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Item 1: Cover Page
Part 2A of Form ADV: Firm Brochure
February 2026
Cura Wealth Advisors, LLC
180 N Stetson Ave. STE 3500,
Chicago, Illinois 60601
www.curawealth.com
Firm Contact:
Nandan Shah
Chief Compliance Officer
This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Cura Wealth
Advisors, LLC dba Cura Wealth. If clients have any questions about the contents of this brochure, please
contact us at 312-320-0058. The information in this brochure has not been approved or verified by the
United States Securities and Exchange Commission or by any State Securities Authority. Additional
information about our firm is also available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov by
searching CRD #332511.
Please note that the use of the term “registered investment adviser” and description of our firm and/or
our associates as “registered” does not imply a certain level of skill or training. Clients are encouraged to
review this Brochure and Brochure Supplements for our firm’s associates who advise clients for more
information on the qualifications of our firm and our employees.
Item 2: Material Changes
Cura Wealth Advisors, LLC is required to notify clients of any information that has changed since the last
annual update of the Firm Brochure (“Brochure”) that may be important to them. Clients can request a
full copy of our Brochure or contact us with any questions that they may have about the changes.
Since our firm’s last annual amendment on March 28, 2025, we have the following material changes to
disclose:
• Our Firm’s representatives are no longer dually registered with Arete Wealth Advisors, LLC
• We have provided additional information about our recommended custodians National Financial
Services LLC, and Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC in item 12 and 14 of this brochure.
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Item 3: Table of Contents
Item 1: Cover Page .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Item 2: Material Changes ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
Item 3: Table of Contents............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Item 4: Advisory Business .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Item 5: Fees & Compensation ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Item 6: Performance-Based Fees & Side-By-Side Management ............................................................................. 7
Item 7: Types of Clients & Account Requirements ........................................................................................................ 7
Item 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies & Risk of Loss..................................................................... 7
Item 9: Disciplinary Information .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Item 10: Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations .................................................................................... 14
Item 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions & Personal Trading ......... 14
Item 12: Brokerage Practices ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Item 13: Review of Accounts or Financial Plans .......................................................................................................... 19
Item 14: Client Referrals & Other Compensation ........................................................................................................ 20
Item 15: Custody ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Item 16: Investment Discretion ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Item 18: Financial Information.............................................................................................................................................. 22
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Item 4: Advisory Business
Our firm provides individuals and other types of clients with a wide array of investment advisory
services. Our firm is a limited liability company formed under the laws of the State of Illinois in 2024
and has been in business as an investment adviser since that time. Our firm is owned by F. Maximilian
Kort and Nandan Shah, who are also licensed as investment advisor representatives.
The purpose of this Brochure is to disclose the conflicts of interest associated with the investment
transactions, compensation and any other matters related to investment decisions made by our firm or
its representatives. As a fiduciary, it is our duty to always act in the client’s best interest. This is
accomplished in part by knowing our client. Our firm has established a service-oriented advisory
practice with open lines of communication for many different types of clients to help meet their
financial goals while remaining sensitive to risk tolerance and time horizons. Working with clients to
understand their investment objectives while educating them about our process, facilitates the kind of
working relationship we value.
Types of Advisory Services Offered
Comprehensive Portfolio Management:
As part of our Comprehensive Portfolio Management service clients will be provided asset management
and financial planning or consulting services. This service is designed to assist clients in meeting their
financial goals through the use of a financial plan or consultation. Our firm conducts client meetings to
understand their current financial situation, existing resources, financial goals, and tolerance for risk.
Based on what is learned, an investment approach is presented to the client, consisting of individual
stocks, bonds, ETFs, options, mutual funds and other public and private securities or investments. Once
the appropriate portfolio has been determined, portfolios are continuously and regularly monitored, and
if necessary, rebalanced based upon the client’s individual needs, stated goals and objectives. Upon client
request, our firm provides a summary of observations and recommendations for the planning or
consulting aspects of this service.
Our firm utilizes the sub-advisory services of a third party investment advisory firm or individual advisor
to aid in the implementation of an investment portfolio designed by our firm. Before selecting a firm or
individual, our firm will ensure that the chosen party is properly licensed or registered. Our firm will not
offer advice on any specific securities or other investments in connection with this service. We will
provide initial due diligence on third party money managers and ongoing reviews of their management
of client accounts. In order to assist in the selection of a third party money manager, our firm will gather
client information pertaining to financial situation, investment objectives, and reasonable restrictions to
be imposed upon the management of the account.
Our firm will periodically review third party money manager reports provided to the client at least
annually. Our firm will contact clients from time to time in order to review their financial situation and
objectives; communicate information to third party money managers as warranted; and, assist the client
in understanding and evaluating the services provided by the third party money manager. Clients will be
expected to notify our firm of any changes in their financial situation, investment objectives, or account
restrictions that could affect their financial standing.
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Financial Planning & Consulting:
Our firm provides a variety of standalone financial planning and consulting services to clients for the
management of financial resources based upon an analysis of current situation, goals, and objectives.
Financial planning services will typically involve preparing a financial plan or rendering a financial
consultation for clients based on the client’s financial goals and objectives. This planning or consulting
may encompass investments, asset allocation review and recommendations, cash management, insurance
planning, risk management, estate planning goals, retirement planning, education planning, wealth
transfer between generations and to charitable organizations, and private asset management.
Written financial plans or financial consultations rendered to clients usually include general
recommendations for a course of activity or specific actions to be taken by the clients. Implementation of
the recommendations will be at the discretion of the client. Our firm provides clients with a summary of
their financial situation, and observations for financial planning engagements. Financial consultations are
not typically accompanied by a written summary of observations and recommendations, as the process is
less formal than the planning service. Assuming that all the information and documents requested from
the client are provided promptly, plans or consultations are typically completed within 6 months of the
client signing a contract with our firm.
Tailoring of Advisory Services
Our firm offers individualized investment advice to our Comprehensive Portfolio Management clients.
General investment advice will be offered to our Referrals to Third Party Money Management clients.
Each Comprehensive Portfolio Management client has the opportunity to place reasonable restrictions on
the types of investments to be held in the portfolio. Restrictions on investments in certain securities or
types of securities may not be possible due to the level of difficulty this would entail in managing the
account.
Participation in Wrap Fee Programs
Our firm does not offer or sponsor a wrap fee program.
Regulatory Assets Under Management
As of 12.31.2025 our firm manages $494,462,586 on a discretionary basis and $33,269,797 on a non-
discretionary basis, for a total of $527,732,383 in assets under management.
