to any investment
limitations or other special requirements as set forth in the applicable Governing Document). As a result,
Caledonia does not favor any Client over another because of its performance-based fee arrangements.
Performance-based fees will only be charged in accordance with the provisions of Rule 205-3 of the
Advisers Act.
Investors must understand the performance-based method of compensation and its risks prior to
subscribing to interests in any Client.
Side-by-side management refers to multiple client relationships where an adviser manages more than
one advisory client relationship or portfolio on a simultaneous basis. Potential conflicts of interest arise
under such side-by-side management including incentives to favor certain clients over others or
proprietary accounts over client accounts. As Caledonia endeavors to treat all Clients fairly at all times
and to put the interest of Clients first as part of its fiduciary duty as an investment adviser, Caledonia
takes the following steps to address any potential conflicts of interest:
• Caledonia discloses material conflicts of interest;
• Given Caledonia’s single long-short global equity strategy is generally applied uniformly across
all Clients, subject to other factors described below. Caledonia generally allocates investment
opportunities on a pro-rata basis based on the NAV or the “available capital” (the latter takes
into account leverage, and is important if two funds or accounts follow the same strategy but
differ in terms of the leverage employed) of such funds or accounts after taking into account the
“target allocation” to a particular strategy, geography, sector or other relevant characteristics of
the subject opportunity, including, without limitation, (i) the investment objectives, risk profile,
guidelines or restrictions of such fund or account; (ii) the current portfolio composition of such
fund or account; (iii) the need for cash to satisfy redemption requests or other obligations; (iv)
tax considerations; (v) the need to bring such fund or account in compliance with its investment
guidelines, restrictions by virtue of applicable law and/or internal risk policies; (vi) whether
such opportunity will be de minimis for such fund or account; (vii) cash balances, liquidity,
leverage and other operational factors, including those inherent at the inception of a fund or
account, or at the time of acceptance of a significant inflow of investor capital by a fund or
account, in each case, until the applicable subscription proceeds have been invested or
substantially invested, and in the case of funds or accounts using leverage, the need to sell
positions in order to comply with or avoid margin calls from lenders (or otherwise take steps to
improve its standing relative to its lenders); and (viii) on the basis of such other then-current
factors that Caledonia deems appropriate under the circumstances;
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imposed under applicable
• Factors that may be considered when allocating trades include, but are not limited to: investment
objectives and policies, risk profile, guidelines or restrictions applicable to each Client; the
current portfolio composition of such fund or account; tax considerations; actual and targeted
cash availability; liquidity requirements for payment of redemptions or other purposes; risk
tolerances; restrictions
laws or regulations; counterparty
arrangements; account size; industry and security weightings and concentrations; and hedging
objectives and activity; and any other factor as set out in the Governing Documents;
• Caledonia compares holdings and performance of all Clients to identify any significant
performance disparities and underlying causes;
• Caledonia educates its employees regarding the responsibilities of a fiduciary, including the
need for having a reasonable and independent basis for the investment advice provided to
Clients and equitable treatment of all Clients; and
• Caledonia maintains written policies to address any potential conflicts including the steps taken
above.
Caledonia, on an ongoing basis and in its sole discretion, offers co-investment opportunities in certain
investments to certain investors or third parties. Co-investment opportunities may be effected through
limited partnerships or other entities formed to effect co-investments. Caledonia will allocate available
co-investment opportunities in such a manner as it determines is fair and equitable in its reasonable
discretion in accordance with its written policies to address the allocation of investment opportunities.
Participation in such opportunities may be limited to a select number of clients or investors based on
Caledonia’s consideration of factors, including but not limited to: (i) whether the potential co-investor
has expressed an interest in participating in co-investment opportunities; (ii) Caledonia’s evaluation of
the potential co-investor’s size and financial resources; (iii) the ability of the potential co-investor to
expeditiously participate in the investment opportunity without harming or otherwise prejudicing the
other clients participating; (iv) Caledonia’s perception of whether the investment opportunity may
subject the potential co-investor to legal, regulatory or other burdens that make it less likely that the
potential co-investor would accept the investment opportunity; (v) whether Caledonia believes that
allocating the investment opportunity to a potential co-investor will help establish, recognize or
strengthen relationships that may provide indirectly longer-term benefits to current or future clients or
to Caledonia; (vi) any confidentiality concerns Caledonia has that may arise in connection with
providing the potential co-investor with specific information regarding an investment opportunity in
order to allow it to evaluate the opportunity; and (vii) other factors deemed relevant by Caledonia.
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Item 7.
TYPES OF CLIENTS
Caledonia’s Clients consist of Funds and SMAs, beneficial owners of which are sophisticated and
institutional investors which may include, but are not limited to, individuals, high net worth individuals,
pension funds, trusts, charitable organizations, endowments, foundations, corporations, family offices
and funds of funds. Caledonia, however, is not precluded from advising types of clients that are not
previously listed.
With respect to Funds offered in the U.S., the minimum required initial investment is $25 million,
subject to the discretion of Caledonia GP to accept lesser amounts.
A minimum initial account size is generally required of SMA clients. As of 1 January 2018, SMAs are
no longer offered to new US clients. Caledonia US currently has no separately managed account clients.
Any separately managed account clients are managed by Caledonia.
Depending on the exemptions relied upon by the Clients, as applicable, investors may be required to
meet certain qualification requirements prior to investment. For example, the Clients in the U.S.
currently rely on the exclusion from the definition of an investment company provided by Section
3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act of 1940. Accordingly, investors in such Clients are required to
be “accredited investors” as defined for purposes of Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933 and
“qualified purchasers” as defined in Section 2(a)(51) of the Investment Company Act of 1940.
Admission to the Clients is not open to the general public.
Prospective investors should refer to the appropriate Governing Documents for important qualifications
requirements for investment.
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Item 8. METHODS OF ANALYSIS, INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISK OF
LOSS
Methods of Analysis and Investment Strategies
Caledonia generally employs a single long-short global equity investment strategy across all Clients.
Caledonia’s investment objective is to seek high absolute returns over a long-term horizon by investing
on a long/short basis primarily in corporate equity securities, predominantly listed securities, and related
instruments in global markets. Caledonia aims to achieve this investment objective by focusing on stock
picking and what Caledonia believes is deep fundamental research with respect to smaller issuers whose
equities Caledonia believes the markets are generally less efficient in pricing to drive alpha. The
investment strategy and methods of analysis used to achieve this objective are described below, together
with the associated risks of loss.
Generally, Caledonia seeks to conduct detailed bottom-up financial modelling on an individual issuer
basis in an attempt to understand the driver and magnitude of such issuer’s earnings advantage.
Caledonia is agnostic as to the sector or geography in which it invests (within reason), and will attempt
to adapt its investment universe to take advantage of the environment and/or compelling opportunities.
For example, Caledonia will fully immerse itself in industries of interest which often leads to a thematic
line of investing, whereby Caledonia invests across geographies within one distinct vertical or business
model. Caledonia typically takes a three- to five-year view when making an investment on the long side,
and typically a one-year to two-year view on the short side.
Caledonia’s investment process with respect to investments includes what Caledonia views as rigorous
initial due diligence on potential investments, seeking to identify value-based investment opportunities
with attractive risk/reward characteristics. Caledonia performs ongoing due diligence with respect to all
investments through (i) company management, competitor and industry contact and (ii) quantitative
analysis to continually confirm and test an investment thesis.
Risk management is a critical component of the investment approach. Caledonia focuses its investment
universe to public issuers listed on stock exchanges in countries where there is a longstanding history of
protection of shareholder rights and the rule of law. Also it seeks to own securities which to the greatest
extent possible convey true ownership of the profits and cash flows of the underlying company. This
means Caledonia tends to concentrate its efforts on the developed markets around the world while
eschewing emerging and frontier markets where the rule of law is less well-established.
Typically, Caledonia’s investment strategy is best described as high conviction with Client portfolios
concentrated in a small number of investments.
In implementing its strategy, Caledonia is typically not limited as to the variety of instruments it may
deploy but Client portfolios would generally include: listed equities, unlisted equities, swaps and other
derivatives, options, futures, forward foreign-exchange contracts and fixed income securities.
Conflicts Relating to Material Nonpublic Information
From time to time, Caledonia may enter into confidentiality agreements with companies or their
representatives in connection with a prospective or current investment. Through these and other
relationships, Caledonia may obtain material nonpublic information that might restrict its ability to buy
or sell the securities of such company on behalf of its Clients. In order to mitigate and limit the instances
in which Caledonia will be subject to these restrictions, Caledonia has adopted a policy that establishes
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controls with respect to the acceptance, use and handling of confidential information.
Material Risks (including significant, or unusual risks) relating to investment strategies and
method of analysis
Please note that an investment in a Client is highly speculative and not intended as a complete investment
program. Investing in the securities markets in general and in one or more Clients advised by Caledonia
in particular involves significant risk. Investments in a Client are designed only for experienced and
sophisticated persons who are able to bear the economic risk of the loss of their entire investment and
who have a limited need for liquidity in their investment. The method(s) and investment strategies
described above involve certain risks. Investors or prospective investors should review the applicable
Governing Documents for a complete description of the material risks related to their investment. A
summary of some of the principal risks are set out below:
• Limited Diversification - Caledonia intends to seek to diversify Clients’ investments as it deems
appropriate and consistent with the Client’s investment objective. However, Clients’
investment portfolios are likely to be concentrated in a small number of investments which is
likely to make the portfolio subject to a greater level of volatility and increase the relative impact
that each issuer will have on the overall portfolio. Also, the use of a single investment manager
applying generally similar trading programs could mean lack of diversification and,
consequentially, higher risk.
• Concentrated Positions - Notwithstanding investment guidelines which reflects the Caledonia
Group’s current intentions, there are no limits on Caledonia’s investment discretion with respect
to the size of any investment and the Clients will not be limited in the amount of capital that
may be committed to any single investment. A substantial portion of the Clients’ portfolio may
be concentrated in a few sectors, industries, or issuers, and may not necessarily be widely
diversified. Therefore, the Clients face the risk that the value of its portfolio will be greatly
affected by changes in the prices of a small number of investments. This limited diversity could
expose the Clients to substantial losses that are disproportionate to market movements in general
if there are disproportionately greater adverse price movements in those investments.
Consequently, the Clients may be subject to more rapid change in value than would be the case
if the Clients were required to maintain a wide diversification among portfolio positions.
• Possible Positive Correlation with Traditional Portfolios – Typically, one of the objectives of
an investor in incorporating a non-traditional investment such as the Client into a portfolio is to
provide a potentially valuable element of diversification. However, there can be no assurance,
particularly during periods of market disruption and stress when the risk control benefits of
diversification may be most important, that the Clients will, in fact, experience a low level of
correlation with traditional portfolios.
• Speculative Nature of Certain Investments – Certain investments by the Clients may be regarded
as speculative in nature and involve increased levels of inherent risk. An inherent part of a
strategy may be to identify financial products which are undervalued (or, in the case of short
positions, overvalued) by the marketplace. Success of such strategy necessarily depends upon
the market recognizing such value in the price of the financial products within the time frame
Caledonia desires, which may not necessarily occur.
• Directional Trading – Certain of the positions taken by Clients may be directional in that they
are designed to profit from forecasting absolute price movements in a particular security.
Directional investing is subject to all the risks inherent in incorrectly predicting future price
movements. Often these price movements will be determined by unanticipated factors, and even
if the determining factors are correctly identified, Caledonia’s analysis of those factors may
prove inaccurate, in each case, potentially leading to substantial losses. Predicting future prices
12
is inherently uncertain and the losses incurred, if the market moves against a position, will often
not be hedged. The speculative aspect of attempting to predict absolute price movements is
generally perceived to exceed that involved in attempting to predict relative price fluctuations.
• Long/Short Investment Strategies – The identification of investment opportunities in the
implementation of the Clients’ long/short investment strategies is a difficult task, and there are
no assurances that such opportunities will be successfully identified or realized. If the perceived
opportunities underlying the Client’s positions were to fail to converge toward, or were to
diverge further from values expected by Caledonia, the Clients may incur a loss. In the event of
market disruptions, the Clients could be forced to close out one or more positions at unfavorable
prices, thereby incurring significant losses. Furthermore, the models and analytics used to
determine whether an investment presents an attractive opportunity consistent with Caledonia’s
long/short strategies may become outdated and inaccurate as market conditions change.
• Short selling - Caledonia engages in short selling strategies as part of its single long/short global
equity strategy. A Short sale involves the sale of a security that the Clients do not own. To make
delivery to the buyer, the Clients generally must borrow the security, and the Clients are
obligated to pay the lender of the security a stock borrow fee as well as any dividend or interest
payable on the security until it returns the security to the lender. When the Clients make a short
sale in the U.S., it must leave the proceeds thereof with the lender as collateral. If short sales are
effected on a non-U.S. exchange, such transactions will be governed by local law. Short selling
allows the investor to profit from declines in market prices to the extent such decline exceeds
the transaction costs and the costs of borrowing the securities.
Selling securities short creates the risk of losing an amount greater than the initial investment,
and can also involve borrowing and other costs which can reduce profits or create losses in
particular positions. Short sales theoretically involve unlimited loss potential, as the market
price of securities sold short may increase continuously. Under adverse market conditions the
Clients might have difficulty maintaining the ability to borrow securities sold short. If so, the
Clients might have to sell portfolio securities to raise the capital necessary to meet its short sale
obligations at a time when fundamental investment considerations would not favor such sales.
There also can be no assurance that the securities necessary to cover a short position will be
available for purchase at or near prices quoted in the market. Purchasing securities to close out
the short position can itself cause the price of the securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating
the loss. In addition, the Clients can be “bought in” (i.e., forced to purchase securities in the
open market to return to the lender).
During the severe market disruptions following the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in
September 2008, securities regulators in a number of countries imposed “emergency” bans on
the short selling of financial sector securities. Short selling may be subject to further regulations
or even bans. Short selling is integral to Clients’ investment strategy and any regulatory
limitations on short selling could materially adversely affect Caledonia’s ability to implement
its strategy for the benefit of the Clients.
Absent an exemption and subject to certain limited exceptions, Rule 105 of Regulation M
promulgated under the Exchange Act prohibits the Clients from purchasing securities in any
firm commitment, underwritten follow-on or secondary offering of equity (or equity linked)
securities for cash when the Clients have effected short sales in such securities within a
“restricted period” prior to the pricing of the offering. If the Clients cannot meet an exemption
to Rule 105, this will result in restrictions in the Clients’ trading activity and may adversely
impact the results of the Clients.
Although the Clients generally seeks to generate alpha from its short selling strategy, Caledonia
may use short sales in an attempt to hedge against the risk of declines in the market value of the
Clients’ long portfolio, and there can be no assurance that such hedging operations will be
13
successful. Additionally, the CFTC and the U.S. commodities exchanges impose limits, referred
to as “speculative position limits,” on the maximum net long or net short speculative positions
that any person may hold or control in any particular futures or options contracts traded on U.S.
commodities exchanges.
• Trade Allocations – Caledonia may advise other clients that have investment programs that have
overlapping strategies with the Client. Although investments that are appropriate for the Client
and one or more other clients will generally be allocated in accordance with a predetermined
allocation policy, there are circumstances where an investment that is appropriate for the Client
and other clients is allocated in another manner. In addition, the portfolios of the Client and any
other clients will differ as a result of different investment programs, purchases and withdrawals
being made at different times and in different amounts due to among other reasons, investment
strategies, financing terms, as well as because of different tax, regulatory or other
considerations. As a result, the performance of each the Client and other clients will diverge.
• New Issues and Non-Pro Rata Allocations – In the event that the Client determines, in its sole
discretion, that due to tax, regulatory, or any other reasons as to which the Client and any
investors agree (including in order to comply with certain investment restrictions or other
considerations), one or more of a investor’s capital accounts should not participate in (or should
be limited in their participation in) the net capital appreciation or depreciation, if any,
attributable to any investment, type of investment or any other transaction, the Client may
allocate such net capital appreciation or depreciation only to an investor’s capital account to
which such considerations or reasons do not apply (or may allocate to the restricted capital
accounts, the portion of such net capital appreciation or depreciation allowed or agreed to be
allocated to them). Consequently, the unrestricted capital accounts will be exposed to a greater
extent to certain investments, types of investments, or other transactions than they would
otherwise be exposed to. If such investments, types of investments or other transactions generate
net capital depreciation, the unrestricted capital accounts will be allocated a greater portion of
such net capital depreciation than if such net capital depreciation were also allocated to restricted
capital accounts.
• Valuation of the Client’s Investments – Valuation of the Client’s securities and other
investments may involve uncertainties and judgmental determinations, and if such valuations
should prove to be incorrect, the net asset value could be adversely affected. Independent pricing
information may not at times be available regarding certain of the Client’s securities and other
investments. Valuation determinations will be made in good faith in accordance with the
Partnership Agreement.
The Client may have some of its assets in investments, which by their very nature may be
extremely difficult to accurately value. To the extent that the value assigned by the Client to any
such investment differs from the actual value, the net asset value may be understated or
overstated. In light of the foregoing, there is a risk that an investor who withdraws all or part of
its interests while the Client holds such investments will be paid an amount less than it would
otherwise be paid if the actual value of such investments is higher than the value designated by
the Client. Similarly, there is a risk that such investor might, in effect, be overpaid if the actual
value of such investments is lower than the value designated by the Client. In addition, there is
risk that an investment in the Client by a new investor (or an additional investment by an existing
investor) could dilute the value of such investments for the other investors if the designated
value of such investments is higher than the value designated by the Client. Further, there is risk
that a new investor (or an existing investor that makes an additional investment) could pay more
than it might otherwise if the actual value of such investments is lower than the value designated
by the Client. Where necessary, the Client reserves the right to adjust the net asset value
retroactively.
