View Document Text
Item 1: Cover Page
Define Financial, LLC
Form ADV Part 2A Brochure
Address:
12526 High Bluff Drive
Suite 270
San Diego, CA 92130
Phone:
(858) 345-1197
Website:
https://www.definefinancial.com/
This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Define Financial,
LLC. If you have any questions about the contents of this brochure, please contact us at the telephone
number or email address listed above. The information in this brochure has not been approved or verified
by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or by any state securities authority. Define
Financial, LLC is a registered investment adviser, but registration does not imply a certain level of skill or
training.
Additional information about Define Financial, LLC is also available on the SEC’s website at
www.adviserinfo.sec.gov and by searching for CRD# 286648.
Page 1 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 2: Material Changes
In this Item, Define Financial, LLC is only required to identify and discuss material changes since filing its
last annual amendment. Since the firm’s last annual updating amendment filed on March 15, 2024, we
have no material changes to report.
Page 2 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 3: Table of Contents
Item 1: Cover Page
Item 2: Material Changes
Item 3: Table of Contents
Item 4: Advisory Business
Item 5: Fees and Compensation
Item 6: Performance-Based Fees & Side-By-Side Management
Item 7: Types of Clients
Item 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies & Risk of Loss
Item 9: Disciplinary Information
Item 10: Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations
Item 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions & Personal Trading
Item 12: Brokerage Practices
Item 13: Review of Accounts
Item 14: Client Referrals and Other Compensation
Item 15: Custody
Item 16: Investment Discretion
Item 17: Voting Client Securities
Item 18: Financial Information
1
2
3
4
8
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Page 3 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 4: Advisory Business
A. Define Financial, LLC (the “Adviser,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an investment adviser founded in
2014, registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and principally
owned by Taylor R. Schulte, Tyler J. Aubrey (via TJA Planning & Consulting LLC), and Joshua A.
Rendler (via RoseJAR LLC).
B. Adviser offers the following types of advisory services:
i.
Discretionary Investment Management. Adviser provides ongoing discretionary
investment management services to its clients based upon each client’s current financial
condition, goals, risk tolerance, income, liquidity requirements, investment time horizon,
and other information that is relevant to the management of clients’ account(s). This
information will then be used to make investment decisions that reflect clients’ individual
needs and objectives on an initial and ongoing basis. Adviser’s investment decisions will
allocate portions of clients’ account(s) to various asset classes classified according to
historical and projected risks and rates of return. Adviser will retain the discretion to buy,
sell, or otherwise transact in securities and other investments in a client’s accounts
without first receiving the client’s specific approval for each transaction. Such
discretionary authority is granted by a client in his or her investment management
agreement with Adviser. Clients may impose restrictions on investing in certain securities
or types of securities so long as such restrictions may reasonably be implemented by
Adviser.
Adviser generally implements its investments strategy by allocating clients’ investable
assets across a diversified risk-based portfolio of no-load mutual funds and/or exchange
traded funds (“ETFs”).
ii.
Financial Planning. When rendering financial planning services (which may be provided
either in connection with investment management services or as a standalone service),
Adviser will evaluate and make recommendations with respect to various financial
planning topics that are relevant to a particular client. The financial plan and the client’s
financial situation and goals will be monitored throughout the year, and follow-up phone
calls and emails will be made to the client to confirm that any agreed-upon action steps
have been carried out. On an annual basis, there will be a review of this financial plan to
ensure its accuracy and ongoing appropriateness. Any needed updates will be
implemented at that time. Financial planning topics may encompass the following:
a. Retirement Planning: Our retirement planning services typically include
projections of your likelihood of achieving your financial goals, typically focusing
on financial independence as the primary objective. For situations where
projections show less than the desired results, we may make recommendations,
including those that may impact the original projections by adjusting certain
variables (e.g., working longer, saving more, spending less, taking more risk with
investments). If you are near retirement or already retired, advice may be given
on appropriate distribution strategies to minimize the likelihood of running out of
money or having to adversely alter spending during your retirement years.
b. Risk Management: A risk management review includes an analysis of your
exposure to major risks that could have a significantly adverse effect on your
financial picture, such as premature death, disability, property and casualty
losses, or the need for long‐term care planning. Advice may be provided on ways
to minimize such risks and about weighing the costs of purchasing insurance
versus the benefits of doing so and, likewise, the potential cost of not purchasing
insurance (“self‐insuring”).