Item 5: Fees & Compensation
Compensation for Our Advisory Services
Comprehensive Portfolio Management:
The maximum annual fee charged for this service will not exceed 1.00%. Fees to be assessed will be
outlined in the advisory agreement to be signed by the client. Our firm bills on cash unless indicated
otherwise in writing. Annualized fees are billed on a pro-rata basis monthly in arrears based on the value
of the account(s) on the last day of the month. Fees are negotiable and will be deducted from client
account(s). In rare cases, our firm will agree to directly invoice. As part of this process, Clients understand
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the following:
The client’s independent custodian sends statements at least quarterly showing the market values for
each security included in the Assets and all account disbursements, including the amount of the advisory
fees paid to our firm;
a) Clients will provide authorization permitting our firm to be directly paid by these terms. Our firm
will send an invoice directly to the custodian; and
b) If our firm sends a copy of our invoice to the client, a legend urging the comparison of information
provided in our statement with those from the qualified custodian will be included.
Fees charged for third party manager services shall be in addition to our advisory fees. The third party
money managers we recommend will not directly charge you a higher fee than they would have charged
without us introducing you to them. Third party money managers establish and maintain their own
separate billing processes over which we have no control. In general, they will directly bill you and
describe how this works in their separate written disclosure documents.
Financial Planning & Consulting:
Our firm charges on an hourly or flat fee basis for financial planning and consulting services. The total
estimated fee, as well as the ultimate fee charged, is based on the scope and complexity of our engagement
with the client. The maximum hourly fee to be charged will not exceed $350. Flat fees range from $1,500
to $10,000. The fee-paying arrangements will be determined on a case-by-case basis and will be detailed
in the signed consulting agreement. Our firm will not require a retainer exceeding $1,200 when services
cannot be rendered within 6 months.
Other Types of Fees & Expenses
Clients will incur transaction fees for trades executed by their chosen custodian, either based on a
percentage of the dollar amount of assets in the account(s) or via individual transaction charges. These
transaction fees are separate from our firm’s advisory fees and will be disclosed by the chosen custodian.
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (“Schwab”) does not charge transaction fees for U.S. listed equities and
exchange traded fund.
Clients may also pay holdings charges imposed by the chosen custodian for certain investments, charges
imposed directly by a mutual fund, index fund, or exchange traded fund, which shall be disclosed in the
fund’s prospectus (e.g., fund management fees and other fund expenses), distribution fees, surrender
charges, variable annuity fees, IRA and qualified retirement plan fees, mark-ups and mark-downs, spreads
paid to market makers, fees for trades executed away from custodian, wire transfer fees and other fees
and taxes on brokerage accounts and securities transactions. Our firm does not receive a portion of these
fees.
Termination & Refunds
Either party may terminate the advisory agreement signed with our firm for Comprehensive Portfolio
Management services in writing at any time. Upon notice of termination pro-rata advisory fees for
services rendered to the point of termination will be charged. If advisory fees cannot be deducted, our
firm will send an invoice for due advisory fees to the client.
Financial Planning & Consulting clients may terminate their agreement at any time before the delivery of
a financial plan by providing written notice. For purposes of calculating refunds, all work performed by us
up to the point of termination shall be calculated at the hourly fee currently in effect. Clients will receive a
pro-rata refund of unearned fees based on the time and effort expended by our firm.
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Commissionable Securities Sales
Our firm and representatives do not sell securities for a commission in advisory accounts.
Item 6: Performance-Based Fees & Side-By-Side Management
Our firm does not charge performance-based fees.
Item 7: Types of Clients & Account Requirements
Our firm has the following types of clients:
•
Individuals and High Net Worth Individuals;
• Trusts, Estates or Charitable Organizations;
• Pension and Profit Sharing Plans;
• Corporations, Limited Liability Companies and/or Other Business Types
Our firm does not impose requirements for opening and maintaining accounts or otherwise engaging us.
Item 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies & Risk of Loss
Methods of Analysis
We use the following methods of analysis in formulating our investment advice and/or managing client
assets:
Charting: In this type of technical analysis, our firm reviews charts of market and security activity in an
attempt to identify when the market is moving up or down and to predict how long the trend may last and
when that trend might reverse.
Cyclical Analysis: Statistical analysis of specific events occurring at a sufficient number of relatively
predictable intervals that they can be forecasted into the future. Cyclical analysis asserts that cyclical forces
drive price movements in the financial markets. Risks include that cycles may invert or disappear
and there is no expectation that this type of analysis will pinpoint turning points, instead be used in
conjunction with other methods of analysis.
Fundamental Analysis: The analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the
business's assets, liabilities, and earnings), health, and its competitors and markets. When analyzing a
stock, futures contract, or currency using fundamental analysis there are two basic approaches one can
use: bottom up analysis and top down analysis. The terms are used to distinguish such analysis from other
types of investment analysis, such as quantitative and technical. Fundamental analysis is performed on
historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible
objectives: (a) to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution; (b) to make
a projection on its business performance; (c) to evaluate its management and make internal business
decisions; (d) and/or to calculate its credit risk.; and (e) to find out the intrinsic value of the share.
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When the objective of the analysis is to determine what stock to buy and at what price, there are two basic
methodologies investors rely upon: (a) Fundamental analysis maintains that markets may misprice a
security in the short run but that the "correct" price will eventually be reached. Profits can be made by
purchasing the mispriced security and then waiting for the market to recognize its "mistake" and reprice
the security.; and (b) Technical analysis maintains that all information is reflected already in the price of
a security. Technical analysts analyze trends and believe that sentiment changes predate and predict
trend changes. Investors' emotional responses to price movements lead to recognizable price chart
patterns. Technical analysts also analyze historical trends to predict future price movement. Investors can
use one or both of these different but complementary methods for stock picking. This presents a potential
risk, as the price of a security can move up or down along with the overall market regardless of the
economic and financial factors considered in evaluating the stock.
Technical Analysis: A security analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices through the
study of past market data, primarily price and volume. A fundamental principle of technical analysis is
that a market's price reflects all relevant information, so their analysis looks at the history of a security's
trading pattern rather than external drivers such as economic, fundamental and news events. Therefore,
price action tends to repeat itself due to investors collectively tending toward patterned behavior – hence
technical analysis focuses on identifiable trends and conditions. Technical analysts also widely use market
indicators of many sorts, some of which are mathematical transformations of price, often including up and
down volume, advance/decline data and other inputs. These indicators are used to help assess whether
an asset is trending, and if it is, the probability of its direction and of continuation. Technicians also look
for relationships between price/volume indices and market indicators. Technical analysis employs
models and trading rules based on price and volume transformations, such as the relative strength index,
moving averages, regressions, inter-market and intra-market price correlations, business cycles, stock
market cycles or, classically, through recognition of chart patterns. Technical analysis is widely used among
traders and financial professionals and is very often used by active day traders, market makers and pit
traders. The risk associated with this type of analysis is that analysts use subjective judgment to decide
which pattern(s) a particular instrument reflects at a given time and what the interpretation of that
pattern should be.