14
None of Caledonia GP, Caledonia, the Client nor the Administrator shall have any liability in
the event that any price or valuation, used in good faith in connection with the above procedures,
proves to be an incorrect or an inaccurate estimate or determination of the price or value of any
part of the property of the Client. There is no assurance that the determination of the net asset
value as described herein reflects the actual sales prices of the securities, even when such sales
occur very shortly after the Valuation Day.
• Valuations Based on Unaudited and Estimated Valuations of the Investments – The value of the
investors’ interests is expected to generally be based on unaudited and estimated valuations of
the Clients’ investments and any valuation provided in any investor’s account statement is
expected to generally be an unaudited, estimated value. There can be no guarantee or assurance
that the value, as so determined, will in fact represent the actual value of the Clients’ assets that
will be realized by the Client on the eventual disposition of such assets or that could, in fact, be
realized if such assets were actually disposed of at such time. Therefore, any amount distributed
to an investor (including as a distribution in-kind) for such investor’s interest in the Client may
not be based upon an appropriate valuation of the Client or such investor’s interest, and
depending on the circumstances, such valuations may not be subject to adjustments.
• Dividends and Distributions – The Client does not intend to make distributions to investors but
intends instead to reinvest the Clients’ income and gain. Accordingly, an investment in the
Client may not be suitable for investors seeking current returns for financial or tax planning
purposes. Caledonia does however reserve the right to make distributions to investors.
• Co-Investments – The Client may co-invest as described more fully herein and may offer co-
investment opportunities to Caledonia’s other clients and other co-investors. In allocating co-
investment opportunities, Caledonia will consider any factors it deems relevant, including the
sophistication, transaction speed, tenure as an investor with Caledonia or its affiliates or
commitment to making co-investment funds available. In any event, no investor should have
any expectation of receiving an investment opportunity or to be owed any duty or obligation in
connection therewith. In such circumstances, the investment opportunity available to the Client
may be less than it otherwise would have been. Certain co-investors investing with the Client
may invest on different (and more favorable) terms applicable to the Client and may have
interests or requirements that conflict with and adversely impact the Client (for example, with
respect to their liquidity requirements, available capital, the timing of acquisitions and disposals
or other rights). Caledonia will generally seek to assure that the Client and other investors
participate in any co-investment and related transactions on comparable terms to the extent
practicable and share in corresponding investment related expenses. Investors should note,
however, that this may not be practicable in all circumstances and that the Client may participate
in such investments on different and potentially less favorable terms than such parties if
Caledonia deems such participation in the Clients’ interest. This may have an adverse impact
on the Client.
Given the Clients’ investment program, it may not be possible to determine, when exploring an
investment opportunity, whether it would be appropriate for the full amount of such opportunity
to be allocated to the Client or whether to attempt to allocate a portion of it to co-investors. Due
to, among other reasons, the speculative nature of whether an opportunity may or may not be
allocated to co-investors, co-investors may not agree to, and investors should have no
expectation that potential co-investors will, pay or otherwise bear fees, costs or expenses related
to unconsummated co-investments, such as break-up fees or broken deal expenses. Such fees,
costs and expenses that are not borne by co-investors will be considered operating expenses of
and be borne by the Client. In addition, to the extent agreed by co-investors, Caledonia and/or
its affiliates may receive compensation (in the form of a management fee, performance-based
compensation or otherwise) in connection with a co-investment that will not reduce the
compensation paid to Caledonia by the Client. Such compensation arrangements may reduce
15
the returns to participants in the investments and create actual and/or potential conflicts of
interest between such parties and the Client.
• Additional Rights of Limited Partners – Caledonia GP, in its sole discretion and without notice
to the other investors of the Client, may enter into Side Letters (to satisfy regulatory
requirements or for any other reason) with certain investors granting them, among other things,
fee waivers or reductions, different voting rights or restrictions, additional rights to reports or
other information and other more favorable (or less favorable) investment terms than the terms
associated with an investment by investors in the Client pursuant to the terms offered pursuant
to the private placement memorandum. The Client shall have no obligation to offer additional
and/or different rights, terms or conditions granted to other or all investors in the Client.
• Access to Information - In response to questions and requests and in connection with due
diligence meetings and other communications, the Client and Caledonia may provide
information to certain investors and prospective investors that is not distributed to other
investors and prospective investors. Such information may impact a prospective investor’s
decision to invest in the partnership. Caledonia does not provide investors or prospective
investors with descriptions of the due diligence inquiries it receives from other investors or
prospective investors. As a result, inquiring investors or prospective investors will obtain
information other than the information that is provided to: (i) all investors in the ordinary course
of business, (ii) certain investors pursuant to Side Letters and/or (iii) investors or prospective
investors who conduct due diligence but do not make the same inquiries or that make the same
inquiries at a different time. Each investor and prospective investor is responsible for asking
such questions as it believes are necessary in order to make its own investment decisions.
•
Issuer-specific changes - Changes in the financial condition of an issuer or counterparty,
changes in specific economic or political conditions that affect a particular type of security or
issuer and changes in general economic or political conditions can increase the risk of default
by an issuer or counterparty, which can affect a security’s or instrument’s value. The value of
securities of smaller, less well-known issuers can be more volatile than that of larger issuers.
Smaller issuers can have more limited product lines, markets or financial resources.
• Counterparty Default and Credit Risk - The Client expects to establish relationships to obtain
financing, derivative intermediation and prime brokerage services that permit the Client to trade
in any variety of markets or asset classes over time; however, there can be no assurance that the
Client will be able to maintain such relationships or establish such relationships. An inability to
establish or maintain such relationships would limit the Clients’ trading activities, could create
losses, preclude the Client from engaging in certain transactions, financing, derivative
intermediation and prime brokerage services and prevent the Client from trading at optimal rates
and terms. Moreover, a disruption in the financing, derivative intermediation and prime
brokerage services provided by any such relationships before the Client establishes additional
relationships could have a significant impact on the Clients’ business due to the Clients’ reliance
on such counterparties. The size of the Client may affect the Clients’ ability to maintain
relationships with counterparties on similar terms as those that exist for other accounts. The
Client will, in certain circumstances, be fully subject to the default of a counterparty. Such
counterparty may be a broker, or any other party, and the default risk or credit risk could be to
contractual obligations, settlement or any other default or credit related issue. Furthermore, there
is a risk that any of the Clients’ counterparties could become insolvent and/or the subject of
insolvency proceedings. If one or more of the Clients‘ counterparties were to become insolvent
or the subject of insolvency proceedings in the United States (either under the U.S. Securities
Investor Protection Act or the United States Bankruptcy Code), there exists the risk that the
recovery of the Clients’ securities and other assets from the Clients’ brokers or broker-dealers
will be delayed or be of a value less than the value of the securities or assets originally entrusted
to such prime broker or broker-dealer. In addition, the Client may use counterparties located in
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jurisdictions outside the United States. Such local counterparties are subject to the laws and
regulations in non-U.S. jurisdictions that are designed to protect their customers in the event of
their insolvency. However, the practical effect of these laws and their application to the Clients’
assets are subject to substantial limitations and uncertainties. Because of the large number of
entities and jurisdictions involved and the range of possible factual scenarios involving the
insolvency of a counterparty, it is impossible to generalize about the effect of their insolvency
on the Client and its assets.
• Prime Broker and other Counterparty Risk – The Client is subject to the risk of the inability of
any counterparty (including any Prime Broker) to perform with respect to transactions, whether
due to insolvency, bankruptcy or other causes. The Client may enter into prime brokerage
arrangements or other arrangements with brokers or their related entities which may authorize
the Prime Broker to pledge, lend, rehypothecate or otherwise use such assets for the Prime
Broker’s own purposes. At any one time, the Client may be exposed to creditworthiness of its
counterparties in respect of all or part of such margin or collateral. In the event of the insolvency
of a counterparty, the Client might not be able to recover cash or assets of equivalent value in
full. With respect to the Clients’ right to the return of assets equivalent to investments of the
Client which the Prime Broker borrows, lends or otherwise uses for its own purposes, the Client
will rank as one of the Prime Broker’s unsecured creditors and, in the event of the insolvency
of the Prime Broker, the Client might not be able to recover such equivalent assets in full. A
Prime Broker (and/or other counterparties) may be granted a security interest over the interests
in and rights in relation to the assets of the Client held by them. A Prime Broker may, at all
times, appropriate for its own account and deal with assets of the Client. Securities so
appropriated will continue to be recorded as being held for the benefit of the Client, however,
such assets will become proprietary assets of the Prime Broker and it will only be contractually
obliged to deliver equivalent securities (or cash in certain circumstances) to the Client. Where
a Prime Broker delivers cash the replacement cost of assets may be greater. Any cash transferred
to or held by the Prime Broker may not be treated as client money, but will be held as collateral
and may not be subject to client monies protections. As a consequence, the Clients‘ cash will
not be segregated from the Prime Broker’s own cash and will be used by the Prime Broker in
the course of its investment business, and the Client will therefore rank as one of the Prime
Broker’s general creditors in relation thereto.
• Liquidity - Under certain conditions liquidity of a particular market or security may be restricted,
thus affecting the performance of the Client. It may be relatively difficult for the Client to
dispose of investments rapidly and at favorable prices in connection with adverse market
developments or other factors affecting such securities. Illiquid assets may also be more difficult
to value.
Lack of liquidity or market depth can affect both (1) the valuation of the Clients’ assets as it
looks to realize securities at quoted prices (or otherwise) and (2) the Clients’ ability to satisfy
withdrawals in cash and may increase the likelihood of distributions in-kind including through
interests in a Liquidating Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs). Client investments distributed
through interests in a Liquidating SPV may not be readily marketable or saleable and may have
to be held for an indefinite period of time. The risk of loss and delay in liquidating these
investments will be borne by the investors, with the result that such investors may receive less
cash than it would have received on the date of withdrawal.
An investment in the Clients is suitable only for sophisticated investors who do not require
immediate liquidity for their investments. An investment in the Client provides limited liquidity
since the interests are not freely transferable and an investor may generally only withdraw
amounts from its Capital account at such times and subject to such restrictions as described
herein. Further, the Clients’ distribution of proceeds upon a withdrawal by an investor may be
limited or suspended as described herein.
17
• Exchange Fluctuations – Interests will be issued and withdrawn U.S. Dollars. The Client’s
underlying investments may be investing in securities and other investments denominated in
currencies other than U.S. Dollars. The U.S. Dollar value of such investments may be affected
favorably or unfavorably by fluctuations in exchange currencies. In addition, prospective
investors whose assets and liabilities are primarily denominated in currencies other than U.S.
Dollars should take into account the potential risk of loss arising from fluctuations in the rate of
exchange between the U.S. Dollar and such other currencies. Caledonia may endeavor to hedge
any non-U.S. Dollar currency investment and profit exposures of the portfolio. Aside from such
operational hedging, Caledonia may take active currency hedging positions.
• Other Risks Relating to Derivative Instruments - The Client will utilize derivative instruments
which seek to modify or replicate the investment performance of particular securities,
commodities, currencies, interest rates, indices, or markets on a leveraged or unleveraged basis.
Other risks related to the use of derivative instruments include, but are not limited to:
o Tracking – When used for hedging purposes, an imperfect or variable degree of
correlation between price movements of the derivative instrument and the underlying
investment sought to be hedged may prevent the Client from achieving the intended
hedging effect or expose the Client to the risk of loss.
o Liquidity - Derivative instruments, especially when traded in large amounts, may not
be liquid in all circumstances, so that in volatile markets the Client may not be able to
close out a position without incurring a loss. In addition, daily limits on price
fluctuations and speculative position limits on exchanges on which the Client may
conduct its transactions in derivative instruments may prevent prompt liquidation of
positions, subjecting the Client to the potential of greater losses.
o Leverage - Trading in derivative instruments can result in large amounts of leverage.
Thus, the leverage offered by trading in derivative instruments will magnify the gains
and losses experienced by the Client and could cause the Clients’ Net Asset Value to
be subject to wider fluctuations than would be the case if the Client did not use the
leverage feature in derivative instruments.
o Over-the-Counter Trading - Derivative instruments that may be purchased or sold by
Clients may include instruments not traded on an exchange. The risk of non-
performance by the obligor on such an instrument may be greater and the ease with
which Clients can dispose of or enter into closing transactions with respect to such an
instrument may be less than in the case of an exchange traded instrument. In addition,
significant disparities may exist between “bid” and “asked” prices for derivative
instruments that are not traded on an exchange. Derivative instruments not traded on
exchanges are also not subject to the same type of government regulation as exchange
traded instruments, and many of the protections afforded to participants in a regulated
environment may not be available in connection with such transactions.
Clients may be exposed to investments through derivatives to a greater extent than certain other
Clients due to circumstances such as tax efficiencies (including in relation to the Client and
other non-US accounts), timing of purchase and availability of securities. Exposure to an
investment through derivatives carries additional costs which will be borne by the Client and
which may decrease returns thereon.
• Leverage - The Client uses leverage in connection with its investment program because it is
believed that the use of leverage may enable the Client to achieve a higher rate of return. Client’s
leverage, which may be substantial, may also be achieved through, among other methods,
purchases of securities on margin, borrowing against existing positions and the use of options,
futures, forward contracts, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, swaps or any other
18
financing structures that could allow the Clients to achieve a levered return. Clients generally
aim to incorporate leverage within the investment guidelines and ranges discussed herein, but
there is no hard limit on the Clients’ ability to use leverage in its portfolio.
The use of leverage exposes the Client to increased exposure to losses and operational and
market risks. Among other risks, the use of leverage tends to exacerbate and/or accentuate
negative market movements and small hedging errors may be amplified by leverage. Price and
valuation disputes with counterparties must be resolved to assure collateral maintenance.
Hedges may at times fail to track investments due to uncorrelated changes in spreads among
various securities.
Clients may achieve better margin lending terms from certain of its prime brokers than are
generally available to other investors. As a result, the level of margin available to Clients for its
investments will generally be limited only by the credit decisions of its prime brokers. There
can be no assurance, however, that such prime brokers will either continue such arrangements
with the Clients or that such prime brokers and other lenders will approve extensions of credit
to the Clients at the levels desired by the Clients. Any restriction on the availability of credit
from such parties could adversely affect the Clients’ performance. The imposition of such
restrictions could compel the Client to liquidate all or a portion of its portfolio at
disadvantageous prices.
The failure to satisfy a margin call, or the occurrence of other material defaults under margin or
other financing agreements, may trigger cross-defaults under the Clients’ agreements with other
brokers, lenders, clearing firms or other counterparties, magnifying the adverse impact to the
Clients. In the event of a sudden drop in the value of the Clients’ assets, the Clients might not
be able to liquidate assets quickly enough to satisfy its margin requirements. In that event, the
Clients may become subject to claims of financial intermediaries that extended “margin” loans
or leverage of any kind. Such claims could exceed the value of the assets of the Clients.
Suspensions of withdrawal payments could, in certain circumstances, increase the Clients’
leverage. In these circumstances, because the withdrawal request itself is not suspended, any
amounts actually withdrawn will be owed by the Clients to the withdrawing investor.
Accordingly, if the value of the Clients’ assets decreases following the implementation of such
a suspension, the withdrawal proceeds payable to such investors will result in additional
leverage for the Clients.
• Market Risk – Any investment made in a specific group of securities is exposed to the universal
risks of the securities market. However, there can be no guarantee that losses equivalent to or
greater than the overall market will not be incurred as a result of investing in such securities.
The success of the Clients’ activities will be affected by general economic and market
conditions, such as interest rates, availability of credit, inflation rates, economic uncertainty,
changes in laws (including laws relating to taxation of the Clients’ investments), trade barriers,
currency exchange controls, and national and international political circumstances (including
wars, terrorist acts or security operations). These factors may affect the level and volatility of
securities prices and the liquidity of the Clients’ investments. Volatility and/or illiquidity could
impair the Clients’ profitability or result in losses. The Clients could incur material losses even
if Caledonia reacts quickly to difficult market conditions, and there can be no assurance that the
Clients will not suffer material losses and other adverse effects from broad and rapid changes
in market conditions in the future. Investors should realize that markets for the financial
instruments in which the Clients seeks to invest can correlate strongly with each other at times
or in ways that are difficult for Caledonia to predict. Even a well-analyzed approach may not
protect the Clients from significant losses under certain market conditions. Changes in economic
conditions, including, for example, interest rates, inflation rates, employment conditions,
competition, technological developments, political and diplomatic events and trends, and tax
19
laws can affect substantially and adversely the business and prospects of the Clients. None of
these conditions is within the control of Caledonia and no assurances can be given that
Caledonia will anticipate these developments.
•
Investments Risk – All securities investments, including the Clients’ investments, risk the loss
of capital. Caledonia believes that the Clients’ investment program and research techniques
moderate this risk through a careful selection of securities, other financial instruments and
assets. No guarantee or representation is made that the Clients’ program will be successful. The
Clients’ investment program may utilize various investment techniques including, without
limitation, direct borrowing, margin transactions, short sales, swaps, futures, forward and option
contracts, and concentrating its portfolio in the securities of particular issuers or industries,
which practices can, in certain circumstances, increase the adverse impact of market moves to
which the Clients may be subject.
• Operational Risk – The Clients depend on Caledonia to develop appropriate systems and
procedures to control operational risk. These systems and procedures may not account for every
actual or potential disruption of the Clients’ operations. The Clients’ business is dynamic and
complex. As a result, certain operational risks are intrinsic to the Clients’ operations, especially
given the volume, diversity and complexity of transactions that the Client is expected to enter
into daily. The Clients must be able to process, on a daily basis, transactions across numerous
and diverse markets. Consequently, the Clients relies heavily on the financial, accounting and
other data processing systems of Caledonia and other service providers. The ability of these
systems to accommodate an increasing volume, diversity and complexity of transactions could
also constrain the ability of the Clients to properly manage its portfolio. Systemic failures in the
systems employed by the Clients, Caledonia, service providers and/or counterparties, exchanges
and similar clearance and settlement facilities and other parties could result in mistakes made in
the confirmation or settlement of transactions, or in transactions not being properly booked,
evaluated or accounted for. These and other similar operational disruptions may cause
Caledonia and the Clients to suffer, among other things, financial loss, the disruption of their
businesses, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or reputational damage.
• Margin risk – When financial instruments are traded on a leveraged basis, the financial
instrument can be purchased by depositing only a percentage of the instrument’s face value and
borrowing the remainder (margin). As a result, a relatively small adverse price movement in a
financial instrument’s value may result in immediate and substantial losses to the Client. Like
other leveraged investments, any purchase or sale of a financial instrument on margin may result
in losses in excess of the amount invested. The interest expense and other costs incurred in
connection with such borrowing may not be recovered by appreciation in the investments
purchased. In addition, Client(s) may be subject to additional risks, including the possibility of
a “margin call,” pursuant to which Client(s) must either deposit additional funds with the broker
or suffer mandatory liquidation of the pledged securities to compensate for the decline in value.
Furthermore, secured counterparties and lenders may have the right to sell, pledge,
rehypothecate, assign, use or otherwise dispose of collateral posted by the Client. This could
increase exposure to the risk of a counterparty default since, under such circumstances, Client(s)
may be unable to recover the posted collateral promptly or may be unable to recover all of the
posted collateral. The occurrence of defaults may trigger cross‐defaults under the Client’s
agreements with other brokers, lenders, clearing firms or other counterparties, creating or
increasing a material adverse effect on the performance of the Client. In the event of a sudden,
precipitous drop in the value of the Client’s assets, the Client might not be able to liquidate
assets quickly enough to pay off its margin debt. Such an event would adversely affect the
Client’s investment. Any event that adversely affects the value of an investment would be
magnified to the extent that asset or the Client is leveraged. The cumulative effect of the use of
leverage by the Client in a market that moves adversely to the Client’s investments could result
20
in a substantial or total loss to the Client, which would be greater than if the Client was not
leveraged. Leverage may be achieved through, among other methods, direct borrowing,
purchases of securities on margin and the use of options, futures, forward contracts, repurchase
and reverse repurchase agreements and swaps.
• Relative value risk - In the event that the perceived mispricing underlying Caledonia’s relative
value trading positions were to fail to converge toward, or were to diverge further from,
parameters expected by Caledonia, Client accounts may incur a loss.
• Long-term Investment Focus – Caledonia employs a long-term investment strategy which
includes holding investments for three- to five-year periods. This long term view and the
extensive due diligence employed prior to investing may result in a slower response to market
opportunities and may limit the ability to respond to market events resulting in short term losses.
• Contagion Risk Factor – The Client has the power to issue Interests in classes or series. There
are currently three classes of Interests issued and outstanding in the Client. Each class of
Interests currently has two series issued. The Partnership Agreement provides for the manner in
which the liabilities are to be attributed across the various classes or series (liabilities are to be
attributed to the specific class or series in respect of which the liability was incurred). However,
the Client is a single legal entity and there is no limited recourse protection for any class or
series. Accordingly, all of the assets of the Client will be available to meet all of its liabilities
regardless of the class or series to which such assets or liabilities are attributable. In practice,
cross-class or cross-series liability is only expected to arise where liabilities referable to one
class or series are in excess of the assets referable to such class or series and it is unable to meet
all liabilities attributed to it. In such a case, the assets of the Client attributable to other classes
or series may be applied to cover such liability excess and the value of the contributing classes
or series will be reduced as a result. Such cross-collateralization risks are equally applicable
with respect to the Client and, similarly, a creditor of the Client will generally not be bound to
satisfy its claims from assets exclusively attributable to the Client corresponding to any class or
series of interests to which applicable liabilities are attributable
• Legal, Tax and Regulatory Risks - Legal, tax and regulatory changes in various jurisdictions
could occur during the lifetime of the Client which may adversely affect it. Should any of those
laws change over the scheduled term of the Client, the legal requirements to which the Client
may be subject could differ materially from the current requirements. The financial services
industry generally, and the activities of hedge funds and their managers in particular, have been
subject to intense and increasing regulatory scrutiny. Such scrutiny may increase the Clients’
exposure to potential liabilities and to legal, compliance and other related costs. Increased
regulatory oversight may also impose additional administrative burdens on Caledonia,
including, without limitation, responding to investigations and implementing new policies and
procedures. Such burdens may divert Caledonia’s time, attention and resources from portfolio
management activities and may adversely affect the ability of the Client to pursue its investment
strategy, its ability to obtain leverage and financing and the value of investments held by the
Client. It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes in regulations may occur, but any
regulations that restrict the Clients’ activities could have a material adverse impact on the
Clients’ portfolio. Caledonia may cause the Client to be subject to such regulations if it believes
that an investment or business activity is in the Clients’ interest, even if such regulations may
have a detrimental effect on one or more investors.
Securities, futures and credit markets are subject to comprehensive statutes, regulations and
other requirements. The SEC, other regulators and self-regulatory organizations and exchanges
are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of market emergencies.
While the Client may be considered similar to an investment company, it is not required to and
is not registered as such under the 1940 Act, or pursuant to the laws of any jurisdiction.
21
Accordingly, the provisions of such statutes (which may provide certain regulatory safeguards
to investors) are not applicable.
Caledonia, with respect to the Client has claimed an exemption from registration with the CFTC
as a CPO pursuant to CFTC Rule 4.13(a)(3) (the “De Minimis Exemption”). Caledonia reserves
the right to register with the CFTC as a CPO if it cannot comply with the De Minimis Exemption
or any other available exemptions from registration. Compliance with the De Minimis
Exemption, if claimed by Caledonia, could result in significant restrictions upon the Clients’
trading of the instruments that are restricted under the De Minimis Exemption, such as
commodity futures, security futures, options thereon and certain swaps, and in place of such
instruments, the Client may trade non-restricted instruments that may result in higher transaction
costs and/or a less optimal hedge. To the extent Caledonia has to register with the CFTC as a
CPO, they would be subject to increased regulatory oversight that would impose additional
administrative burdens.
This document cannot address or anticipate every possible current or future regulation that may
affect the Caledonia Group, the Client or their businesses. Such regulations may have a
significant impact on the Client or the operations of the Client, including, without limitation,
restricting the types of investments the Client may make, preventing the Client from exercising
its voting rights with regard to certain financial instruments, requiring the Client to disclose the
identity of its investors or otherwise. Caledonia may, in its sole discretion, cause the Client to
be subject to such regulations if it believes that an investment or business activity is in the
Clients’ interest, even if such regulations may have a detrimental effect on one or more
investors. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult their own advisors regarding an
investment in the Client.
• Certain Regulatory Filings and Hart-Scott-Rodino Obligations – In connection with any
acquisition of beneficial ownership by the Client and the other accounts of the securities of an
issuer, the Client may be required to make filings with certain regulatory authorities, which the
Client and the other accounts may become subject to. These filings may require disclosure of
the identity and background of the purchasers, the source and amount of funds used to acquire
the securities, the purpose of the transaction, the purchaser’s interest in the securities and any
contracts, arrangements or undertakings regarding the securities and other information. In
addition, the Client may be required to aggregate investments in an issuer with the beneficial
ownership of such issuer’s securities held by or on behalf of Caledonia and its affiliates, which
could require the Client, together with such other parties, to make disclosure filings or otherwise
restrict the Clients’ activities with respect to such issuer’s securities. In addition, the Client may
be required to make filings under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976
(as amended) (the “HSR Act”) with respect to its ownership of certain voting securities, and
possibly be subject to significant fees, penalties or sanctions, if it fails to do so. The HSR Act
provides certain exemptions for passive investors who hold securities without attempting to
influence the issuer’s management. The Client currently relies on such exemptions from filing.
If the exemption was determined to be inapplicable to the Client, this could result in significant
fees, penalties or sanctions which could have a material effect on the returns of the Client.
• Enhanced Scrutiny and Regulations of the Private Investment Fund and Financial Services
Industries - As private equity firms and other alternative asset managers have become more
influential participants in the U.S. and global financial markets and the economy generally, and
as the private funds industry and the reach of transactions consummated by its participants has
continued to grow, the private funds industry has become subject to enhanced political,
governmental and regulatory scrutiny around the globe. This increased scrutiny was particularly
acute during the 2008 global financial crisis, over the course of which the business practices and
economic incentives of private industry participants were viewed by certain political,
governmental and regulatory commentators as contributing to the market and economic
22
volatility that ultimately resulted in the crisis. This enhanced scrutiny has prompted
governmental and public action with respect to the private funds industry and its practices,
including for example the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Act is
comprehensive in scope (including the so-called “Volcker Rule,” which provided significant
changes to the structure of federal financial regulation and new substantive requirements that
apply to a broad range of market participants, including private investment funds). Significantly,
the Dodd-Frank Act also mandated significant changes to the authority of the U.S. Federal
Reserve, the CFTC and the SEC, as well as enhanced oversight and regulation of investment
advisors, banks and non-bank financial institutions.
In addition, numerous non-U.S. governments, including many based in Europe, have
modernized financial regulations that have called for, among other things, increased regulation
of and disclosure with respect to, and the registration of, private equity and hedge funds.
In addition, as a result of highly publicized financial scandals over time, investors have exhibited
concerns over the integrity of the U.S. financial markets. There has been an ongoing and active
debate both nationally and internationally over the appropriate extent of regulation and oversight
of private investment funds and their managers. Any changes in the regulatory framework
applicable to the Clients may impose additional expenses, require the attention of senior
management or result in limitations in the manner in which the Clients’ business is conducted.
This enhanced oversight and regulation, and the need for significant additional rule-making by
various governmental bodies, has created uncertainty in the financial markets and, in particular,
the private funds industry.
Many of the regulators to which the Clients, Caledonia, or their respective affiliates are expected
to be subject globally, including governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations, are
empowered to conduct investigations and administrative proceedings that can result in fines,
suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, including censure, the issuance of cease-and-desist
orders or the suspension or expulsion of applicable licenses or members, as the case may be.
Even if an investigation or proceeding were not to result in a sanction or the sanction imposed
against the Clients, Caledonia, or their respective affiliates were small in monetary amount, the
adverse publicity relating to the investigation, proceeding or imposition of any such sanction
could harm the Clients, Caledonia, or their respective affiliates’ reputations which may
adversely affect the Clients’ investment performance by hindering its ability to obtain favorable
financing or consummate a potentially profitable investment. There is also a material risk that
regulatory agencies in the U.S. and beyond will continue to adopt burdensome new laws or
regulations (including tax laws or regulations), change existing laws or regulations, or enhance
the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and regulations. Any such events or changes
could occur during the life of the Clients and may adversely affect the Clients and its ability to
operate and/or pursue its investment strategies. Such risks are often difficult or impossible to
predict, avoid or mitigate in advance.
In addition, as alternative asset managers are, or are perceived to be, influential participants in
the U.S. and global financial markets and economy generally, the private funds industry has
been the subject of criticism by some politicians, regulators and market commentators. In
Germany, for example, U.S. and U.K. private equity firms are perceived by some as being
responsible for high levels of domestic unemployment. There have been similar concerns
expressed in other European countries. Various U.S. federal, state and local agencies have been
examining the role of placement agents, finders and other similar private funds service providers
in the context of investments by public pension plans and other similar entities, including
investigations and requests for information.
Furthermore, elements of organized labor and other representatives of labor unions have
embarked on a campaign targeting private equity firms on a variety of matters of interest to
23
organized labor, including with respect to affording favorable treatment or significant deference
to organized labor and labor unions in dealings with portfolio companies. There can be no
assurance that the foregoing will not have an adverse impact on the Clients, Caledonia, or any
of their respective affiliates or otherwise impede the Clients’ activities.
In summary, regulation generally as well as regulation more specifically targeting the private
funds industry, including tax laws and regulation, could increase the cost of acquiring, holding
or divesting of investments in portfolio companies, the profitability of enterprises and the cost
of operating the Clients. There can be no assurance that any such enhanced regulation and
scrutiny will not have an adverse impact on the Fund or not otherwise impede the Clients’
activities.
Investors should understand that Caledonia’s business is dynamic and is expected to change
over time. Caledonia and its affiliates may maintain multiple business lines in multiple
jurisdictions that are governed by a multitude of legal systems and regulatory regimes, some of
which are new and evolving. Therefore, the Clients may be subject to new or additional
regulatory constraints in the future. Caledonia cannot address or anticipate every possible
current or future regulation that may affect Caledonia, the Clients or their respective businesses.
Such regulations may have a significant impact on investors or the operations of the Client,
including, without limitation, restricting investments in certain issuers, preventing the Client
from exercising its voting rights with regard to an issuer’s securities, requiring the Client to
disclose the identity of its investors, its positions or otherwise. Caledonia may, in its sole
discretion, cause the Client to be subject to such regulations if it believes that an investment or
business activity is in the Clients’ interests, even if such regulations may have a detrimental
effect on one or more investors. Prospective investors are encouraged to consult their own
advisors regarding an investment in the Client.
• Risk of Government Intervention - The prices of instruments in which the Client may trade or
invest are subject to certain risks arising from government regulation of their local markets,
restrictions on investments by foreigners or limits on flows investment funds or risk of
government expropriation of the assets of the issuers in which the Client holds interests.
Additionally, a major governmental intervention into industry, including the nationalization of
an industry or the assertion of control over one or more companies or assets, could result in a
loss to the Client, including if its investment in such company or asset is canceled, unwound or
acquired (which could be without what the Client considers to be adequate compensation). Any
of the foregoing events or regulations may therefore adversely affect the performance of the
Client and its investments.
• Regulations – The Client is not registered pursuant to any other applicable law, rule or
regulation, including the 1940 Act. Consequently, investors will not benefit from certain of the
protections afforded by such other laws or regulations. Caledonia is not registered with the
CFTC as a as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) and is not a member of the National Futures
Association. Registered commodity pool operators and commodity trading advisers are subject
to extensive regulation and disclosure requirements. Investors, therefore, will not be accorded
the protective measures they would have if Caledonia was so registered.
• Limited Regulatory Oversight - While the Client may be considered similar to an investment
company, the Client is not required to and does not intend to register as such under the Company
Act, in reliance upon various exclusions from registration. Accordingly, the provisions of the
Company Act (which may provide certain regulatory safeguards to investors) are not applicable
to investors in the Client. The Client does not maintain custody of its securities or place its
securities in the custody of a bank or a member of a national securities exchange in the manner
required of registered investment companies under rules promulgated by the SEC. A registered
investment company which places its securities in the custody of a member of a national
24
securities exchange is required to have a written custodian agreement, which provides that
securities held in custody will be at all times individually segregated from the securities of any
other person and marked to clearly identify such securities as the property of such investment
company, and which contains other provisions complying with SEC regulations. The Client
generally maintains accounts at brokerage firms which do not separately segregate such assets
as would be required in the case of registered investment companies. Under the provisions of
the Securities Investor Protection Act, the bankruptcy of any such brokerage firm might have a
greater adverse effect on the Client than would be the case if the accounts were maintained to
meet the requirements applicable to registered investment companies.
• Possibility of Additional Government or Market Regulation - Market disruptions and the
dramatic increase in the capital allocated to alternative investment strategies during recent years,
combined with several well publicized frauds, have led to increased governmental and self-
regulatory scrutiny of the “hedge fund” industry in general. It is impossible to predict what, if
any, future changes in regulation applicable to the Client, Caledonia GP, Caledonia, the markets
in which they trade and invest or the counterparties with which they do business may be
instituted in the future. Any such regulation could have a material adverse impact on the profit
potential of the Client, as well as require increased transparency as to the identity of the investors
and/or could increase the risk of third-party litigation.
• Government Involvement in the Private Sector - Government involvement in the private sector
varies in degrees among the countries in which the Clients may invest. Such involvement may
include government ownership, wage and price controls or imposition of trade barriers or other
protectionist measures.
• Regulatory Actions - From time to time, in the ordinary course of operations, Caledonia’s
business will be subject to regulatory inquiries, investigations and enforcement proceedings
from U.S. and non-U.S. governmental agencies, regulatory bodies and securities commissions,
which can be costly and occupy significant staff time and resources. Any such inquiry,
investigation or enforcement proceeding could include civil or criminal proceedings resulting
in a censure, fine, penalty and/or other sanction, including asset freezes, the issuance of a cease
and desist order or the suspension or expulsion of an individual. Any such inquiry, investigation
or enforcement proceeding could have a material adverse impact on Clients.