Qualitative Analysis: A securities analysis that uses subjective judgment based on unquantifiable
information, such as management expertise, industry cycles, strength of research and development, and
labor relations. Qualitative analysis contrasts with quantitative analysis, which focuses on numbers that
can be found on reports such as balance sheets. The two techniques, however, will often be used together in
order to examine a company's operations and evaluate its potential as an investment opportunity.
Qualitative analysis deals with intangible, inexact concerns that belong to the social and experiential
realm rather than the mathematical one. This approach depends on the kind of intelligence that machines
(currently) lack, since things like positive associations with a brand, management trustworthiness,
customer satisfaction, competitive advantage and cultural shifts are difficult, arguably impossible, to
capture with numerical inputs. A risk in using qualitative analysis is that subjective judgment may prove
incorrect.
Quantitative Analysis: The use of models, or algorithms, to evaluate assets for investment. The process
usually consists of searching vast databases for patterns, such as correlations among liquid assets or price-
movement patterns (trend following or mean reversion). The resulting strategies may involve high-
frequency trading. The results of the analysis are taken into consideration in the decision to buy or sell
securities and in the management of portfolio characteristics. A risk in using quantitative analysis is that
the methods or models used may be based on assumptions that prove to be incorrect.
Technical Analysis: A security analysis methodology for forecasting the direction of prices through the
study of past market data, primarily price and volume. A fundamental principle of technical analysis is
that a market's price reflects all relevant information, so their analysis looks at the history of a security's
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trading pattern rather than external drivers such as economic, fundamental and news events. Therefore,
price action tends to repeat itself due to investors collectively tending toward patterned behavior – hence
technical analysis focuses on identifiable trends and conditions. Technical analysts also widely use market
indicators of many sorts, some of which are mathematical transformations of price, often including up and
down volume, advance/decline data and other inputs. These indicators are used to help assess whether
an asset is trending, and if it is, the probability of its direction and of continuation. Technicians also look
for relationships between price/volume indices and market indicators. Technical analysis employs
models and trading rules based on price and volume transformations, such as the relative strength index,
moving averages, regressions, inter-market and intra-market price correlations, business cycles, stock
market cycles or, classically, through recognition of chart patterns. Technical analysis is widely used among
traders and financial professionals and is very often used by active day traders, market makers and pit
traders. The risk associated with this type of analysis is that analysts use subjective judgment to decide
which pattern(s) a particular instrument reflects at a given time and what the interpretation of that
pattern should be.
Investment Strategies We Use
We use the following strategies in managing client accounts, provided that such strategies are appropriate
to the needs of the client and consistent with the client's investment objectives, risk tolerance, and time
horizons, among other considerations:
Alternative Investments: Hedge funds, commodity pools, Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”),
Business Development Companies (“BDCs”), and other alternative investments involve a high degree of
risk and can be illiquid due to restrictions on transfer and lack of a secondary trading market. They can be
highly leveraged, speculative and volatile, and an investor could lose all or a substantial amount of an
investment. Alternative investments may lack transparency as to share price, valuation and portfolio
holdings. Complex tax structures often result in delayed tax reporting. Compared to mutual funds, hedge
funds and commodity pools are subject to less regulation and often charge higher fees and may require
“capital calls” which would require additional investment. Alternative investment managers typically
exercise broad investment discretion and may apply similar strategies across multiple investment
vehicles, resulting in less diversification.
Asset Allocation: The implementation of an investment strategy that attempts to balance risk versus
reward by adjusting the percentage of each asset in an investment portfolio according to the investor's
risk tolerance, goals and investment time frame. Asset allocation is based on the principle that different
assets perform differently in different market and economic conditions. A fundamental justification for
asset allocation is the notion that different asset classes offer returns that are not perfectly correlated,
hence diversification reduces the overall risk in terms of the variability of returns for a given level of
expected return. Although risk is reduced as long as correlations are not perfect, it is typically forecast
(wholly or in part) based on statistical relationships (like correlation and variance) that existed over some
past period. Expectations for return are often derived in the same way.
An asset class is a group of economic resources sharing similar characteristics, such as riskiness and
return. There are many types of assets that may or may not be included in an asset allocation strategy. The
"traditional" asset classes are stocks (value, dividend, growth, or sector-specific [or a "blend" of any two
or more of the preceding]; large-cap versus mid-cap, small-cap or micro-cap; domestic, foreign
[developed], emerging or frontier markets), bonds (fixed income securities more generally: investment-
grade or junk [high-yield]; government or corporate; short-term, intermediate, long- term; domestic,
foreign, emerging markets), and cash or cash equivalents. Allocation among these three provides a
starting point. Usually included are hybrid instruments such as convertible bonds and preferred stocks,
counting as a mixture of bonds and stocks. Other alternative assets that may be considered include:
commodities: precious metals, nonferrous metals, agriculture, energy, others.; Commercial or residential
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real estate (also REITs); Collectibles such as art, coins, or stamps; insurance products (annuity, life
settlements, catastrophe bonds, personal life insurance products, etc.); derivatives such as long-short or
market neutral strategies, options, collateralized debt, and futures; foreign currency; venture capital;
private equity; and/or distressed securities.
There are several types of asset allocation strategies based on investment goals, risk tolerance, time
frames and diversification. The most common forms of asset allocation are: strategic, dynamic, tactical,
and core-satellite.
Strategic Asset Allocation: The primary goal of a strategic asset allocation is to create an asset mix that
seeks to provide the optimal balance between expected risk and return for a long- term investment
horizon. Generally speaking, strategic asset allocation strategies are agnostic to economic environments,
i.e., they do not change their allocation postures relative to changing market or economic conditions.
Dynamic Asset Allocation: Dynamic asset allocation is similar to strategic asset allocation in that portfolios
are built by allocating to an asset mix that seeks to provide the optimal balance between expected risk and
return for a long-term investment horizon. Like strategic allocation strategies, dynamic strategies largely
retain exposure to their original asset classes; however, unlike strategic strategies, dynamic asset
allocation portfolios will adjust their postures over time relative to changes in the economic environment.