• FOIA and Similar Laws - Some of the Interests may be held by investors, that are subject to
public disclosure requirements that could require such investors to disclose information about
the Client, its affiliates or any entity in which an investment is made, which could negatively
affect the Clients’ competitive advantage in finding attractive investment opportunities. The
amount of information about such investors’ investments that is required to be disclosed has
increased in recent years, and that trend may continue. To the extent that Caledonia determines
in good faith that, as a result of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), any
governmental public records access law, any state or other jurisdiction’s laws similar in intent
or effect to FOIA, or any other similar statutory or regulatory requirement, an investor or any
of its affiliates may be required to disclose information relating to the Client, its affiliates or any
entity in which an investment is made, Caledonia may, to prevent any such potential disclosure,
withhold all or any part of the information otherwise to be provided to such investor. Without
limiting the foregoing, in the event that any party seeks disclosure of information relating to the
Client, its affiliates or any entity in which an investment is made under FOIA or any such similar
law, Caledonia may, in its discretion, initiate legal action or otherwise contest such disclosure,
which may or may not be successful, and any expenses incurred therewith will be borne by the
Client.
• Litigation - Caledonia and/or the Client may be plaintiffs or defendants in private civil
proceedings. The expense of prosecuting claims, for which there is no guarantee of success,
25
and/or the expense of defending against claims by third parties and paying any amounts pursuant
to settlements or judgments would generally be borne by the Client and would reduce net assets.
In the ordinary course of business, the Client may accumulate substantial positions in the
securities of issuers that become involved in proxy contests or other litigation. As a result of
such investments, the Client could be named as a defendant in a lawsuit or regulatory action.
The outcome of such proceedings, which may materially adversely affect the net asset value of
the Client, may be impossible to anticipate, and such proceedings may continue without
resolution for long periods of time. Any litigation may consume substantial amounts of
Caledonia’s time and attention, and that time and the devotion of these resources to litigation
may, at times, be disproportionate to the amounts at stake in the litigation.
• Pay-to-Play Laws, Regulations and Policies - In light of controversies and highly publicized
incidents involving money managers, a number of states, municipalities, and state pension plans
have adopted so-called “pay-to-play” laws, regulations or policies which prohibit, restrict or
require disclosure of payments to (and/or certain contacts with) state officials by individuals
and entities seeking to do business with state entities, including investments by public retirement
funds. The SEC also has adopted rules that, among other things, prohibit an investment adviser
from providing advisory services for compensation with respect to a government plan investor
for two years after the adviser or certain of its executives or employees make a contribution to
certain elected officials or candidates. If Caledonia or its employees or affiliates fail to comply
with such pay-to-play laws, regulations or policies, such non-compliance could have an adverse
effect on the Client by, for example, providing the basis for the withdrawal of the affected
government plan investor.
• Securities Law Compliance Risks – The U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations governing
trading in the securities markets (and governing investing in other kinds of markets) are often
complex and difficult to interpret, implement and monitor, and are subject to re-interpretation,
which could expose the Client, Caledonia GP, or Caledonia and their respective affiliates to
liability.
• Uncertain Geopolitical Risks - International and/or local geopolitical events may influence the
issuers of, and markets for, securities traded by the Client. Geopolitical events, including,
without limitation, national referenda, political elections, international violent and non-violent
conflicts and political movements, may affect monetary policy, fiscal policy, international
relations, currency valuations, legal systems and regulatory regimes, among numerous other
things, in ways that may impact the Client and/or its ability to operate and/or pursue its
investment strategy.
•
Importance of key personnel of Caledonia - The authority to make decisions and to exercise
business discretion on behalf of Clients is delegated to Caledonia and its affiliates. The success
of Clients is expected to depend on the expertise of certain of Caledonia’s key personnel.
Therefore, the death, incapacity or withdrawal of such personnel could materially affect Clients.
• Accuracy of public information - Caledonia selects investments, in part, on the basis of
information and data filed by issuers with various government regulators or made directly
available to Caledonia by the issuers or through sources other than the issuers. Caledonia
evaluates all such information and data and ordinarily seeks independent corroboration when
Caledonia considers it appropriate and when it is reasonably available. Caledonia is not in a
position to confirm the completeness, genuineness or accuracy of all such information and data,
and in some cases, complete and accurate information is not available.
• Non-public Information – From time to time, Caledonia may come into possession, intentionally
or unintentionally, of non-public information concerning specific issuers. Under applicable
securities laws, this may limit Caledonia’s flexibility to buy or sell portfolio securities issued
26
by such issuers. The Clients’ investment flexibility may be constrained and therefore adversely
impacted as a consequence of Caledonia’s inability to use such information for investment
purposes.
• Differential Access to Information – Caledonia executes transactions on behalf of the Clients
with other market participants who may have superior information and market intelligence than
Caledonia and who may use this information to their advantage. From time to time, the Clients
may incur losses caused by an information disadvantage.
• Trade Execution Risk - Certain trading techniques used by the Clients require the rapid and
efficient execution of transactions. Inefficient executions can eliminate the small and short-lived
pricing differentials that Caledonia seeks to exploit and impact, possibly materially, the
profitability of the Clients positions.
• Expedited Transactions – Caledonia analyses and decisions by Caledonia may frequently be
required to be undertaken on an expedited basis to take advantage of investment opportunities.
In such cases, the information available to Caledonia at the time of making an investment
decision may be limited, and Caledonia may not have access to the detailed information
necessary for a full evaluation. Therefore, no assurance can be given that Caledonia will have
knowledge of all circumstances that may adversely affect an investment at the time the
investment decision is made, and Caledonia may make decisions which it would not have made
if more extensive due diligence has been undertaken.
• Limited Operating History – The Client has a limited operating history upon which investors
may base an evaluation of its likely performance. Caledonia’s investment program should be
evaluated on the basis that there can be no assurance that its assessments of the prospects of
investments will prove accurate or that the Client will succeed in meeting its investment
objectives.
• Risk Management - Caledonia intends to apply a risk management approach that it believes is
appropriate for the Client. The application of any risk management approach involves numerous
judgements and qualitative assessments. No risk management system is fail-safe, and no
assurance can be given that the Clients’ risk control framework will achieve its objectives. From
time to time, without notice to the investors, Caledonia may modify or change the Clients’ risk
management system and procedures.
• Fraud; Employee and Service Provider Misconduct – Caledonia’s reputation is critical to
maintaining and developing relationships with existing and prospective Clients, as well as with
numerous third parties with which the Client does business. There have been a number of highly
publicized cases involving fraud, conflicts of interest or other misconduct by individuals in the
financial services and alternative asset management industries and there is a risk that an
employee of or a service provider to Caledonia or Clients could engage in conduct that adversely
affects the strategies implemented by Clients. It is not always possible to deter such misconduct
and the precautions Caledonia takes to detect and prevent such misconduct may not be effective
in all cases. Misconduct by an employee of, or service provider to, Caledonia or to Clients could
result in direct financial harm both to Caledonia and Clients as well as harm Caledonia’s
reputation, which would have an adverse impact on Clients.
Misconduct could include, for example, unauthorized trades, unauthorized wire transfers, the
concealment of unsuccessful trading activities or intentional misvaluing of assets. Personnel
could improperly use or disclose confidential or material non-public information in violation of
confidentiality obligations or applicable laws. In addition, similar risks may arise from
employee misconduct of a service provider to Clients or Caledonia.
In addition, of paramount concern in investments is the possibility of material misrepresentation
or omission on the part of a counterparty or an issuer. Such inaccuracy or incompleteness,
27
among other things, may adversely affect the valuation of the collateral underlying an
investment or cause funds to be misappropriated. Caledonia relies upon the accuracy and
completeness of representations made by counterparties and issuers to the extent that it deems
such representations to be reasonable, but cannot guarantee such accuracy or completeness.
Under certain circumstances, payments to Clients may be reclaimed if any such payment or
distribution is later determined to have been a fraudulent conveyance or a preferential payment.
• Technology and Cybersecurity risk – The information and technology systems of Caledonia and
of key service providers to the Clients may be vulnerable to potential damage or interruption
from computer viruses, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration
by unauthorized persons and security breaches, usage errors by their respective professionals,
power outages and catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes and
earthquakes. These programs or systems also may be subject to certain limitations, including,
but not limited to, those caused by incorrect code, computer “worms,” viruses and power
failures. Although Caledonia and the service providers have each implemented various
measures designed to manage risks relating to these types of events, if these systems are
compromised, become inoperable for extended periods of time or cease to function properly, it
may be necessary for Caledonia or a service provider to make a significant investment to fix or
replace them and to seek to remedy the effect of such issues. The failure of these systems and/or
of disaster recovery plans for any reason could cause significant interruptions in the operations
of the Clients and result in a failure to maintain the security, confidentiality or privacy of
sensitive data, including personal information.
Caledonia has a business continuity plan, in the event of an emergency or significant business
disruption, there can be no assurance that such plan will operate as intended nor can there be
any assurance that the business continuity plans of a Clients’ administrator, counterparties,
clearing brokers and other parties will operate as planned in the event of an actual disruption.
The loss or improper access, use or disclosure of Caledonia or its Clients’ proprietary
information may cause Caledonia or its Clients to suffer, among other things, financial loss, the
disruption of its business, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or reputational
damage. Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on the Clients and
any underlying investors. The Clients may provide to the investor’s statements, reports and other
communications related to the Clients in electronic form, such as email or via a password
protected website (“Electronic Communications”). Electronic Communications may be
modified, corrupted or contain viruses or malicious code and may not be compatible with a
investor’s electronic system. In addition, reliance on Electronic Communications involves the
risk of inaccessibility, power outages or slowdowns. These periods of inaccessibility may delay
or present receipt of reports or other information by the investors.
• Systems Risk – The failure, corruption or breach of one or more systems (including as a result
of the occurrence of a disaster such as a cyber-attack, a natural catastrophe, an industrial
accident, a terrorist attack or war, events unanticipated in Caledonia’s disaster recovery systems,
or a support failure from external providers or as a result from heighten-usage resulting from
mass work-from-home orders and similar policies resulting from Covid-19) or the inability of
such systems to satisfy investors' needs, including the execution of orders, could have a negative
effect on Caledonia’s ability to conduct business and thus, the Client, particularly if those events
affect Caledonia’s computer-based data processing, transmission, storage and retrieval systems
or destroy Caledonia’s data. If a significant number of Caledonia’s personnel were to be
unavailable in the event of a disaster or other event, Caledonia’s ability to effectively conduct
the Client’s business could be severely compromised. Furthermore, in the wake of Covid-19 the
United States, countries in Europe and Asia and many other countries have instituted
quarantines, bans on public gatherings, closures of a variety of venues or shelter-in-place orders
which has resulted in many business and organizations, including Caledonia, its service
28
providers, the Clients’ potential investments, counterparties and other businesses, requiring
personnel and employees to work-from-home and relying heavily on technology and
technology-based solutions. Disruptions are expected to result in a heightened negative impact
during any such time. Caledonia depends heavily upon computer systems to perform necessary
business functions. Despite its implementation of a variety of security measures, Caledonia's
computer systems could be subject to cyber-attacks and unauthorized access, such as physical
and electronic break-ins or unauthorized tampering. Like other companies, Caledonia may
experience threats to its data and systems, including through malware and computer virus
attacks, unauthorized access, system failures and disruptions. The occurrence of one or more
of these events could potentially jeopardize the confidential, proprietary and other information
processed and stored in, and transmitted through Caledonia's computer systems and networks,
or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in its operations, which could result in damage
to its reputation, financial losses, litigation, increased costs, regulatory penalties and/or
customer dissatisfaction or loss and could have a material effect on Clients.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Developments - Recent technological advances in
artificial intelligence and machine learning technology (collectively, “Machine Learning
Technology”), including OpenAI’s release of its ChatGPT application, pose risks to Caledonia,
Caledonia GP, the Clients and the Clients’ portfolio companies. Over time, Caledonia could
utilize Machine Learning Technology in connection with its business activities, including
investment activities and could adopt policies with respect to such activities. Employees of
Caledonia could, unbeknownst to Caledonia, utilize Machine Learning Technology in
contravention of such policies. Caledonia, Caledonia GP, the Clients and the Clients’ portfolio
companies could be further exposed to the risks of Machine Learning Technology if third-party
service providers or any counterparties, whether or not known to Caledonia, also use Machine
Learning Technology in their business activities. Caledonia will not be in the position to control
the manner in which third-party products are developed or maintained or the manner in which
third-party services are provided.
include
the
input of confidential
Use of Machine Learning Technology by any of the parties described in the previous paragraph
could
information (including material non-public
information)—either by third parties in contravention of non-disclosure agreements, or by
Caledonia personnel and other associated persons in contravention of Caledonia’s policies—
into Machine Learning Technology applications, resulting in such confidential information
becoming part of a dataset that is accessible by other third-party Machine Learning Technology
applications and users.
Independent of its context of use, Machine Learning Technology is generally highly reliant on
the collection and analysis of large amounts of data, and it is not possible or practicable to
incorporate all relevant data into the model that Machine Learning Technology utilizes to
operate. Certain data in such models will inevitably contain a degree of inaccuracy and error—
potentially materially so—and could otherwise be inadequate or flawed, which would be likely
to degrade the effectiveness of Machine Learning Technology. To the extent that Caledonia,
Caledonia GP, the Clients or the Clients’ portfolio companies are exposed to the risks of
Machine Learning Technology use, any such inaccuracies or errors could have adverse impacts
on Caledonia, Caledonia GP, the Clients or the Clients’ portfolio companies.
Machine Learning Technology and its applications, including in the private investment and
financial sectors, continue to develop rapidly, and it is impossible to predict the future risks that
may arise from such developments.
• Alternative Data – Caledonia may use alternative data in its investment process. Alternative
data includes datasets that have been culled from a variety of sources, such as internet usage,
payment records, financial transactions, weather and other physical phenomena sensors,
29
applications and devices (such as smartphones) that generate location and mobility data, data
gathered by satellites, and government and other public records databases (this data is
sometimes referred to as “big data” or “alternative data”). Caledonia applies this alternative data
to better anticipate micro- and macro-economic trends and otherwise to develop or improve
trading or investment themes.
The analysis and interpretation of alternative data involves a high degree of uncertainty and may
entail significant expense, including technological efforts, that are expected to be borne—in
whole or in part— by the Clients. No assurance can be given that Caledonia will be successful
in utilizing alternative data in its investment process. Moreover, there has been increased
scrutiny from a variety of regulators regarding the use of alternative data in this manner, and its
use or misuse under current or future laws and regulations could create liability for Caledonia
and the Clients in numerous jurisdictions. Caledonia cannot predict what, if any, regulatory or
other actions may be asserted with regard to alternative data, but any adverse inquiries or formal
actions could cause reputational, financial, or other harm to Caledonia or to the Clients.
Conversely, any future limitations on the use of alternative data could have a material adverse
impact on the performance of the Client.
• Operating Deficits – The expenses of operating the Client (including the fees payable to
Caledonia, the Administrator and other service providers) may exceed the Clients’ income,
thereby requiring that the difference be paid out of the Clients’ capital, reducing the value of the
Clients’ investments and potential for profitability.
• Effect of Withdrawals – If significant withdrawals of interests are required, it may not be
possible to liquidate the Clients’ investments at the time such withdrawals are requested or may
be able to do so only at prices which Caledonia GP believes do not reflect the true value of such
investments, resulting in an adverse effect on the result to the investors. Although it is expected
upon the winding-up of the Client to liquidate all of the Clients’ investments and distribute only
cash to the investors, there can be no assurance that this objective will be attained.
• Absence of Secondary Market – Currently there is no public market for the interests and it is
unlikely that any active secondary market for any of the Interests will develop. Interests are not
being registered to permit a public offering under the securities laws of any jurisdiction. Interests
are also subject to substantial restrictions on transferability under the Partnership Agreement.
The consent of Caledonia must be obtained prior to any transfer of Interests. The investors might
be able to dispose of their Interests only by means of withdrawals on the relevant Withdrawal
Day, in the absence of an active secondary market. The risk of any decline in the Net Asset
Value during the period from the date of notice of withdrawal until the Withdrawal Day will be
borne by the investors requesting withdrawal. In addition, Caledonia has the power to suspend
and compel withdrawals. There are also restrictions on transferring Interests.
• Environmental Risks - The Client could, from time to time, be exposed to risk of loss from
environmental claims arising with respect to assets that have environmental problems, or
operations conducted by investments in environmentally sensitive regions, and such losses may
exceed the Client’s investments therein. For example, the Client could, from time to time, invest
in businesses that engage in oil and natural gas exploration and development, a speculative
business involving many environmental risks, including the risk of accidents in completing
wells, cratering, sour gas releases, uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas or well fluids,
pollution, fires, spills (including spills into oceans, waterways and underground reservoirs),
whether in the course of exploration or development or in the course of transporting product,
through mechanical failure, human error or otherwise, and other environmental risks.
Additionally, the Client may be subject to various U.S. federal, state, local and international
laws and regulations governing the environment and changes in environmental laws or in the
environmental condition of an asset which may create liabilities that did not exist at the time of
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acquisition of an investment and that could not have been foreseen. Under various U.S. federal,
state, and local laws, ordinances and regulations and international laws and regulations, a current
or previous owner, developer or operator of real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or
remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances at, on, under or in its property. The costs
of removal or remediation of such substances could be substantial. Such laws often impose
liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the
release or presence of such hazardous substances. The Client will attempt to assess such risks
as part of its due diligence activities but cannot give any assurance that such conditions do not
exist or may not arise in the future. The presence of such substances on real estate-related assets
held by the Client could adversely affect its ability to sell such investments or to borrow using
such investments as collateral.
• Force Majeure Risks - The Client will be subject to the risk of loss arising from exposure that
it may incur, indirectly, due to the occurrence of various force majeure events (i.e., events
beyond the control of the party claiming that the event has occurred, including, without
limitation, acts of God, fire, flood, earthquakes, outbreaks of infectious disease, pandemic or
any other serious public health concern, war, terrorism and labor strikes). Natural disasters,
epidemics and other acts of God, which are beyond the control of Caledonia, may negatively
affect the economy, infrastructure and livelihood of people throughout the world.
Disease outbreaks have occurred in Asia in the past (including severe acute respiratory
syndrome, or SARS, avian flu, H1N1/09 flu and the novel Coronavirus) and any prolonged
occurrence of infectious disease, or other adverse public health developments or natural
disasters in any country in which the Client targets investments may have an adverse effect on
the Client’s investments. The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus in 2019 and 2020 in many
countries continues to adversely impact global commercial activity and has contributed to
significant volatility in financial markets. The global impact of the outbreak has been rapidly
evolving, and as cases of the virus have continued to be identified in additional countries, many
countries have reacted by instituting quarantines and restrictions on travel. Such actions are
creating disruption in global supply chains, and adversely impacting a number of industries,
such as transportation, hospitality and entertainment. The outbreak could have a continued
adverse impact on economic and market conditions and trigger a period of global economic
slowdown. The rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to
the ultimate adverse impact of the novel Coronavirus. Nevertheless, the novel Coronavirus
presents material uncertainty and risk with respect to the Client’s performance and financial
results. Resulting catastrophic losses may either be uninsurable or insurable at such high rates
as to make such coverage impracticable. If such a major uninsured loss were to occur with
respect to any of the Client’s investments, the Client could lose both invested capital and
anticipated profits.
Some force majeure events may negatively affect the ability of a party (including the Client,
Caledonia GP, Caledonia (and their respective affiliates), the Administrator, a company in
which the Client invests or a counterparty to either the Client or a company in which the Client
invests) to perform its obligations until such force majeure event is no longer existent. In
addition, the cost to the Client of repairing or replacing damaged assets resulting from such
force majeure event could be considerable. Certain force majeure events (such as war or an
outbreak of infectious disease) could have a broader negative impact on the world economy and
international business activity generally, or in any of the countries in which the Client invests
specifically. Additionally, a major governmental intervention into industry, including the
nationalization of an industry or the assertion of control over one or more companies or assets,
could result in a loss to the Client, including if its investment in such company or asset is
canceled, unwound or acquired (which could be without what the Client considers to be
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adequate compensation). Any of the foregoing may therefore negatively affect the performance
of the Client and its investments.
• Natural Disasters - Certain regions in which the Client invests and in which portfolio companies
may operate are susceptible to natural disasters and disease outbreaks that could have a severe
impact on the value of, and even destroy, assets in those regions. Health or other government
regulations adopted in response to natural calamities may require temporary closure of corporate
and governmental offices upon a disaster, which would severely disrupt the Fund’s operations
and/or any portfolio company in the affected area. Catastrophic losses may either be uninsurable
or insurable at such high rates as to make coverage impracticable. If a major uninsured loss were
to occur with respect to the Client or any portfolio company, it could result in both a loss of
invested capital and a loss of anticipated profits.
• Weather and Climatological Risks - Certain regions in which the Client and/or portfolio
companies conduct activities may be particularly sensitive to weather and climate conditions.
Climate change may cause more extreme weather conditions and increased volatility in seasonal
temperatures, which can interfere with operations and increase operating costs. Damage
resulting from extreme weather may not be fully insured and may result in unforeseen losses by
a portfolio company.
• Bank Stability - The Client is permitted to hold cash and cash equivalents at any given time
during its term. Available cash and cash equivalents are typically held in interest-bearing
accounts or funds managed by third-party financial institutions. The Client’s access to its
invested cash and cash equivalents may be impacted by adverse conditions in the financial
markets, and the Client is subject to the risk that it may lose assets in connection with bank or
other financial institution failures. Recently, numerous governments and their agencies have
implemented interest rate policies designed to restore price stability in the face of inflationary
pressures by increasing the underlying federal interest rate (or corresponding rate of the
applicable jurisdiction). As a result of, among other reasons, such increasing interest rates,
reserves held by banks and other financial institutions in bonds and other debt securities could
face a significant decline in value relative to deposits and liabilities which, coupled with general
economic headwinds resulting from a changing interest rate environment, creates liquidity
pressures at such institutions, as evidenced by the bank runs on the Silicon Valley Bank
Financial Group (“SVB”) and Signature Bank (“Signature”) causing them to be placed into
receivership, and the sale of the assets of First Republic Bank. As a result, certain sectors of the
credit markets could experience significant declines in liquidity, and it is possible that the Client
will not be able to manage this risk effectively. It is yet to be determined how the bank runs on
SVB and Signature will fully impact the overall performance of the Client or one or more of its
investments and how similar events may affect the ability of the Client to execute its investment
strategy. However, as a result of such bank runs or banking collapses (or if other regional or
other banks face similar bank runs or collapses), there is a risk that the Client, to the extent
applicable, will not be able to recover its funds held in accounts at such banks above the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) insurance limit of $250,000 per account, or the
limits of the deposit insurance regimes of other applicable jurisdictions, as applicable. Even if
the Client is able to recover such funds, there is uncertainty with respect to the portion of its
funds it may be able to recover. Further, there is uncertainty with respect to the time period that
would be required to recover any additional funds above the FDIC insurance limit, or the limits
of the deposit insurance regimes of other applicable jurisdictions, as applicable. Finally, while
the FDIC has historically confirmed that it would insure certain deposits at banks above the
$250,000 insurance limit per account, there is no guarantee that the FDIC will continue that
approach indefinitely or that it would provide the same guarantee if additional banks suffer bank
runs and/or collapses or that the regulators in other jurisdictions would take a similar approach.
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• Outbreaks of Infectious or Contagious Diseases - Pandemics and other widespread public health
emergencies, including outbreaks of infectious diseases such as SARS, H1N1/09 flu, avian flu,
Ebola and COVID-19 have and are resulting in market volatility and disruption, and future such
emergencies have the potential to materially and adversely impact economic production and
activity, all of which could result in significant losses to the Client. In an effort to contain
COVID-19, national, regional and local governments, as well as private businesses and other
organizations, took severely restrictive measures, including instituting local and regional
quarantines, restricting travel (including closing certain international borders), prohibiting
public activity (including “stay-at-home” and similar orders), and ordering the closure of large
numbers of offices, businesses, schools and other public venues. As a result, COVID-19
significantly diminished global economic production and activity of all kinds and contributed
to both volatility and declines in markets for financial assets as well as commodities and other
assets. Among other things, these unprecedented developments resulted in material reductions
in demand across some, many or all categories of consumers and businesses, dislocation (or in
some cases a complete halt) in the credit and capital markets, labor force and operational
disruptions, slowing or complete idling of certain supply chains and manufacturing activity, and
strain and uncertainty for businesses and households. Certain industries have felt, and may
continue to feel, such impacts particularly acutely, for instance industries dependent on travel
and public accessibility, such as transportation, hospitality, tourism, retail, sports and
entertainment and industries related to natural resources production and development.
Intervention by governments, central banks and other policy makers could impair the ability of
private sector investors (like the Client) to pursue investment opportunities in certain markets
and could cause artificial market prices or result in other unanticipated consequences that could
adversely affect the performance of the Client. This enhanced oversight and regulation, and the
need for significant additional rule-making by various governmental bodies, has created
uncertainty in the financial markets, including the private fund industry. Major governmental
intervention in an industry, including the nationalization of an industry or the assertion of
control over one or more companies or assets, could result in a loss to the Client, including if
its investment is canceled, unwound or acquired (which could be without what the Client
considers to be adequate compensation). Any of the foregoing could therefore negatively affect
the performance of the Client and its investments. Losses resulting from any of the foregoing
could either be uninsurable or only insurable at such high rates as to make such coverage
impracticable. If any such a major uninsured loss were to occur with respect to any of the
Client’s investments, the Client could incur substantial losses.
Public health emergency could result in adverse impacts on Caledonia, Caledonia GP, the Client
and any portfolio company. The extent of the impact of any such emergency depends on many
factors, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, which may impact the
Caledonia’s ability to diligence portfolio companies and to manage the Client in the future. Any
such emergency could cause significant changes or reductions in portfolio company revenue
and growth, unexpected operational losses and liabilities, impairments to credit quality and
reductions in the availability of capital (among a wide variety of other potential effects). In
addition, the operations of the Client and its portfolio companies could be significantly
impacted, or even temporarily or permanently halted, as a result of government quarantine
measures, restrictions on travel and movement, remote-working requirements and other social,
political, financial, legal, regulatory and other factors related to an actual or threatened public
health emergency (such as COVID-19), including its potential adverse impact on the health of
any such entity’s personnel. These measures could also hinder such entities’ ability to conduct
their affairs and activities as they normally would, including by impairing usual communication
channels and methods, hampering the performance of administrative functions such as
processing payments and invoices, and diminishing their ability to make accurate and timely
projections of financial performance.
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• Highly Volatile Markets - The prices of securities that Clients will trade and all derivative
instruments, including futures and options prices, can be highly volatile. Price movements are
influenced by, among other things, interest rates, changing supply and demand relationships,
trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies of governments, and
national and international political and economic events and policies. In addition, governments
from time to time intervene, directly and by regulation, in certain markets, particularly those in
currencies, financial instrument futures and options. Such intervention often is intended directly
to influence prices and may, together with other factors, cause all of such markets to move
rapidly in the same direction because of, among other things, interest rate fluctuations. Clients
are also subject to the risk of the failure of any of the exchanges on which its positions trade or
of their clearinghouses.
• Retail Investing - In recent years, retail investors have benefitted from increased access to the
financial markets due to new smartphone and computer applications. Many of these retail
investors have little or no experience investing in financial markets. The simultaneous rise of
online social media platforms has created opportunities for these new market participants and
established investors to discuss and share information about potential investments, whether or
not such discussions or information is accurate or based on verifiable data.
These social media interactions could motivate investors with a large amount of capital or large
groups of investors with small amounts of capital (but which in the aggregate constitute a large
amount of capital) to make investment decisions that may result in significant price fluctuations
that appear divorced from common principles of fundamental analysis (e.g., the early 2021 price
fluctuations in NYSE:GME and NYSE:AMC). A concomitant sudden and dramatic increase in
the trading volume of securities and derivatives could lead to a loss of liquidity by certain
brokers and clearinghouses, which could have further adverse effects on market participants or
the market as a whole. Market volatility of this type is difficult to predict and can lead to
significant losses to holders of implicated or related investments, including our Clients.
• Benchmark Rates – The Adviser invests in debt securities, derivatives and other financial
instruments, and employs investment strategies, that utilize floating rates as a “benchmark” or
“reference rate” for various interest rate calculations. Historically, the London Interbank
Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) was utilized, which is the offered rate for short-term Eurodollar
deposits between major international banks. The United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority,
which regulates LIBOR, and the ICE Benchmark Administration announced a desire to phase
out the use of LIBOR by the end of 2021. Moreover, on November 30, 2020, U.S. banking
regulators issued a statement to encourage banks to stop entering into new USD LIBOR
contracts “as soon as practicable,” and by no later than December 31, 2021. Accordingly,
publication of all CHF and EUR LIBOR settings, the 1 Week and 2 Months USD LIBOR
settings, and the Overnight/Spot, 1 Week, 2 Months, and 12 Months GBP and JPY LIBOR
settings ceased after December 31, 2021. As an alternative to LIBOR, the Federal Reserve has
endorsed replacing U.S.-dollar LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”),a
new index calculated based by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by U.S. Treasury
Instruments. It remains unclear to what extent alternative reference rates such as SOFR will
attain market acceptance as replacements for LIBOR. As such, it is not possible to predict all
potential effects of these changes on U.S. and global credit markets. On December 16, 2022,
the Federal Reserve Board adopted regulations implementing the Adjustable Interest Rate Act
by identifying benchmark rates based on SOFR that will replace LIBOR in different categories
of financial contracts after June 30, 2023. The elimination of LIBOR or changes to other
reference rates or any other changes or reforms to the determination or supervision of reference
rates could have an adverse impact on the market for, or value of, any securities or payments
linked to those reference rates, which may have an adverse impact on the value of client
accounts. Uncertainty and risk also remain regarding the willingness and ability of issuers and
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lenders to include revised provisions in new and existing contracts or instruments.
Consequently, the transition away from LIBOR to other reference rates may lead to increased
volatility and illiquidity in markets that are tied to LIBOR, fluctuations in values of LIBOR-
related investments or investments in issuers that utilize LIBOR, increased difficulty in
borrowing or refinancing and diminished effectiveness of hedging strategies, adversely
impacting the performance of client accounts.
Investors should be aware that: (a) any changes to benchmark rates described in the previous
paragraph could cause an interest or other reference rate to be lower and/or more volatile than
it would otherwise be; (b) if the applicable rate of interest on any loan is calculated with
reference to a tenor or currency which is discontinued, such rate of interest could then be
determined by the provisions of the affected loan, which could include determination by the
relevant calculation agent based on market convention that may or may not be developed at that
time, or the loan could otherwise be subject to a certain degree of contractual uncertainty; (c)
the administrators of benchmark rates will not have any involvement in the investments of the
Client and could take any actions in respect of benchmark rates without regard to the effect of
such actions on such investments; (d) any uncertainty in the value of a benchmark rate or, or
any uncertainty in the prominence of a benchmark rate as a benchmark interest rate due to the
recent regulatory reform could adversely affect liquidity of the Clients’ debt investments in the
secondary market and their market value; and (e) an increase in alternative types of financing
in place of benchmark rate-based loans (resulting from a decrease in the confidence of borrowers
in such rates) could make it more difficult to source loans or reinvest proceeds in loans. Any of
the above or any other significant change to the setting of a benchmark rate could have a material
adverse effect on the value of, and the amount payable under any loan or other debt instrument
held by the Client which pays interest linked to a benchmark rate.
• Trade Policies - The future of global free trade is uncertain. The U.S. government has indicated
it may alter its approach to international trade policy and in some cases to renegotiate, or
potentially terminate, certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties
with non-U.S. countries. Global trade disruption, significant introductions of trade barriers
(including tariffs) and bilateral trade frictions, together with any future downturns in the global
economy resulting therefrom, could adversely affect the financial performance of Clients. For
example, certain members of the U.S. government have made public statements indicating a
desire to make significant changes to U.S. trade policy and the U.S. government has, under
previous presidential administrations, taken certain actions that have impacted trade between
the U.S. and the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”), including imposing tariffs on certain
goods imported into the United States. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, the
governments of the United States and the PRC will take in respect of their bilateral trade and
what the timing may be of any such actions. The actions taken to date, as well as any future
tariffs, new regulations or other burdens on international trade, may cause escalating responses
through the use of local regulations, tariffs or other requirements on exports and imports. If any
new legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are
renegotiated, or if the United States or the PRC impose additional burdens on international trade
that adversely affect the ability of companies in the United States and the PRC to import and
export goods, it may lead to a decline in demand for the services of the companies in which
Clients invest. In addition, new legislative or regulatory changes or additional burdens focused
on particular industries may make it time-consuming and expensive, and, ultimately,
impracticable, for companies to alter their business operations to adapt to or comply with such
changes, and such operational changes, if implemented, could have an adverse effect on the
business and financial condition of the companies in which Clients invest.
• MiFID II - There has been extensive rulemaking and regulatory changes over the past decade
that have affected private funds, private fund managers and the financial industry as a whole,
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including the European Markets Infrastructure Regulation and the second Markets in Financial
Instruments Directive and laws and regulations associated with or implementing them
(collectively, “MiFID II”) in the EU. MiFID II requires certain standardized over-the-counter
derivatives traded by certain market participants to be executed on regulated trading venues.
For the first time within the EU, MiFID II also introduces position limit and position-reporting
requirements in relation to certain commodity derivatives. In addition, MiFID II introduces
wider transparency regimes in respect of trading on EU trading venues and with EU
counterparties. MiFID II extends the pre- and post-trade transparency regimes from equities
traded on a regulated market to cover equity-like instruments such as depositary receipts,
exchange traded funds and certificates that are traded on regulated trading venues as well as to
cover non-equities such as bonds, structured finance products, emission allowances and
derivatives. The increased transparency regime under MiFID II, together with the restrictions
on the use of “dark pools” and other trading venues, results in a significant increase in public
information relating to price discovery becoming available. Such increased transparency and
price discovery may have macro effects on trading globally, which may have an adverse effect
on Clients.