Tactical Asset Allocation: Tactical asset allocation is a strategy in which an investor takes a more active
approach that tries to position a portfolio into those assets, sectors, or individual stocks that show the most
potential for perceived gains. While an original asset mix is formulated much like strategic and dynamic
portfolio, tactical strategies are often traded more actively and are free to move entirely in and out of their
core asset classes
Core-Satellite Asset Allocation: Core-Satellite allocation strategies generally contain a 'core' strategic
element making up the most significant portion of the portfolio, while applying a dynamic or tactical
'satellite' strategy that makes up a smaller part of the portfolio. In this way, core-satellite allocation
strategies are a hybrid of the strategic and dynamic/tactical allocation strategies mentioned above.
Exchange Traded Funds (“ETFs”): An ETF is a type of Investment Company (usually, an open-end fund
or unit investment trust) whose primary objective is to achieve the same return as a particular market
index. The vast majority of ETFs are designed to track an index, so their performance is close to that of an
index mutual fund, but they are not exact duplicates. A tracking error, or the difference between the
returns of a fund and the returns of the index, can arise due to differences in composition, management
fees, expenses, and handling of dividends. ETFs benefit from continuous pricing; they can be bought and
sold on a stock exchange throughout the trading day. Because ETFs trade like stocks, you can place orders
just like with individual stocks - such as limit orders, good- until-canceled orders, stop loss orders etc.
They can also be sold short. Traditional mutual funds are bought and redeemed based on their net asset
values (“NAV”) at the end of the day. ETFs are bought and sold at the market prices on the exchanges,
which resemble the underlying NAV but are independent of it. However, arbitrageurs will ensure that ETF
prices are kept very close to the NAV of the underlying securities. Although an investor can buy as few as
one share of an ETF, most buy in board lots. Anything bought in less than a board lot will increase the cost
to the investor. Anyone can buy any ETF no matter where in the world it trades. This provides a benefit
over mutual funds, which generally can only be bought in the country in which they are registered.
One of the main features of ETFs are their low annual fees, especially when compared to traditional mutual
funds. The passive nature of index investing, reduced marketing, and distribution and accounting
expenses all contribute to the lower fees. However, individual investors must pay a brokerage commission
to purchase and sell ETF shares; for those investors who trade frequently, this can significantly increase
the cost of investing in ETFs. That said, with the advent of low-cost brokerage fees, small or frequent
purchases of ETFs are becoming more cost efficient.
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Long-Term Purchases: Our firm may buy securities for your account and hold them for a relatively long
time (more than a year) in anticipation that the security’s value will appreciate over a long horizon. The
risk of this strategy is that our firm could miss out on potential short-term gains that could have been
profitable to your account, or it’s possible that the security’s value may decline sharply before our firm
makes a decision to sell.
Margin Transactions: Our firm may purchase securities for your portfolio with money borrowed from
your brokerage account. This allows you to purchase more stock than you would be able to with your
available cash and allows us to purchase securities without selling other holdings. Margin accounts and
transactions are risky and not necessarily appropriate for every client. It should be noted that our firm
bills advisory fees on securities purchased on margin which creates a financial incentive for us to utilize
margin in client accounts.
The potential risks associated with these transactions are (1) You can lose more funds than are
deposited into the margin account; (2) the forced sale of securities or other assets in your account;
(3) the sale of securities or other assets without contacting you; (4) you may not be entitled to choose which
securities or other assets in your account(s) are liquidated or sold to meet a margin call; and
(5) custodians charge interest on margin balances which will reduce your returns over time.
Options: An option is a financial derivative that represents a contract sold by one party (the option
writer) to another party (the option holder, or option buyer). The contract offers the buyer the right, but
not the obligation, to buy or sell a security or other financial asset at an agreed-upon price (the strike
price) during a certain period of time or on a specific date (exercise date). Options are extremely versatile
securities. Traders use options to speculate, which is a relatively risky practice, while hedgers use options
to reduce the risk of holding an asset. In terms of speculation, option buyers and writers have conflicting
views regarding the outlook on the performance of a:
Call Option: Call options give the option to buy at certain price, so the buyer would want the stock to go
up. Conversely, the option writer needs to provide the underlying shares in the event that the stock's
market price exceeds the strike due to the contractual obligation. An option writer who sells a call option
believes that the underlying stock's price will drop relative to the option's strike price during the life of
the option, as that is how he will reap maximum profit. This is exactly the opposite outlook of the option
buyer. The buyer believes that the underlying stock will rise; if this happens, the buyer will be able to
acquire the stock for a lower price and then sell it for a profit. However, if the underlying stock does not
close above the strike price on the expiration date, the option buyer would lose the premium paid for the
call option.
Put Option: Put options give the option to sell at a certain price, so the buyer would want the stock to go
down. The opposite is true for put option writers. For example, a put option buyer is bearish on the
underlying stock and believes its market price will fall below the specified strike price on or before a
specified date. On the other hand, an option writer who sells a put option believes the underlying stock's
price will increase about a specified price on or before the expiration date. If the underlying stock's price
closes above the specified strike price on the expiration date, the put option writer's maximum profit is
achieved. Conversely, a put option holder would only benefit from a fall in the underlying stock's price
below the strike price. If the underlying stock's price falls below the strike price, the put option writer is
obligated to purchase shares of the underlying stock at the strike price.
The potential risks associated with these transactions are that (1) all options expire. The closer the option
gets to expiration, the quicker the premium in the option deteriorates; and (2) Prices can move very quickly.
Depending on factors such as time until expiration and the relationship of the stock price to the option’s
strike price, small movements in a stock can translate into big movements in the underlying options.
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Short Sales: A short sale is a transaction in which an investor sells borrowed securities in anticipation of
a price decline and is required to return an equal number of shares at some point in the future. These
transactions have a number of risks that make it highly unsuitable for the novice investor. This strategy
has a slanted payoff ratio in that the maximum gain is limited, but the maximum loss is theoretically
infinite. The following risks should be considered: (1) In addition to trading commissions, other costs with
short selling include that of borrowing the security to short it, as well as interest payable on the margin
account that holds the shorted security. (2) The short seller is responsible for making dividend payments
on the shorted stock to the entity from whom the stock has been borrowed. (3) Stocks with very high short
interest may occasionally surge in price. This usually happens when there is a positive development in the
stock, which forces short sellers to buy the shares back to close their short positions. Heavily shorted stocks
are also susceptible to “buy-ins,” which occur when a broker closes out short positions in a difficult-to-
borrow stock whose lenders are demanding it back. (4) Regulators may impose bans on short sales in a
specific sector or even in the broad market to avoid panic and unwarranted selling pressure. Such actions
can cause a spike in stock prices, forcing the short seller to cover short positions at huge losses.
Short-Term Purchases: When utilizing this strategy, our firm may also purchase securities with the idea
of selling them within a relatively short time (typically a year or less). Our firm does this in an attempt to
take advantage of conditions that our firm believes will soon result in a price swing in the securities our
firm purchase.