• Sustainability Risks - The EU Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (2019/2088) defines
“sustainability risks” as environmental, social or governance events or conditions that, if they
occur, could cause an actual or a potential material negative impact on the value of an
investment. Caledonia, Caledonia GP (or its delegate), the Client, the portfolio companies, and
other parties, such as service providers or the Client or portfolio company counterparties, may
be negatively affected by sustainability risks. If appropriate for an investment, Caledonia GP
(or its delegate) may conduct sustainability risk-related due diligence and/or take steps to
mitigate sustainability risks and preserve the value of the investment; however, there can be no
assurance that all such risks will be mitigated in whole or in part, nor identified prior to the date
the risk materializes. Caledonia, Caledonia GP (or its delegate), the Client, the portfolio
companies, and other parties may maintain insurance to protect against certain sustainability
risks, where available on reasonable commercial terms, although such insurance is subject to
customary deductibles and coverage limits and may not be sufficient to recoup all losses.
Sustainability risks may therefore adversely affect the performance of the Client and its
investments.
•
Inflation and Deflation Risk - The enormous amounts of financial assistance which the
governments and banks have made available in an effort to resolve the prevailing economic
difficulties could eventually lead to material levels of inflation or the prevailing slow economic
activity could lead to deflation. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had in the
past, and may in the future have, negative effects on the economics and securities markets of
numerous economies. The global economy is currently experiencing an increased rate of
inflation (and may experience further increases in the rate of inflation), which may rise at an
accelerating rate for a sustained period of time, in part due to recent market activity and the
occurrence of current (and potential future) economic stimulus. During periods of inflation,
wages and prices of inputs typically increase, which can negatively impact returns on
investments. In an attempt to stabilize inflation, various governments may intervene in their
respective economies. Governmental efforts to curb inflation often have negative effects on the
level of economic activity (and may result in stagflation). It is possible that inflation will become
a serious problem in the future and may have a material and adverse impact on portfolio
companies (and the Client's performance). Any subsequent unexpected deflation could also
have an adverse impact on portfolio companies and the Clients’ investments. There can be no
assurance that inflation or deflation will not become a serious problem in the future and have an
adverse impact on the Clients’ returns.
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• ESG Considerations - The regulatory environment for ESG-related investments is evolving and
changes to it could adversely affect the Client and its portfolio companies. Regulators have
adopted regulatory regimes that have led to increased oversight of ESG-related investments and
funds, and which have created additional compliance, transaction, data collection, disclosure or
other costs, which may negatively affect the returns of the Client. For example, the regulatory
regimes and practice applicable to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) standards
within the EU and the European Economic Area (the “EEA”) is expected to evolve and develop
further over time, and may be subject to future substantial changes. In particular, the EU
Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation as well as supporting and related regulations are
likely to be amended and new guidance may also be issued by the European Supervisory
Authorities. Such amendments or changes may require the adoption of specific procedural or
organizational arrangements that may affect the activities performed by Caledonia GP in
relation to the Client and may require additional disclosure to investors with respect to ESG
matters, or entail additional costs to be borne in the performance of the activities regulated under
the Partnership Agreement and the private placement memorandum. In addition to penalties, if
the Client does not comply with applicable regulations, its noncompliance could have adverse
consequences for the Client.
In addition, Regulation (EU) 2020/852 2088 of the European Parliament and of the Council of
June 18, 2020 on the Establishment of a Framework to Facilitate Sustainable Investment (the
“EU Taxonomy”) sets forth a general framework for the development of an EU-wide
classification system for environmentally sustainable economic activities. The EU Taxonomy
has now been agreed and published, however its full impact and effects are yet to be seen and
there is a risk that a significant reorientation in the market could be adverse to the Clients’
investment business, at least in the short term, and to the Clients’ portfolio companies if they
are perceived to be less valuable as a consequence of, for example, their carbon footprint. In
this respect, each investor should understand that the entry into force of ESG-related regulatory
regimes and further developments in regulatory expectations and best practice under such
regimes, as well as any subsequent changes to the regulatory frameworks applying to ESG
standards, if applicable to Caledonia, the Client or the Client’s portfolio companies, could
adversely affect the ability of Caledonia to perform the management services r adversely affect
the Clients’ portfolio companies and the operations and investment returns of the Client.
• United States Political Unrest - The United States is currently experiencing, and in recent years
has experienced, increasing political and civil unrest and uncertainty. On September 17, 2020,
Christopher Wray, Director of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, testified before the U.S.
House Homeland Security Committee regarding certain threats to the United States, including
Domestic Violent Extremists (“DVEs”). Director Wray described DVEs as “individuals who
commit violent criminal acts in furtherance of ideological goals stemming from domestic
influences, such as racial bias and anti-government sentiment.” He testified that DVEs are
driven by perceptions of government or law enforcement overreach, sociopolitical conditions,
racism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, misogyny, and reactions to legislative actions and pose a
steady and evolving threat of violence and economic harm to the United States. He also noted
that DVEs have responded to peaceful movements, including First Amendment-protected
activities, through violence and that racially motivated violent extremists make up the largest
sub-set of DVEs, with individuals subscribing to a white supremacist-type ideology as the
largest portion of such sub-set. The FBI has elevated racially-motivated violent extremism to a
“national threat priority,” which allows the FBI to dedicate significant additional resources
towards related law enforcement action. Political and civil unrest and uncertainty are heightened
given that the United States is holding their presidential political election this year. Election
years, particularly if there ends up being a transition in executive leadership between parties,
can lead to increased political unrest or other disruptions to the functionality of the federal
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government in the United States and further uncertainty and volatility in global financial
markets. Unrelated to the election process, unrest is also happening at the House of
Representatives and Senate levels of the United States government, as well as at the State levels
of government, in which extremist outliers in each party are putting up road blocks to effectively
govern the nation, including putting limitations on new bills/laws being passed. This period of
political and civil unrest and uncertainty is likely to continue and may have a negative effect on
the Client and its investments.
• Risks Relating to Investments in the Middle East – The Client will be permitted to make
investments in issuers incorporated, headquartered or conducting business in the Middle East.
The political and military stability of the region and any disruption of such stability could have
a material adverse impact on the performance of the Client. Social, political and military unrest,
varying in degree and intensity, currently exist within and among the nations of the Middle East,
including, without limitation, uncertainties regarding political succession among the Saudi
Arabian royal family, conflicts between the U.S. and Iran and/or Iran and its neighbors
concerning Iran’s nuclear weapons program, the prolonged conflicts surrounding the Islamic
State in Iraq and hostility between Israel and the Arab countries surrounding it. An outbreak of
war or other hostilities in the region could have a negative impact on the Client’s transactions
and/or the portfolio companies, even with respect to issuers that are not incorporated,
headquartered or primarily conducting business in the Middle East. In addition, certain other
countries, as well as individual companies, may from time to time participate in a boycott of
firms, products or industries having significant connections to the region and others doing
business in the region. Any such boycott could have a material adverse effect on the Client’s
investments. Even absent the occurrence of any of the foregoing events, the volatility in the
price of oil itself, which accounts for a significant portion of the economic output of the nations
in the Middle East, as well as other geopolitical developments, will in turn contribute to
volatility in the investments held by the Client. It is likely that these risks will persist in the short
and long term.
• Russian Invasion of Ukraine - On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of
Ukraine marking the largest escalation of crisis in Ukraine to date. Although the Russian
invasion, and the conflict in Ukraine is ongoing and its long-term effects remain to be seen, the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine is likely to cause significant economic disruption and further
calls from other countries for a severe sanctions regime that would seek to further isolate Russia
from the world economy. In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the
EU, the U.S., the UK and other governmental entities have passed a variety of severe economic
sanctions and export controls against Russia, including imposition of sanctions against Russia’s
Central Bank and largest financial institutions. In addition, a number of businesses have
curtailed or suspended activities in Russia or dealings with Russian counterparts for reputational
reasons. The current sanctions have had and may continue to have the effect of causing
significant economic disruption and may adversely impact the global economy generally, and
the Russian economy specifically by, among other things, creating instability in the energy
sectors, reducing trade as a result of economic sanctions and increased volatility and uncertainty
in financial markets, including Russia’s financial sector. Additionally, any new or expanded
sanctions that may be imposed by the U.S., EU, UK, or other countries could materially
adversely affect the Client’s operations. Overall, the situation in Ukraine remains uncertain and
how it will unfold or impact a portfolio company’s and/or the Client’s business or results of
operations cannot be predicted. The potential further repercussions surrounding the situation in
Ukraine are unknown and no assurance can be given regarding the future of relations between
Russia and other countries or the impact of future and additional sanctions. Any or all of the
above factors could have a material adverse effect on the Client and its investments and
operations, and the ability of the Client to achieve its investment objectives. Additionally, to the
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extent that third parties, investors, or related customer bases have material operations or assets
in Russia or Ukraine, they may have adverse consequences related to the ongoing conflict.
• Financial Institution Risk; Distress Events – A Client investment is subject to the risk that one
of the Client’s banks, brokers, hedging counterparties, lenders or other custodians of some or
all of the Client’s assets (each, a “Financial Institution”) fails to perform its obligations or
experiences insolvency, closure, receivership or other financial distress or difficulty (each, a
“Distress Event”). Distress Events can be caused by factors including eroding market
sentiment, significant withdrawals, fraud, malfeasance, poor performance or accounting
irregularities. In the event a Financial Institution experiences a Distress Event, Caledonia, the
Clients and/or their portfolio companies may not be able to access deposits, borrowing facilities
or other services for an extended period of time or ever. Although assets held by regulated
Financial Institutions in the United States frequently are insured up to stated balance amounts
by organizations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), in the case of
banks, or the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”), in the case of certain broker-
dealers, amounts in excess of the relevant insurance are subject to risk of loss, and any non-U.S.
Financial Institutions that are not subject to similar regimes pose increased risk of loss. Although
in recent years governmental intervention has resulted in additional protections for depositors,
there can be no assurance that governmental intervention will be successful or avoid the risk of
loss, substantial delays or negative impact on banking or brokerage conditions or markets.
Any Distress Event has a potentially adverse effect on the ability of Caledonia to manage the
Clients and their investments, and on the ability of Caledonia, any Client and/or portfolio
companies to maintain operations, which in each case could result in significant losses and
unconsummated investment acquisitions and dispositions. Such losses have the potential to
include a Client to pay fees and expenses in the event the Client is not able to close a transaction
(whether due to the inability to draw capital on a credit line provided by a Financial Institution
experiencing a Distress Event, the inability of investors to make capital contributions or
otherwise), as well the inability of a Client to acquire or dispose of investments at prices that
the relevant General Partner believes reflect the fair value of such investments and/or the
inability of portfolio companies to make payroll, fulfill obligations and maintain operations.
Although Caledonia expects to exercise contractual remedies under the agreements with
Financial Institutions in the event of a Distress Event, there can be no assurance that such
remedies will be successful or avoid losses or delays.
Many Financial Institutions require, as a condition to using their services or otherwise, that
Caledonia and/or the relevant Client maintain all or a set amount or percentage of their
respective accounts or assets with the Custodian, which heightens the risks associated with a
Distress Event with respect to such Custodians. Although Caledonia seeks to do business with
Custodians that it believes are creditworthy and capable of fulfilling their respective obligations
to the Clients, Caledonia is under no obligation to use a minimum number of Custodians with
respect to any Client, or to maintain account balances at or below the relevant insured amounts.
Risks associated with types of securities that are primarily invested in (including significant, or
unusual risks).
• Equity securities - Clients may invest in equities and equity derivatives. The value of these
financial instruments generally will vary with the performance of the issuer and movements in
the equity markets, and may also be subject to various types of risks, including market risk,
liquidity risk, counterparty credit risk, legal risk, and operations risk.
Clients may suffer losses if it invests in equity instruments of issues whose performance
diverges from Caledonia’s expectations or if general market conditions not specifically related
39
to any particular equity investment of the Clients move in a single direction and the Clients have
not hedged against such a general move. Market prices may decline as a result of, among other
things, real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for
corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or adverse investor sentiment generally.
Further, equity investments may be even more susceptible to such events given their subordinate
position in the issuer’s capital structure. As such, equity investments generally have greater
price volatility than fixed income and other investments with a scheduled stream of payments,
and the market price of equity investments is more susceptible to moving up or down in a rapid
or unpredictable manner.
Clients also may be exposed to risks that issuers will not fulfill contractual obligations such as,
in the case of convertible financial instruments or private placements, delivering marketable
common stock upon conversions of convertible financial instruments and registering restricted
financial instruments for public resale.
• Micro-, Small- and Medium-Capitalization Companies - Investments in securities of small-
capitalization companies involve higher risks in some respects than do investments in securities
of larger “blue-chip” companies. For example, prices of securities of micro-, small- and even
medium-capitalization companies are often more volatile than prices of securities of large-
capitalization companies and may not be based on standard pricing models that are applicable
to securities of large-capitalization companies. Furthermore, the risk of bankruptcy or
insolvency of smaller companies (with the attendant losses to investors) may be higher than for
larger, “blue-chip” companies. Finally, due to thin trading in the securities of some micro- and
small-capitalization companies, an investment in those companies may be illiquid. It is not
generally possible to hedge against the credit risks to which these companies are exposed.
• Less-Established Companies – Given Caledonia’s belief that the securities of smaller issuers
tend to have less efficient markets, the Clients expect to invest in the securities of smaller issuers
that are less-established companies. Investments in less-established companies may involve
greater risks than are generally associated with investments in more-established companies.
Such less-established companies often have thinly traded securities or lack easy access to the
capital markets or other traditional funding sources. To the extent there is any market for
securities of less-established companies held by the Clients, such securities may be subject to
more abrupt and erratic price movements than those of larger, more-established companies.
Less-established companies tends to have lower capitalizations and fewer resources and
therefore, often are more vulnerable to financial failure. Such less-established companies also
may have shorter operating histories on which to judge future performance and in many cases,
if operating, will have negative cash flow. Any Clients’ investments in a smaller issuer should
be considered highly speculative and may result in the loss of the Clients’ entire investment
therein. In addition, smaller issuers could be more susceptible to irregular accounting or other
fraudulent practices, and in the event of fraud by any company in which the Clients invest, the
Client is likely to suffer a partial or total loss of capital invested in that company. In addition,
there can be no assurance than losses on any such securities will be offset by gains (if any)
realized on the Clients’ other investments.
• ETFs – The public trading price of shares in an Exchange-Traded Fund (“ETF”) may be
different from the net asset value of such shares (i.e., ETF shares may trade at a premium over,
or a discount to, the net asset values of such shares) and similarly, the public trading market
price per ETF share may be different from the net asset value per ETF share.
ETF shares are listed for trading on exchanges. Trading in such shares may be halted due to
market conditions or, in light of exchange rules and procedures, for reasons that, in the view of
the relevant exchange, make trading in the ETF shares inadvisable. In addition, trading may be
subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker”
40
rules that require trading to be halted for a specific period based on a specified market decline.
There can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of any ETF’s
shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged.
Although it is anticipated that the Clients’ investments in ETF shares will be listed and traded
on exchanges, there can be no guarantee that an active trading market for such shares will
develop or be maintained. If the Clients needs to sell ETF shares at a time when no active market
for them exists, the price it receives for such shares, assuming that the Clients are able to sell
them, likely will be lower than that it would receive if an active market did exist.
In addition to the Management Fee paid and Incentive Allocation made and the other expenses
of the Clients, the investment managers of the ETFs in which the Clients invest are paid a
management fee, and as an investor, the Clients will bear a portion of such fees. The ETFs in
which the Clients invest also bear their own brokerage commissions and other expenses, and as
an investor, the Clients will bear a portion of those expenses. Similarly, the ETFs in which the
Clients may invest may pay fees to a trustee, and may also pay licensing fees. The fees and
expenses could result in a high cost of investment.
• Unlisted Securities – The Client may invest in unlisted equities (or other securities) and unlisted
securities may involve higher risks than listed securities. Because of the absence of any trading
market for unlisted securities, it may take longer to liquidate, or it may not be possible to
liquidate, positions in unlisted securities than would be the case for publicly traded securities.
Companies whose securities are not publicly traded may not be subject to public disclosure and
other investor protection requirements applicable to publicly traded securities.
• Options – Sales of options where the Clients do not own the underlying asset to which the option
is referenced can involve theoretically unlimited risk.
The seller (writer) of a call option which is covered (e.g., the writer holds the underlying
security) may hedge its long position in the underlying security by earning premium upon the
sale of the option. In exchange for the premium, the seller assumes the risk of a decline in the
market price of the underlying security below the purchase price of the underlying security (to
the extent the decline exceeds the premium received), and gives up the opportunity for gain on
the underlying security above the exercise price of the option. The seller of an uncovered call
option assumes the risk of a theoretically unlimited increase in the market price of the
underlying security above the exercise price of the option. The securities necessary to satisfy
the exercise of an uncovered call option may be unavailable for purchase, except at much higher
prices, thereby reducing or eliminating the value of the premium. Purchasing securities to cover
the exercise of an uncovered call option can cause the price of the securities to increase, thereby
exacerbating the loss. The buyer of a call option assumes the risk of losing its entire premium
investment in the call option.
The seller (writer) of a put option which is covered (e.g., the writer has a short position in the
underlying security) may hedge its short position in the underlying security by earning premium
upon the sale of the option. In exchange for the premium, the seller assumes the risk of an
increase in the market price of the underlying security above the sales price (in establishing the
short position) of the underlying security (to the extent the increase exceeds the premium
received), and gives up the opportunity for gain on the underlying security if the market price
falls below the exercise price of the option. The seller of an uncovered put option assumes the
risk of a decline in the market price of the underlying security below the exercise price of the
option. The buyer of a put option assumes the risk of losing its entire investment in the put
option.