Risk of Loss
Investing in securities involves risk of loss that clients should be prepared to bear. While the stock market
may increase and the account(s) could enjoy a gain, it is also possible that the stock market may decrease
and the account(s) could suffer a loss. It is important that clients understand the risks associated with
investing in the stock market, and that their assets are appropriately diversified in investments. Clients
are encouraged to ask our firm any questions regarding their risk tolerance.
Capital Risk: Capital risk is one of the most basic, fundamental risks of investing; it is the risk that you
may lose 100% of your money. All investments carry some form of risk and the loss of capital is generally
a risk for any investment instrument.
Company Risk: When investing in stock positions, there is always a certain level of company or industry
specific risk that is inherent in each investment. This is also referred to as unsystematic risk and can be
reduced through appropriate diversification. There is the risk that the company will perform poorly or
have its value reduced based on factors specific to the company or its industry. For example, if a company’s
employees go on strike or the company receives unfavorable media attention for its actions, the value of
the company may be reduced.
Economic Risk: The prevailing economic environment is important to the health of all businesses. Some
companies, however, are more sensitive to changes in the domestic or global economy than others. These
types of companies are often referred to as cyclical businesses. Countries in which a large portion of
businesses are in cyclical industries are thus also very economically sensitive and carry a higher amount
of economic risk. If an investment is issued by a party located in a country that experiences wide swings
from an economic standpoint or in situations where certain elements of an investment instrument are
hinged on dealings in such countries, the investment instrument will generally be subject to a higher level
of economic risk.
Equity (Stock) Market Risk: Common stocks are susceptible to general stock market fluctuations and,
volatile increases and decreases in value as market confidence in and perceptions of their issuers change.
If you held common stock, or common stock equivalents, of any given issuer, you would generally be
exposed to greater risk than if you held preferred stocks and debt obligations of the issuer.
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ETF & Mutual Fund Risk: When investing in an ETF or mutual fund, you will bear additional expenses
based on your pro rata share of the ETF’s or mutual fund’s operating expenses, including the potential
duplication of management fees. The risk of owning an ETF or mutual fund generally reflects the risks of
owning the underlying securities, the ETF, or mutual fund holds. Clients will also incur brokerage costs
when purchasing ETFs.
Financial Risk: Financial risk is represented by internal disruptions within an investment or the issuer
of an investment that can lead to unfavorable performance of the investment. Examples of financial risk
can be found in cases like Enron or many of the dot com companies that were caught up in a period of
extraordinary market valuations that were not based on solid financial footings of the companies.
Inflation Risk: Inflation risk involves the concern that in the future, your investment or proceeds from
your investment will not be worth what they are today. Throughout time, the prices of resources and end-
user products generally increase and thus, the same general goods and products today will likely be more
expensive in the future. The longer an investment is held, the greater the chance that the proceeds from
that investment will be worth less in the future than what they are today. Said another way, a dollar
tomorrow will likely get you less than what it can today.
Interest Rate Risk: Certain investments involve the payment of a fixed or variable rate of interest to the
investment holder. Once an investor has acquired or has acquired the rights to an investment that pays a
particular rate (fixed or variable) of interest, changes in overall interest rates in the market will affect the
value of the interest-paying investment(s) they hold. In general, changes in prevailing interest rates in the
market will have an inverse relationship to the value of existing, interest paying investments. In other
words, as interest rates move up, the value of an instrument paying a particular rate (fixed or variable) of
interest will go down. The reverse is generally true as well.
Liquidity Risk: Certain assets may not be readily converted into cash or may have a very limited market
in which they trade. This can create a substantial delay in the receipt of proceeds from an investment.
Liquidity risk can also result in unfavorable pricing when exiting (i.e. not being able to quickly get out of
an investment before the price drops significantly) a particular investment and therefore, can have a
negative impact on investment returns.
Manager Risk: There is always the possibility that poor security selection will cause your investments to
underperform relative to benchmarks or other funds with a similar investment objective.
Market Risk: The value of your portfolio may decrease if the value of an individual company or multiple
companies in the portfolio decreases or if our belief about a company’s intrinsic worth is incorrect.
Further, regardless of how well individual companies perform, the value of your portfolio could also
decrease if there are deteriorating economic or market conditions. It is important to understand that the
value of your investment may fall, sometimes sharply, in response to changes in the market, and you could
lose money. Investment risks include price risk as may be observed by a drop in a security’s price due to
company specific events (e.g. earnings disappointment or downgrade in the rating of a bond) or general
market risk (e.g. such as a “bear” market when stock values fall in general). For fixed-income securities, a
period of rising interest rates could erode the value of a bond since bond values generally fall as bond
yields go up. Past performance is not a guarantee of future returns.
Past Performance: Charting and technical analysis are often used interchangeably. Technical analysis
generally attempts to forecast an investment’s future potential by analyzing its past performance and
other related statistics. In particular, technical analysis often times involves an evaluation of historical
pricing and volume of a particular security for the purpose of forecasting where future price and volume
figures may go. As with any investment analysis method, technical analysis runs the risk of not knowing
the future and thus, investors should realize that even the most diligent and thorough technical analysis
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cannot predict or guarantee the future performance of any particular investment instrument or issuer
thereof.
Strategy Risk: There is no guarantee that the investment strategies discussed herein will work under all
market conditions and each investor should evaluate his/her ability to maintain any investment he/she
is considering in light of his/her own investment time horizon. Investments are subject to risk, including
possible loss of principal.
Description of Material, Significant or Unusual Risks
Our firm generally invests client cash balances in money market funds, FDIC Insured Certificates of
Deposit, high-grade commercial paper and/or government backed debt instruments. Ultimately, our firm
tries to achieve the highest return on client cash balances through relatively low-risk conservative
investments. In most cases, at least a partial cash balance will be maintained in a money market account so
that our firm may debit advisory fees for our services related to our Comprehensive Portfolio
Management services, as applicable.
Item 9: Disciplinary Information
There are no legal or disciplinary events that are material to the evaluation of our advisory business or
the integrity of our management.
Item 10: Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations
Representatives of our firm are insurance agents/brokers. They offer insurance products and receive
customary fees as a result of insurance sales. A conflict of interest exists as these insurance sales create
an incentive to recommend products based on the compensation adviser and/or our supervised persons
may earn. To mitigate this potential conflict, our firm will act in the client’s best interest.
Item 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in
Client Transactions & Personal Trading
As a fiduciary, it is an investment adviser’s responsibility to provide fair and full disclosure of all material facts
and to act solely in the best interest of each of our clients at all times. Our fiduciary duty is the underlying
principle for our firm’s Code of Ethics, which includes procedures for personal securities transaction and
insider trading. Our firm requires all representatives to conduct business with the highest level of ethical
standards and to comply with all federal and state securities laws at all times. Upon employment with our
firm, and at least annually thereafter, all representatives of our firm will acknowledge receipt,
understanding and compliance with our firm’s Code of Ethics. Our firm and representatives must conduct
business in an honest, ethical, and fair manner and avoid all circumstances
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that might negatively affect or appear to affect our duty of complete loyalty to all clients. This disclosure is
provided to give all clients a summary of our Code of Ethics. If a client or a potential client wishes to review
our Code of Ethics in its entirety, a copy will be provided promptly upon request.
Our firm recognizes that the personal investment transactions of our representatives demands the
application of a Code of Ethics with high standards and requires that all such transactions be carried out in a
way that does not endanger the interest of any client. At the same time, our firm also believes that if
investment goals are similar for clients and for our representatives, it is logical, and even desirable, that there
be common ownership of some securities.
In order to prevent conflicts of interest, our firm has established procedures for transactions effected by our
representatives for their personal accounts1. In order to monitor compliance with our personal trading
policy, our firm has pre-clearance requirements and a quarterly securities transaction reporting system for
all of our representatives.
Neither our firm nor a related person recommends, buys or sells for client accounts, securities in which
our firm or a related person has a material financial interest without prior disclosure to the client.
Related persons of our firm may buy or sell securities and other investments that are also recommended
to clients. In order to minimize this conflict of interest, our related persons will place client interests ahead
of their own interests and adhere to our firm’s Code of Ethics, a copy of which is available upon request.
Likewise, related persons of our firm buy or sell securities for themselves at or about the same time they buy
or sell the same securities for client accounts. In order to minimize this conflict of interest, our related
persons will place client interests ahead of their own interests and adhere to our firm’s Code of Ethics, a copy
of which is available upon request. Further, our related persons will refrain from buying or selling securities
that will be bought or sold in client accounts unless done so after the client execution or concurrently as a part
of a block trade.
Item 12: Brokerage Practices
Custodian & Brokers Used
Our firm does not maintain custody of client assets (although our firm may be deemed to have custody of
client assets if give the authority to withdraw assets from client accounts. See Item 15 Custody, below).
Client assets must be maintained in an account at a “qualified custodian,” generally a broker-dealer or
bank. Our firm recommends that clients use the Schwab Advisor Services division of Charles Schwab & Co.
Inc. (“Schwab”), a FINRA-registered broker-dealer, member SIPC, as the as well as National Financial
Services LLC, and Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC (together with all affiliates, "Fidelity") FINRA-
registered broker-dealer, member SIPC. Our firm is independently owned and operated, and not affiliated
with either Schwab or Fidelity. Schwab and Fidelity will hold client assets in a brokerage account and buy
and sell securities when instructed. While our firm recommends that clients use Schwab or Fidelity as
custodian/broker, clients will decide whether to do so and open an account with Schwab and Fidelity by
entering into an account agreement directly with them. Our firm does not open the account. Even though
the account is maintained at Schwab or Fidelity, our firm can still use other brokers to execute trades.
As part of our Custodial arrangement with Fidelity, they provides our firm with Fidelity's "platform"
services. The platform services include, among others, brokerage, custodial, administrative support,
record keeping and related services that are intended to support intermediaries like our firm in
conducting business and in serving the best interests of their clients but that may benefit our firm. Fidelity
charges brokerage commissions and transaction fees for effecting certain securities transactions (i.e.,
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transactions fees are charged for certain no-load mutual funds, commissions are charged for individual
equity and debt securities transactions). Fidelity enables our firm to obtain many no-load mutual funds
without transaction charges and other no-load funds at nominal transaction charges. Fidelity’s
commission rates are generally considered discounted from customary retail commission rates. However,
the commissions and transaction fees charged by Fidelity may be higher or lower than those charged by
other custodians and broker-dealers.
As part of the arrangement, Fidelity also makes available to our firm, at no additional charge to our firm,
certain research and brokerage services. As a result of receiving such services for no additional cost, our
firm may have an incentive to continue to use or expand the use of Fidelity's services. Our firm examined
this potential conflict of interest when it chose to enter into the relationship with Fidelity and has
determined that the relationship is in the best interests of our firm's clients and satisfies its client
obligations, including its duty to seek best execution. A client may pay a commission that is higher than
another qualified broker-dealer might charge to effect the same transaction where our firm determines
in good faith that the commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research
services received. In seeking best execution, the determinative factor is not the lowest possible cost, but
whether the transaction represents the best qualitative execution, taking into consideration the full range
of a broke-dealer’s services, including the value of research provided, execution capability, commission
rates, and responsiveness. Accordingly, although our firm will seek competitive rates, to the benefit of all
clients, it may not necessarily obtain the lowest possible commission rates for specific client account
transactions. Although the investment research products and services that may be obtained by our firm
will generally be used to service all of our firm’s clients, a brokerage commission paid by a specific client
may be used to pay for research that is not used in managing that specific client’s account. Our firm and
Fidelity are not affiliates, and no broker-dealer affiliated with our firm is involved in the relationship
between our Firm and Fidelity. Herein Schwab and Fidelity shall be referred to as “Recommended
Custodians”
How Brokers/Custodians Are Selected
Our firm seeks to recommend a custodian/broker who will hold client assets and execute transactions on
terms that are overall most advantageous when compared to other available providers and their services.
A wide range of factors are considered, including, but not limited to:
•
•
•
combination of transaction execution services along with asset custody services (generally
without a separate fee for custody)
capability to execute, clear and settle trades (buy and sell securities for client accounts)
capabilities to facilitate transfers and payments to and from accounts (wire transfers, check
requests, bill payment, etc.)
• breadth of investment products made available (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange traded
funds (ETFs), etc.)
• availability of investment research and tools that assist in making investment decisions quality
•
of services
competitiveness of the price of those services (commission rates, margin interest rates, other fees,
etc.) and willingness to negotiate them
reputation, financial strength and stability of the provider
•
• prior service to our firm and our other clients
• availability of other products and services that benefit our firm, as discussed below (see
“Products & Services Available from Schwab”)
• Custody & Brokerage Costs
Our Recommended Custodians generally does not charge a separate for custody services, but is
compensated by charging commissions or other fees to clients on trades that are executed or that settle
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into the Recommended Custodians’ accounts. For some accounts, our Recommended Custodians may
charge your account a percentage of the dollar amount of assets in the account in lieu of commissions. Our
Recommended Custodians’ commission rates and/or asset-based fees applicable to client accounts were
negotiated based on our firm’s commitment to maintain a minimum threshold of assets statement equity
in accounts at our Recommended Custodians. This commitment benefits clients because the overall
commission rates and/or asset-based fees paid are lower than they would be if our firm had not made the
commitment. In addition to commissions or asset-based fees, Schwab charges a flat dollar amount as a
“prime broker” or “trade away” fee for each trade that our firm has executed by a different broker-dealer
but where the securities bought or the funds from the securities sold are deposited (settled) into a
Recommended Custodians’ account. These fees are in addition to the commissions or other compensation
paid to the executing broker-dealer. Because of this, in order to minimize client trading costs, our firm has
our Recommended Custodians execute most trades for the accounts.