Volatility is a principal component of options pricing. If the volatility in the market for the asset
underlying the options held or sold changes materially, the Clients could incur substantial losses
41
even if the options in question would have generated substantial profits if the current price levels
were in effect at expiration.
• Emerging markets - There are greater risks associated with investments in securities of issuers
located in less developed countries than investments in securities of issuers located in the U.S.
and other developed markets. Political risk for many developing countries is a significant factor.
During certain social and political circumstances, governments may be involved in policies of
expropriation, confiscatory taxation, nationalization, intervention in the securities market and
trade settlement and imposition of foreign investment restrictions and exchange controls. In
comparison to more developed markets, trading volumes in emerging markets may be lower,
which can result in a lack of liquidity and greater price volatility.
• Non-U.S. securities / International Investing - Although Caledonia generally focuses its
investment universe to public issuers on stock exchanges in countries where there is a long
standing history of protection of shareholder rights and the rule of law, Caledonia expects that
a substantial portion of the trades executed for the Clients will take place on foreign exchanges
and/or in securities of companies domiciled or operating in non-U.S. countries. International
investing presents the potential for country-specific and/or unique risks such as political or
economic instability in the country of issue, the possible introduction of new laws, and the
possible imposition of exchange controls or other laws or restrictions.
Investing in these types of securities involves considerations and possible risks not typically
involved in investing in securities of companies domiciled and operating in the United States,
including (i) increased risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation;
(ii) greater social, economic and political uncertainty including war; (iii) higher dependence on
exports and the corresponding importance of international trade; (iv) greater volatility, less
liquidity and smaller capitalization of securities markets; (v) greater volatility in currency
exchange rates; (vi) greater risk of inflation; (vii) greater controls on foreign investment and
limitations on repatriation of invested capital and on the ability to exchange local currencies for
U.S. dollars; (viii) increased likelihood of governmental involvement in and control over the
economy; (ix) governmental decisions to cease support of economic reform programs or to
impose centrally planned economy; (x) differences in auditing and financial reporting standards
which may result in the unavailability of material information, and lack of reliable information,
about issuers; (xi) lax regulation of the securities markets and inconsistent enforcement of
existing regulations; (xii) less established tax laws and procedures; (xiii) additional taxes (for
example, dividend and interest payments from, and capital gains in respect of, certain foreign
securities may be subject to foreign taxes that may or may not be reclaimable); (xiv) longer
settlement periods for securities transactions and less reliable clearance and custody
arrangements; (xv) less developed corporate laws regarding fiduciary duties of officers and
directors and the protection of investors; and (xvi) certain considerations regarding the
maintenance of the Clients’ assets with non-U.S. brokers and securities depositories.
Non-U.S. markets also may be less liquid, more volatile and subject to less stringent
governmental supervision than in the United States. The Clients’ investments in non-U.S.
countries could be adversely affected by other factors not present in the United States, including
lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and potential difficulties
in enforcing contractual obligations and in hedging market risk.
•
Internet companies - Clients invest in Internet and Internet-related companies including
companies focused on e-commerce and online advertising. The securities of such companies
can be volatile, and the marketplaces in which these companies operate are extremely
competitive, particularly as this sector may not present the capital intensive barriers to entry that
may exist in a more traditional retail commerce company. Because the markets in which these
companies operate are so competitive, there can be no assurance that a company which has
42
significant market share will be able to protect that market share as competitors develop
technologies or interfaces that are substantially equivalent or superior to the technology of a
company in which the Clients invest.
• High growth industry related risks - Clients invest in the securities of high growth companies.
These securities may be very volatile. In addition, these companies may face undeveloped or
limited markets, have limited products, have no proven profit-making history, may operate at a
loss or with substantial variations in operating results from period to period, have limited access
to capital and/or be in the developmental stages of their businesses, have limited ability to
protect their rights to certain patents, copyrights, trademarks and other trade secrets, or be
otherwise adversely affected by the extremely competitive markets in which many of their
competitors operate.
• Non-controlling investments - Clients will hold non-controlling interests in portfolio companies
and, therefore, may have a limited ability to protect their position in such portfolio companies
in part due to a lack of operational involvement.
• Competition; Availability of Financial Instruments - Certain markets in which the Client may
invest are extremely competitive for attractive investment opportunities and, as a result, there
may be reduced expected investment returns. There can be no assurance that Caledonia will be
able to identify or successfully pursue attractive investment opportunities in such environments.
Among other factors, competition for suitable investments from other pooled investment
vehicles, the public equity markets and other investors may reduce the availability of investment
opportunities. Investors that the Client competes with for such opportunities may have resources
substantially greater than the Clients’ resources. To the extent Caledonia competitors are
successful, the opportunities available to the Client may be reduced, and particularly during
downward market cycles or when financing is difficult to obtain. The amount of capital
committed to alternative investment strategies is substantial and is increasing. During periods
when there are many hedge funds and others seeking to identify the same alternative investment
opportunities, the profit potential may be materially reduced as a result of the “saturation” of
the alternative investment field. There can be no assurance that Caledonia will be able to identify
or successfully pursue attractive investment opportunities during such periods.
• Reliance on portfolio company management - The day-to-day operations of a portfolio company
are the responsibility of such company’s management team. Although Caledonia will monitor
the performance of portfolio companies and generally will seek to invest in companies operated
by capable management, there can be no assurance that an existing management team, or any
successor team, will be able to successfully operate such portfolio company.
• Reliance on Caledonia - Although Caledonia GP has the ultimate authority and responsibility
for the management of the Clients, the decisions relating to the investment of the Client’s assets
have been delegated to Caledonia. The Clients’ expertise in trading is therefore largely
dependent on the continuation of an agreement with Caledonia and the services and skills of its
officers and employees. The loss of Caledonia’s services (or that of one of its key personnel)
could materially and negatively impact the value of the Clients as it may lead to the loss of the
use of any proprietary investment methodology developed by Caledonia. Competition in the
financial services industry for qualified employees is intense. The Clients’ continued ability to
effectively manage its portfolio depends on Caledonia’s ability to attract new employees and to
retain and motivate its existing employees. Investors will have no right or power to take part in
the management of the Clients.
• Foreign Taxation – The Client trades in markets located in many jurisdictions around the world
with different tax regimes some which may subject the Client to withholding or other taxation,
which may impact the Clients’ returns. Although not currently under review, it is possible that
the taxing authorities of certain jurisdictions, including Australia, will not agree with the tax
43
positions taken by the Client and will successfully assert a tax liability (plus interest and possibly
penalties) against the Client.
• Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes – The Financial Accounting Standards Board has
released Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740 (“ASC 740”) (formerly known as “FIN
48”) to provide consistent guidance on the recognition of uncertain tax positions. ASC 740
prescribes, among other things, the minimum recognition threshold that a tax position is
required to meet before being recognized in an entity’s financial statements. Prospective
investors should be aware that, among other things, ASC 740 could have material adverse effect
on the periodic calculations of the net asset value of the Clients, including reducing the net asset
value of the Clients to reflect reserves for income taxes that may be payable in respect of prior
periods by the Clients. This could adversely affect certain investors, depending upon the timing
of their purchase and withdrawal of Clients interests.
• Special purpose vehicles and nominees - To facilitate certain investments, Clients may make
investments through special purpose vehicles (“SPVs”) and/or nominee structures. SPVs and
nominees may be controlled by Caledonia, its affiliates or unaffiliated third parties. Holding
investments through SPVs and/or nominees may create additional expenses, reduce liquidity
and/or expose the Clients to additional liabilities, risks and regulations.
Investors or prospective investors should carefully review the applicable Governing Documents for any
Clients under consideration for investment for a detailed explanation of many of the risks associated
with investment. The information contained in this Item 8 is a summary only and is qualified in its
entirety by such Governing Documents.
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Item 9.
DISCIPLINARY INFORMATION
Registered investment advisers are required to disclose all material facts regarding any legal or
disciplinary events that would be material to a client’s or investor’s evaluation of the adviser or the
integrity of the adviser’s management. Neither Caledonia nor any of its officers, directors,
employees or other management persons have been involved in any legal or disciplinary events in
the past ten (10) years that would require disclosure in response to this Item.
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Item 10.
OTHER FINANCIAL INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES AND AFFILIATIONS
Neither Caledonia nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an application pending to
register, as a broker-dealer or a registered representative of a broker-dealer.
Neither Caledonia nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an application pending to
register, as a futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator, a commodity trading advisor or
an associated person of the foregoing entities.
An affiliate of Caledonia, Caledonia GP, serves as the general partner of a U.S. based feeder fund to one
of the Clients. Caledonia Co-Invest GP, also an affiliate of Caledonia, serves as the general partner of a
Client and its feeder funds registered in the Cayman Islands.
Caledonia US, Caledonia GP and Caledonia Co-Invest GP are related persons of Caledonia.
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Item 11.
CODE OF ETHICS, PARTICIPATION IN CLIENT TRANSACTIONS
AND PERSONAL TRADING
In this Item 11, “Caledonia” refers to Caledonia and its affiliates.
Caledonia has adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code”), designed to comply with Rule 204A-1 of the
Advisers Act. The Code applies to Caledonia’s “Access Persons.” Access Persons include, generally,
partners, officers, directors (or other person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions),
employees and any other person who provides advice on behalf of Caledonia and is subject to
Caledonia’s supervision and control. All of Caledonia’s employees are deemed to be Access Persons.
Caledonia and its Access Persons owe a duty of loyalty, fairness and good faith towards Caledonia’s
Clients, and have an obligation to adhere not only to the specific provisions of the Code but to the general
principles that guide the Code. The Code sets forth a standard of business conduct that takes into account
Caledonia’s status as a fiduciary and requires Access Persons to place the interests of Clients and
investors above their own interests. The Code is designed to: (i) establish guidelines for professional
conduct and personal trading procedures; (ii) prevent improper personal trading by Access Persons; (iii)
prevent improper use of material, non-public information about securities recommendations made by
Caledonia or securities holdings of the Clients; (iv) identify conflicts of interest; and (v) provide a means
to resolve any actual or potential conflict in favor of the Clients and their investors.
The Code requires Access Persons to comply with applicable securities laws and regulations. Further,
Access Persons are required to promptly bring violations of the Code to the attention of Caledonia’s
Chief Compliance Officer. All Access Persons are provided with a copy of the Code annually and upon
amendment. Access Persons are required to acknowledge receipt of the Code upon distribution and
annually are required to certify that they have read the Manual and agree to abide by its policies and
procedures.
The Code also sets forth certain requirements with respect to personal trading by Access Persons.
Caledonia adopted a prohibition on certain personal securities transactions on 30 June 2018. After this
date, within a Discretionary Personal Trading Account, Access Persons are generally limited to holding
or selling (subject to Legal and Compliance’s approval) securities or cryptocurrencies held prior to the
later of June 30, 2018 or the beginning of the Access Person’s affiliation with Caledonia. Legal and
Compliance have discretion to overrule this prohibition if necessary and their approval will remain in
effect only for the duration as prescribed in the approval. Participation in placements of securities will
also be permissible where (1) the Access Person has a legacy position, (2) Caledonia is not actively
trading the relevant security, (3) the placement is offered pro rata to existing shareholders, and (4) Legal
and Compliance approved the participation. Access Persons are also permitted to invest in non-
reportable securities as defined by the Advisers Act and exchange-traded funds.
Access Persons must provide the Chief Compliance Officer with a list of their personal accounts and an
initial holdings report within 10 days of becoming an Access Person. In addition, Access Persons must
provide annual holdings reports and quarterly transaction reports in accordance with Advisers Act Rule
204A-1.
In addition to the Confidentiality Policy discussed in Item 8 of this Brochure, the Code includes further
restrictions on and procedures to prevent the misuse of material non-public information. All Access
Persons are reminded that any use of such information is strictly limited by the Confidentiality Policy
and the Code.
Caledonia maintains a “Restricted List” of companies about which a determination has been made that
it is prudent to restrict trading activity. Securities included on the Restricted List may include securities
held by or being considered for purchase or sale on behalf of a Client or securities of a company about
which investment personnel may have acquired material nonpublic information or a position where
47
Caledonia may have a securities filing obligation. In general, transactions in the securities of a company
appearing on the Restricted List (whether on behalf of Advisory Clients or in personal accounts of
Access Persons) will not be allowed.
Investors or prospective investors may obtain a copy of Caledonia’s Code of Ethics by contacting
Caledonia at rsilverstein@caledoniafund.com or by calling 347 287 3760.
The Code is designed to assure that the personal securities transactions, activities and interests of Access
Persons will not interfere with making decisions in the best interest of Clients.
Caledonia, its Access Persons or their related persons may also invest directly in some or all of the
Clients. Caledonia and/or its Access Persons may buy or sell legacy positions for their personal accounts
securities identical to or different from those recommended to Clients. In addition, any related person(s)
may have an interest or position in certain securities which may also be recommended to a Client. Each
such related person transaction is separately identified and made strictly in accordance with the Code
and the terms of the applicable Governing Documents. Caledonia’s procedures require the objective
allocation for limited opportunities to ensure fair allocation among accounts. In addition, Caledonia has
adopted the aggregation policies and procedures discussed in Item 12 of this Brochure.
No Access Person may purchase or sell any security prior to a transaction(s) being implemented for an
advisory account, thereby preventing such Access Person from benefiting from, or appearing to benefit
from, any transactions placed on behalf of advisory accounts.
Caledonia and its Access Persons are prohibited from engaging in principal transactions except as
permitted by the Advisers Act. A principal transaction occurs when Caledonia or its Access Persons buy
securities for Caledonia or for themselves from a Client; or sell securities owned by Caledonia or the
individual(s) to a Client. The Advisers Act makes it unlawful for any investment adviser, directly or
indirectly, acting as principal for its own account, to knowingly sell any security to, or purchase any
security from, a Client without disclosing to the Client in writing the capacity in which the adviser is
acting and obtaining the Client’s consent to the transaction. This rule may apply to certain transactions
involving accounts in which investment advisers have interests, such as private fund investments by
Caledonia’s owners or Access Persons. The SEC has indicated that when an investment adviser and/or
its controlling persons own more than 25% of a fund’s outstanding securities, it would be effectively
treated as a principal transaction if such an account were to engage in a trade with another client account
or fund.
Caledonia has adopted specific policies and procedures for monitoring the level of proprietary
ownership in each Client and for obtaining the requisite consent (including through consent granted in
the Governing Documents to appoint an “Unaffiliated Consultation Committee”) before engaging in a
transaction that would be considered a principal transaction under applicable SEC interpretations.
Caledonia and its Access Persons are also prohibited from engaging in agency cross transactions. An
agency cross transaction occurs where Caledonia acts as an investment adviser in relation to a
transaction in which any person controlled by or under common control with Caledonia, acts as broker
for both the advisory client and for another person on the other side of the transaction.
The fact that Caledonia, its Access Persons or their related persons have a financial ownership interest
in the Clients creates a potential conflict in that it could cause Caledonia to make different investment
decisions than if they did not have such a financial ownership interest. Further, Caledonia charges
management fees based on a percentage of assets under management. Such an asset-based fee is payable
without regard to the overall success or income earned by the Clients and therefore may create an
incentive on the part of Caledonia to raise or otherwise increase assets under management to a higher
level than would be the case if Caledonia were receiving a lower or no management fee. The receipt of
performance-based compensation by Caledonia or its affiliates may create an incentive for Caledonia to
make investments that are riskier or more speculative than would be case in the absence of a
48
performance-based fee structure. Caledonia has adopted the Code which requires Access Persons to act
with integrity and place the interests of Clients above their own, avoid actual and potential conflicts of
interest and comply with relevant securities laws.
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Item 12.
BROKERAGE PRACTICES
As investment manager to its Clients, Caledonia has discretionary authority to determine which
securities and the amounts of securities that are bought or sold. When performing investment
management services, Caledonia generally has complete discretion in deciding which brokers and
dealers to use for Client transactions and in negotiating the commissions or other compensation payable
to such brokers and dealers. In addition to using brokers as “agents” and paying commissions, Caledonia
may buy or sell securities directly from or to dealers acting as principal at prices that include markups
or markdowns, and may buy securities from underwriters or dealers in public offerings at prices that
include compensation to underwriters and dealers.
Selection Criteria
It is the policy and practice of Caledonia to strive for the best value that is competitive in relation to the
value of the transaction (“best execution”). In seeking best execution, the determinative factor is not
the lowest possible cost, but whether the transaction represents the overall best qualitative execution,
taking into consideration the full range of a broker-dealer’s services.
In selecting a broker, dealer or other intermediary, Caledonia will consider such factors that in good
faith and judgment it deems reasonable under the circumstances. Some of the factors Caledonia
considers in selecting a broker or dealer include without limitation: (i) price (including commission
rate), (ii) the broker-dealer’s facilities, reliability, responsiveness, and financial responsibility, (iii) the
ability of the broker-dealer to effect securities transactions, particularly with regard to such aspects as
timing, order size and execution of orders and (iv) the research, brokerage and other services provided
by such broker-dealer.
Caledonia has established prime brokerage arrangements on behalf of Clients with one or more Prime
Brokers. Under these arrangements, the Prime Broker, among other things, settles and clears trades,
extends margin and securities loans, maintains custody of cash and securities held by Clients and
provides detailed portfolio and related reports. Caledonia and its affiliates may, in their sole discretion,
change the Prime Brokers, alter the terms of the arrangements with the Prime Brokers or make
alternative arrangements to receive the services provided by the Prime Brokers. Caledonia uses
additional brokers (in addition to the Prime Brokers) to execute transactions.