Products & Services Available from Schwab
Schwab Advisor Services is Schwab’s business serving independent investment advisory firms like our
firm. They provide our firm and clients with access to its institutional brokerage – trading, custody,
reporting and related services – many of which are not typically available to Schwab retail customers.
Schwab also makes available various support services. Some of those services help manage or administer
our client accounts while others help manage and grow our business. Schwab’s support services are
generally available on an unsolicited basis (our firm does not have to request them) and at no charge to
our firm. The availability of Schwab’s products and services is not based on the provision of particular
investment advice, such as purchasing particular securities for clients. Here is a more detailed description
of Schwab’s support services:
Services that Benefit Clients
Schwab’s institutional brokerage services include access to a broad range of investment products,
execution of securities transactions, and custody of client assets. The investment products available
through Schwab include some to which our firm might not otherwise have access or that would require a
significantly higher minimum initial investment by firm clients. Schwab’s services described in this
paragraph generally benefit clients and their accounts.
Services that May Not Directly Benefit Clients
Schwab also makes available other products and services that benefit our firm but may not directly benefit
clients or their accounts. These products and services assist in managing and administering our client
accounts. They include investment research, both Schwab’s and that of third parties. This research may
be used to service all or some substantial number of client accounts, including accounts not maintained at
Schwab. In addition to investment research, Schwab also makes available software and other technology
that:
provides access to client account data (such as duplicate trade confirmations and account statements);
facilitates trade execution and allocate aggregated trade orders for multiple client accounts;
provides pricing and other market data;
facilitates payment of our fees from our clients’ accounts; and
assists with back-office functions, recordkeeping and client reporting.
Services that Generally Benefit Only Our Firm
Schwab also offers other services intended to help manage and further develop our business
enterprise. These services include:
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technology, compliance, legal, and business consulting;
• educational conferences and events
•
• publications and conferences on practice management and business succession; and
• access to employee benefits providers, human capital consultants and insurance providers.
Schwab may provide some of these services itself. In other cases, Schwab will arrange for third-party
vendors to provide the services to our firm. Schwab may also discount or waive fees for some of these
services or pay all or a part of a third party’s fees. Schwab may also provide our firm with other benefits,
such as occasional business entertainment for our personnel.
Irrespective of direct or indirect benefits to our client through Schwab, our firm strives to enhance the
client experience, help clients reach their goals and put client interests before that of our firm or associated
persons.
Our Interest in Schwab’s Services.
The availability of these services from Schwab benefits our firm because our firm does not have to produce
or purchase them. Our firm does not have to pay for these services, and they are not contingent
upon committing any specific amount of business to Schwab in trading commissions or assets in custody.
In light of our arrangements with Schwab, a conflict of interest exists as our firm may have incentive to
require that clients maintain their accounts with Schwab based on our interest in receiving Schwab’s
services that benefit our firm rather than based on client interest in receiving the best value in custody
services and the most favorable execution of transactions. It is also important to note that Schwab assists
by offering payment for eligible third partying vendor services provided to not exceed $60,000 as set forth
for Marketing, Technology, Consulting or Research expenses. As part of our fiduciary duty to our clients,
our firm will endeavor at all times to put the interests of our clients first. Clients should be aware, however,
that the receipt of economic benefits by our firm or our related persons creates a potential conflict of
interest and may indirectly influence our firm’s choice of Schwab as a custodial recommendation. Our firm
examined this potential conflict of interest when our firm chose to recommend Schwab and have
determined that the recommendation is in the best interest of our firm’s clients and satisfies our fiduciary
obligations, including our duty to seek best execution.
In seeking best execution, the determinative factor is not the lowest possible cost, but whether the
transaction represents the best qualitative execution, taking into consideration the full range of a broker-
dealer’s services, including the value of research provided, execution capability, commission rates, and
responsiveness. Although our firm will seek competitive rates, to the benefit of all clients, our firm may
not necessarily obtain the lowest possible commission rates for specific client account transactions. Our
firm believes that the selection of Schwab as a custodian and broker is the best interest of our clients. It is
primarily supported by the scope, quality and price of Schwab’s services, and not Schwab’s services that
only benefit our firm.
Soft Dollars
Our firm does not receive soft dollars in excess of what is allowed by Section 28(e) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. The safe harbor research products and services obtained by our firm will generally
be used to service all of our clients but not necessarily all at any one particular time.
Client Brokerage Commissions
Our custodians do not make client brokerage commissions generated by client transactions available for
our firm’s use.
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Client Transactions in Return for Soft Dollars
Our firm does not direct client transactions to a particular broker-dealer in return for soft dollar
benefits.
Brokerage for Client Referrals
Our firm does not receive brokerage for client referrals.
Directed Brokerage
Neither our firm nor any of our firm’s representatives have discretionary authority in making the
determination of the brokers-dealers and/or custodians with whom orders for the purchase or sale of
securities are placed for execution, and the commission rates at which such securities transactions are
effected. Our firm routinely recommends that clients direct us to execute through a specified broker-
dealer. Our firm recommends the use of our Custodians. Each client will be recommended to establish th
their account(s) with our Custodians if not already done. Please note that not all advisers have this
recommendation.
Client-Directed Brokerage
Our firm does not allow client-directed brokerage outside our recommendations.
Aggregation of Purchase or Sale
Our firm provides investment management services for various clients. There are occasions on which
portfolio transactions may be executed as part of concurrent authorizations to purchase or sell the same
security for numerous accounts served by our firm, which involve accounts with similar investment
objectives. Although such concurrent authorizations potentially could be either advantageous or
disadvantageous to any one or more particular accounts, they are affected only when our firm believes that
to do so will be in the best interest of the effected accounts. When such concurrent authorizations occur, the
objective is to allocate the executions in a manner which is deemed equitable to the accounts involved. In any
given situation, our firm attempts to allocate trade executions in the most equitable manner possible,
taking into consideration client objectives, current asset allocation and availability of funds using price
averaging, proration and consistently non-arbitrary methods of allocation.
Item 13: Review of Accounts or Financial Plans
Our management personnel or financial advisors review accounts on at least an annual basis for our
Comprehensive Portfolio Management and Third Party Money Management clients. The nature of these
reviews is to learn whether client accounts are in line with their investment objectives, appropriately
positioned based on market conditions, and investment policies, if applicable. Our firm does not provide
written reports to clients, unless asked to do so. Verbal reports to clients take place on at least an annual
basis when our Comprehensive Portfolio Management and Third Party Money Management clients are
contacted.
Our firm may review client accounts more frequently than described above. Among the factors which may
trigger an off-cycle review are major market or economic events, the client’s life events, requests by the
client, etc.
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Financial Planning clients do not receive reviews of their written plans unless they take action to schedule
a financial consultation with us. Our firm does not provide ongoing services to financial planning clients,
but are willing to meet with such clients upon their request to discuss updates to their plans, changes in
their circumstances, etc. Financial Planning clients do not receive written or verbal updated reports
regarding their financial plans unless they separately engage our firm for a post-financial plan meeting or
update to their initial written financial plan.
Item 14: Client Referrals & Other Compensation
Our Custodians
Schwab
Our firm receives economic benefit from Schwab in the form of the support products and services made
available to our firm and other independent investment advisors that have their clients maintain accounts
at Schwab. These products and services, how they benefit our firm, and the related conflicts of interest are
described above (see Item 12 – Brokerage Practices). The availability of Schwab’s products and services is
not based on our firm giving particular investment advice, such as buying particular securities for our
clients.
Fidelity
Except for the arrangements outlined in Item 12 of Form ADV Part 2A, our firm has no additional
arrangements to disclose.
Product Sponsors
Our firm occasionally sponsors events in conjunction with our product providers in an effort to keep our
clients informed as to the services we offer and the various financial products we utilize. These events are
educational in nature and are not dependent upon the use of any specific product. While a conflict of
interest may exist because these events are at least partially funded by product sponsors, all funds received
from product sponsors are used for the education of our clients. We will always adhere to our fiduciary
duty in recommending appropriate investments for our clients.
Representatives of our firm will occasionally accept travel expense reimbursement provided by product
sponsors in order to attend their educational events. The reimbursement is not directly dependent upon
the recommendation of any specific product. Although we may be incentivized to recommend products
from product sponsors that reimburse our travel, our representatives will always adhere to their fiduciary
duty in recommending appropriate investments for our clients.
Client Referrals
Our firm does not pay referral fees (non-commission-based) to independent solicitors (non-registered
representatives) for the referral of their clients to our firm in accordance with Rule 206 (4)-1 of the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940.
Item 15: Custody
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Deduction of Advisory Fees
While our firm does not maintain physical custody of client assets (which are maintained by a qualified
custodian, as discussed above), we are deemed to have custody of certain client assets if given the
authority to withdraw assets from client accounts, as further described below under “Third Party Money
Movement.” All of our clients receive account statements directly from their qualified custodian(s) at least
quarterly upon opening of an account. We urge our clients to carefully review these statements.
Additionally, if our firm decides to send its own account statements to clients, such statements will include
a legend that recommends the client compare the account statements received from the qualified
custodian with those received from our firm. Clients are encouraged to raise any questions with us about
the custody, safety or security of their assets and our custodial recommendations.
Third Party Money Movement
On February 21, 2017, the SEC issued a no-action letter (“Letter”) with respect to Rule 206(4)-2 (“Custody
Rule”) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”). The letter provided guidance on the
Custody Rule as well as clarified that an adviser who has the power to disburse client funds to a third party
under a standing letter of authorization (“SLOA”) is deemed to have custody. As such, our firm has adopted
the following safeguards in conjunction with our Recommended Custodians:
• The client provides an instruction to the qualified custodian, in writing, that includes the client’s
signature, the third party’s name, and either the third party’s address or the third party’s account
number at a custodian to which the transfer should be directed.
• The client authorizes the investment adviser, in writing, either on the qualified custodian’s form
or separately, to direct transfers to the third party either on a specified schedule or from time to
time.
• The client’s qualified custodian performs appropriate verification of the instruction, such as a
signature review or other method to verify the client’s authorization, and provides a transfer of
funds notice to the client promptly after each transfer.
• The client has the ability to terminate or change the instruction to the client’s qualified custodian.
• The investment adviser has no authority or ability to designate or change the identity of the third
party, the address, or any other information about the third party contained in the client’s
instruction.
• The investment adviser maintains records showing that the third party is not a related party of the
investment adviser or located at the same address as the investment adviser.
• The client’s qualified custodian sends the client, in writing, and initial notice confirming the
instruction and an annual notice reconfirming the instruction.
Item 16: Investment Discretion
Clients have the option of providing our firm with investment discretion on their behalf, pursuant to an
executed investment advisory client agreement. By granting investment discretion, our firm is authorized
to execute securities transactions, determine which securities are bought and sold, and the total amount
to be bought and sold. Should clients grant our firm non-discretionary authority, our firm would be
required to obtain the client’s permission prior to effecting securities transactions. Limitations may be
imposed by the client in the form of specific constraints on any of these areas of discretion with our firm’s
written acknowledgement.
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Item 17: Voting Client Securities
Our firm does not accept the proxy authority to vote client securities. Clients will receive proxies or other
solicitations directly from their custodian or a transfer agent. In the event that proxies are sent to our firm,
our firm will forward them to the appropriate client and ask the party who sent them to mail them directly
to the client in the future. Clients may call, write or email us to discuss questions they may have about
particular proxy votes or other solicitations.
Third party money managers selected or recommended by our firm may vote proxies for clients.
Therefore, except in the event a third party money manager votes proxies, clients maintain exclusive
responsibility for: (1) directing the manner in which proxies solicited by issuers of securities beneficially
owned by the client shall be voted, and (2) making all elections relative to any mergers, acquisitions,
tender offers, bankruptcy proceedings or other type events pertaining to the client’s investment assets.
Therefore (except for proxies that may be voted by a third party money manager), our firm and/or the
client shall instruct the qualified custodian to forward copies of all proxies and shareholder
communications relating to the client’s investment assets.
Item 18: Financial Information
Our firm is not required to provide financial information in this Brochure because:
• Our firm does not require the prepayment of more than $1,200 in fees when services cannot be
rendered within 6 months.
• Our firm does not take custody of client funds or securities.
• Our firm does not have a financial condition or commitment that impairs our ability to meet
contractual and fiduciary obligations to clients.
• Our firm has never been the subject of a bankruptcy proceeding.
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