Caledonia periodically evaluates the execution performance of broker-dealers to ensure that the services
provided are consistent with best execution.
Dark Pools and Other Private Trading Venues
Caledonia, on behalf of its Clients, utilizes so-called “dark pools” and other private trading venues to
execute trades of securities. In a dark pool, buyers and sellers do not reveal their identities and often
reveal very little, if anything, about their order sizes, as opposed to a traditional exchange, like the NYSE
Euronext, where orders are transparent. There are a number of different types of non-displayed liquidity
providers, including electronic communications networks (“ECNs”), broker-sponsored dark pools,
crossing networks and broker-led consortium dark pools. Dark pools and other anonymous venues may
provide price improvement and the ability to protect trade orders from others in the market that would
take advantage of information revealed during a trade. Dark pools and other private trading venues
generally look to traditional exchanges to get their pricing information. However, if more and more
trades are conducted through dark pools and other private trading venues, the prices used in dark pool
trades might not be as reliable and up-to-date as they should be. Moreover, the use of dark pools means
that firms cannot take advantage of changes in prices because the market cannot react immediately to
50
transactions occurring in dark pools. Furthermore, different entities in a dark pool cannot see each other
and therefore do not have a sense of what each other’s strategies and motives are. In addition, the prices
charged by dark pools and crossing networks can be complex and may be higher than those charged by
traditional exchanges. The prices charged by dark pools and independently operated crossing networks
also may cover execution only and not investment research and other services and may also be used to
fund contributions to commission-sharing arrangements.
Research and Other Soft Dollar Benefits
Caledonia may select a broker-dealer in recognition of the value of various services or products, beyond
transaction execution, that such broker-dealer provides where, considering all relevant factors, it
believes the broker-dealer can provide best execution. The amount of compensation paid to such broker-
dealer may be higher than what another, equally capable broker-dealer might charge. Selecting a broker-
dealer in recognition of the provision of services or products other than transaction execution is known
as paying for those services or products with “soft dollars.”
Accordingly, the commission rates charged by brokers in the foregoing circumstances may be higher
than those charged by other brokers who may not offer such services. Caledonia may therefore use a
broker who provides soft dollar services and products even though a higher or lower commission may
be charged by a broker who does not offer the same level of products and services. Caledonia aggregates
all soft dollars received into a pooled account. Research services and other soft dollar benefits may be
used in servicing all of Caledonia’s Clients and not all of such research will necessarily be used for the
Client for which the particular transaction was effected.
Although customary, these arrangements present potential conflicts of interest in allocating securities
transactional business to broker-dealers in exchange for soft dollar benefits, including an incentive to
select a broker-dealer based on Caledonia’s interest in receiving research or other products or services,
rather than on the Clients’ interest in receiving the most favorable execution.
Caledonia’s use of soft dollars is intended to comply with the requirements of Section 28(e) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), to the fullest extent possible under current law
and SEC interpretive guidance. Section 28(e) provides a “safe harbor” for investment managers who
use commissions or transaction fees paid by their advised accounts, with respect to transactions in
securities effected on an agency basis and certain types of riskless principal transactions, to obtain
investment research services or other products and services within the meaning of Section 28(e). Section
28(e) does not cover securities transactions effected on a principal basis or transactions in futures or
other assets that are not considered to be securities under the Exchange Act. Transactions effected
outside the United States (e.g., in the Australian or European markets) are often conducted on a principal
basis and, therefore, would not be covered by the Section 28(e) safe harbor. Caledonia will use Client
commissions with respect to transactions that would not be covered by Section 28(e) to obtain brokerage
and research services provided that the brokerage and research services obtained are of a type that would
qualify under Section 28(e).
“Research” products and services Caledonia may receive may include economic surveys, data and
analysis; financial publications; recommendations or other information about particular companies and
industries (through research reports and otherwise); and other products or services (e.g., computer
services, software and data bases) that provide lawful and appropriate assistance to the firm in the
performance of its investment decision-making responsibilities. Consistent with Section 28(e),
“brokerage” products and services (beyond traditional execution services) consist primarily of computer
services and software that permit Caledonia to effect securities transactions and perform functions
incidental to transaction execution. Research and other soft dollar benefits may be used in servicing all
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of Caledonia’s Clients and may be used in connection with Clients other than those which generated the
brokerage, as permitted by Section 28(e).
During Caledonia’s last fiscal year, as a result of client brokerage commissions (or markups or
markdowns), Caledonia and/or its related persons acquired data services (including services providing
real time exchange data, market data, company financial data and economic data), software used to
transmit orders, proprietary and third party research reports (including market research), certain financial
newsletters and trade journals, attendance at certain seminars and conferences, discussions with research
analysts, meetings with corporate executives, and services related to execution, clearing and settlement
of securities transactions and functions incidental thereto (i.e., connectivity services between Caledonia
and a broker-dealer and other relevant parties such as custodians).
Section 28(e) does not cover securities transactions effected on a principal basis or transactions in futures
or other assets that are not considered to be securities under the Exchange Act. Transactions effected
outside the United States (e.g., in the Australian or European markets) are often conducted on a principal
basis and, therefore, would not be covered by the Section 28(e) safe harbor. Caledonia will use Client
commissions with respect to transactions that would not be covered by Section 28(e) to obtain brokerage
and research services provided that the brokerage and research services obtained are of a type that would
qualify under Section 28(e).
In the event any products or services obtained by Caledonia with Client commissions have “mixed uses,”
(i.e., for research and non-research purposes), Caledonia will make a good faith effort to determine the
relative proportion of the product or service it used to assist it in carrying out its investment decision-
making responsibilities and the relative proportion used for administrative or other purposes outside
Section 28(e). Such determination will be made in accordance with the SEC’s interpretive guidance.
The proportion of the product or service attributable to assisting Caledonia in carrying out its investment
decision-making responsibilities will be paid through brokerage commissions generated by client
transactions (“soft dollars”) and the proportion attributable to administrative or other purposes outside
Section 28(e) will be paid for by Caledonia from its own resources (“hard dollars”). Although
Caledonia will make a good faith and reasonable allocation of the eligible costs of the product or service
for brokerage or research, the allocation determination itself poses a potential conflict of interest as
Caledonia may have an incentive to overestimate the soft dollar portion allocated to the “mixed use”
product or service in order to avoid paying for such brokerage or research with hard dollars.
Brokerage for Client Referrals
Representatives of Caledonia, from time to time, may speak at conferences and programs for investors
interested in investing in hedge funds which are sponsored by prime brokers or other broker-dealers.
These conferences and programs may be a means by which Caledonia can be introduced to prospective
investors in the Clients. Generally, the sponsoring brokers are not compensated by Caledonia, the
Client(s) or prospective investors for providing such “capital introduction” opportunities. However, the
provision of these opportunities, as well as other introductions to prospective investors, by a broker may
influence Caledonia in deciding whether to use the services of such broker in connection with the
activities of the Client(s). Accordingly, Caledonia will have a conflict of interest when allocating
brokerage business to a broker who has referred investors to the Clients or who has provided Caledonia
with the opportunity to participate in capital introduction events. To prevent brokerage commissions
from being used to compensate brokers for investor referrals, Caledonia will not allocate Client
brokerage business to a referring broker unless Caledonia determines in good faith that the commissions
payable to such broker is consistent with seeking best execution.
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Caledonia does not apportion soft dollars to the fund or account that generated such soft dollars and uses
soft dollars without regard as to whether or not the fund or account that generated the soft dollars benefits
from their usage.
Directed Brokerage
As noted above, Caledonia has complete discretion in deciding which brokers and dealers the Clients
will use and in negotiating the rates of compensation the Clients will pay. Accordingly, Caledonia
generally does not permit Clients to direct brokerage. As noted above, prime brokerage relationships
have been established on behalf of the Clients, pursuant to which such Prime Brokers will, among other
things, clear and settle trades on behalf of the Clients, maintain custody of cash and securities held by
the Clients and provide securities lending and portfolio reporting services.
Caledonia is not required to allocate either a stated dollar or stated percentage of transactions to any
broker-dealer for any minimum time period, and reviews such relationships periodically.
Trade Aggregation
When appropriate, Caledonia may, but is not required to, aggregate purchase and sale orders of securities
held by the Clients with similar orders being made simultaneously for other accounts to achieve more
efficient execution or to provide for equitable treatment among accounts. This blocking of trades permits
the trading of aggregate blocks of securities composed of assets from multiple client accounts and may
enable Caledonia to obtain for clients a more favorable price or a better commission rate based upon the
volume of a particular transaction. Block trading also allows Caledonia to obtain an average share price
for Clients participating in the block. Accounts participating in aggregated trades will generally be
allocated securities based on the average price achieved for such trades, although Caledonia may make
investment allocations among the accounts in any manner which it considers to be fair under the
circumstances.
Trade Error Policy
While Caledonia endeavors at all times to enter trades correctly, errors may sometimes occur. It is
Caledonia’s policy and practice to seek to identify and correct trade errors promptly without
disadvantaging the Client in any way. Should Caledonia discover a trade error attributable to the gross
negligence or willful misconduct of Caledonia or its staff, it is Caledonia’s policy to correct the error so
as to place the Client in as good a position as it would have been in had the error not occurred. Trade
errors that are determined by Caledonia to not be attributable to the gross negligence or willful
misconduct of Caledonia or its staff shall be borne by the Client(s). Should correction of a trade error
result in any profit, all such profits are retained by the applicable Client(s). Caledonia is not responsible
for the errors of other persons, including third party brokers and custodians, unless otherwise expressly
agreed.
Cross Trade Policy
Caledonia may determine that it would be in the best interests of one client and one or more other clients
to transfer a security from one account to another (each such transfer, a “Cross Trade”) for a variety of
reasons, including, without limitation, tax purposes, liquidity purposes, to rebalance the portfolios of the
accounts or to reduce transaction costs that may arise in an open market transaction. If Caledonia decides
to engage in a Cross Trade, Caledonia will determine that the trade is in the best interests of both of the
clients involved in the Cross Trade and take steps to ensure that the transaction is consistent with
Caledonia’s duty to obtain best execution for each of those clients.
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Caledonia will generally execute Cross Trades with the assistance of a broker-dealer who generally
executes and books the transaction at the price of the close of the market on the day of the transaction.
A Cross Trade between two fund clients may also occur as an “internal cross”, where Caledonia instructs
the custodian for the funds to book the transaction at the price determined in accordance with
Caledonia’s valuation policy. If a Cross Trade is effected as an internal cross, Caledonia will not receive
any fee or commission in connection with the completion of the transaction.
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Item 13.
REVIEW OF ACCOUNTS
Caledonia monitors the underlying investments of Clients on a regular basis. Client positions will be
reviewed in the overall context of the Client’s investment objectives and guidelines as well as
geopolitical and macroeconomic events. All reviews are conducted by the Co-Chief Investment Officers,
General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer or Chief Financial Officer.
Client investors receive unaudited monthly performance reports in accordance with applicable
Governing Documents. Each Client’s investors will also receive, as soon as practicable after the end of
each taxable year (or as otherwise required by law), annual reports containing financial statements
audited by Client’s independent auditors as well as such tax information as is necessary for each investor
to complete federal and state income tax or information returns, along with any other tax information
required by law.
Each SMA client will generally receive unaudited monthly performance reports and annual reports from
Caledonia detailing the SMA account’s exposures and positions as well as other reasonable information
on an as requested basis in accordance with the Governing Document or as otherwise separately agreed.
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Item 14.
CLIENT REFERRALS AND OTHER COMPENSATION
Other than as already disclosed at Item 5 of this Brochure, neither Caledonia or its Access Persons
receive compensation from third parties in connection with providing investment advice to its Clients.
Caledonia has not entered into arrangements to compensate any third-party solicitor, placement agents
and/or others, for referring prospective clients or investors to Caledonia. Caledonia reserves the right to
enter into arrangements in the future to compensate certain third-party placement agents and/or others
for referring prospective clients to Caledonia. Although common, such referral arrangements do create
a potential conflict of interest because, in theory, the referrer may be motivated, at least partially, by
financial gain and not because the Clients are the most suitable to the needs of the prospective investor.
To address this potential conflict of interest, all referred investors and SMA clients will be carefully
screened to ensure that the particular Client is suitable to the prospective investor’s investment needs,
objectives and risk tolerance before any subscription is accepted. In the event Caledonia enters into
such arrangements in the future, all such arrangements will be conducted in a manner that is consistent
with relevant SEC guidance and all fees paid to solicitors, if any, will be fully disclosed to investors
consistent with applicable law.
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Item 15.
CUSTODY
As previously disclosed at Item 5 of this Brochure, Caledonia directly debits advisory fees from Client
accounts. As part of this billing process, the Client’s administrator is advised of the amount of the fee
to be deducted from that Client’s account. Any U.S.-based Client to engage Caledonia will receive a
statement at least quarterly (typically monthly) from their account administrator. This statement should
reflect all withdrawals and other transactions that have taken place in the account, including fee
deductions. It is important for Clients to carefully review their statements to verify the accuracy of the
calculation, among other things. Clients should contact Caledonia directly if they believe that there may
be an error in the calculation of their fees as reflected on their statement.
In addition to account statements received directly from the account administrator, as agreed, certain
SMA clients will also receive unaudited monthly performance reports from Caledonia. Caledonia urges
its Clients to carefully compare the information provided on these performance reports with the
statements received from the account administrator to ensure that all account transactions, holdings and
values are correct.
Finally, because of Caledonia’s authority with respect to the assets of the Clients, Caledonia is deemed
to have custody of client assets under the provisions of SEC Rule 206(4)-2 (the “Custody Rule”). With
respect to Clients that are domiciled in the United States and/or are offered to U.S. investors, Caledonia’s
related persons are deemed to have custody of the Clients’ assets because these related persons serve as
general partner (or in similar capacity) to the Clients.
To ensure compliance with Rule 206(4)-2 under the Advisers Act, Caledonia will ensure that the Clients
are subject to annual audit by an independent public accountant that is registered with, and subject to
regular inspection by, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in accordance with its rules. In
addition, such Clients’ audited financial statements will prepared in accordance with U.S. generally
accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and will be distributed to all investors within 120 days
of the end of each Client’s fiscal year. The Clients are also subject to audit upon liquidation and the
audited financial statements will be distributed to all investors promptly after the completion of such
audit.
Pursuant to SEC interpretations, as set forth in the “SEC Staff Response to Questions About the Custody
Rule,” Question VI.5 and SEC Staff Letter to the ABA, Subcommittee on Private Investment Entities,
issued August 10, 2006, offshore advisers registered with the SEC are not subject to the Custody Rule
with respect to offshore funds. Certain of the Clients that are domiciled outside of the United States and
are not offered to U.S. investors may be able to rely on such exemptions. Nevertheless, as would be
required under the Custody Rule, each of the relevant Clients is subject to an annual audit by an
independent public accountant and Caledonia seeks to send the audited financials in accordance with
the Governing Documents to each Client investor within 120 days of each Client’s fiscal year end, in
accordance with the provisions of the Custody Rule, as described above.
Clients organized outside of the United States, or having a general partner or other manager with a
principal place of business outside the United States, may have their financial statements prepared in
accordance with accounting standards other than U.S. GAAP so long as they contain information
substantially similar to statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any material differences
with U.S. GAAP must be reconciled in the financial statements delivered to U.S. persons.
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Item 16.
INVESTMENT DISCRETION
As investment adviser to the Clients, Caledonia is granted the discretionary authority in the relevant
Governing Documents to determine which securities and the amounts of securities that are bought or
sold for the Clients.
SMA clients may limit this authority by giving Caledonia written instructions in accordance with the
Governing Documents and may change/amend such limitations in certain circumstances by once again
providing Caledonia with written instructions.
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Item 17.
VOTING CLIENT SECURITIES
As applicable, Caledonia is generally granted the authority and responsibility in relevant Governing
Documents to vote proxies solicited by the issuers of securities held in Client accounts. Caledonia has
adopted written policies and procedures governing the voting of such proxies. According to such
policies, Caledonia will vote proxies in a manner that it determines in good faith to be in the best interest
of its Clients, typically with the goal of maximizing value for Clients. To that end, Caledonia endeavors
to vote proxies in the manner that it determines in good faith to be most likely to cause Clients’
investments to increase the most, or decline the least, in value. Consideration is given to both the short-
term and long-term implications of the proposal being voted on.
If a material conflict of interest between Caledonia and a client exists, Caledonia will determine whether
voting in accordance with the guidelines set forth in its proxy voting policies and procedures is in the
best interests of the client or take some other appropriate action.
In the event of any actual or potential conflicts of interests in the voting of any Client proxies, Caledonia
will make appropriate disclosures to clients and either abstain from voting or request that the Client vote
the proxy(s).
Clients may obtain a copy of Caledonia’s proxy voting policies and procedures and information about
how Caledonia voted a Client’s proxies by contacting Caledonia at rsilverstein@caledoniafund.com or
by phone at 1-347-287-3760.
It is Caledonia’s policy to not participate in class action lawsuits on behalf of Clients. Caledonia would
develop procedures should Caledonia’s policy regarding participation in class action lawsuits change.
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Item 18.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
This Item is not applicable.
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