Page 4 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
c. Tax Planning Strategies: Advice may include ways to minimize current and future
income taxes as a part of your overall financial planning picture. For example, we
may make recommendations on which type of account(s) or specific investments
should be owned based in part on their “tax efficiency,” with consideration that
there is always a possibility of future changes to federal, state or local tax laws
and rates that may affect your situation.
We recommend that you consult with a qualified tax professional before initiating
any tax planning strategy. If you need to hire someone for such purposes, we can
provide you with contact information for accountants or attorneys who specialize
in this area. We will participate in meetings or phone calls between you and your
tax professional with your approval.
d. Estate Planning: This usually includes an analysis of your exposure to estate
taxes and your current estate plan, which may include whether you have a will,
powers of attorney, trusts, and other related documents. Our advice also typically
includes ways for you to minimize or avoid future estate taxes by implementing
appropriate estate planning strategies, such as the use of applicable trusts. We
always recommend that you consult with a qualified attorney when you initiate,
update, or complete estate planning activities. We may provide you with contact
information for attorneys who specialize in estate planning when you wish to hire
an attorney for such purposes. From time to time, we will participate in meetings
or phone calls between you and your attorney with your approval or request.
e. Financial Goals: We will help clients identify financial goals and develop a plan to
reach them. We will identify what you plan to accomplish, what resources you will
need to make it happen, how much time you will need to reach the goal, and how
much you should budget for your goal.
f. Insurance: Review of existing policies to ensure proper coverage for life, health,
disability, long-term care, liability, home, and automobile.
g. Investment Analysis: This may involve developing an asset allocation strategy to
meet clients’ financial goals and risk tolerance, providing information on
investment vehicles and strategies, reviewing employee stock options, as well as
assisting you in establishing your own investment account at a selected
broker/dealer or custodian. The strategies and types of investments we may
recommend are further discussed in Item 8 of this brochure.
h. Employee Benefits Optimization: We will provide recommendations as to whether
you, as an employee, are taking the maximum advantage possible of your
employee benefits. If you are a business owner, we will consider and/or
recommend the various benefit programs that can be structured to meet both
business and personal retirement goals.
i. Business Planning: We provide consulting services for clients who currently
operate their own business, are considering starting a business, or are planning
for an exit from their current business. Under this type of engagement, we work
with you to assess your current situation, identify your objectives, and develop a
plan aimed at achieving your goals.
j. Cash Flow and Debt Management: We will conduct a review of your income and
expenses to determine your current surplus or deficit, along with advice on
prioritizing how any surplus should be used or how to reduce expenses if they
exceed your income. Advice may also be provided on which debts to pay off first
Page 5 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
based on factors such as the interest rate of the debt and any income tax
ramifications. We may also recommend what we believe to be an appropriate
cash reserve that should be considered for emergencies and other financial
goals, along with a review of accounts (such as money market funds) for such
reserves, plus strategies to save desired amounts.
k. College Savings: Includes projecting the amount that will be needed to achieve
college or other post-secondary education funding goals, along with advice on
ways for you to save the desired amount. Recommendations as to savings
strategies are included, and, if needed, we will review your financial picture as it
relates to eligibility for financial aid or the best way to contribute to grandchildren
(if appropriate).
Implementation of Adviser’s recommendations will be at the discretion of the client.
When rendering financial planning services, a conflict exists between Adviser’s interests
and the interests of its clients; clients are under no obligation to act upon Adviser’s
financial planning recommendations. If a client elects to act on any of the
recommendations made by Adviser, the client is under no obligation to effect the
transaction through Adviser or any of its personnel.
iii.
Pension Consulting Services. To the extent Adviser is retained by a defined contribution
plan, defined benefit plan, or other employee benefit plan (a “Plan”), Adviser shall review
the Plan’s investment objectives, risk tolerance, and goals, and shall work in partnership
with applicable third-parties (such as the Plan’s recordkeeper, third-party administrator,
and/or discretionary investment manager) to establish an appropriate investment policy
statement and deploy applicable investment options into the Plan’s account. Adviser shall
periodically review the investment options available to the Plan and, if applicable, will
make recommendations to assist the Plan with respect to the selection of the Plan’s
qualified default investment alternative (“QDIA”). Adviser will provide reports, information
and recommendations, on a reasonably requested basis, to assist the Plan in monitoring
the selected investments. If elected by the Plan, Adviser may also provide various
services related to the Plan’s governance, the education of Plan participants, and the
review of other service providers to the Plan. In connection with Plans subject to the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and applicable provisions
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) Adviser acknowledges
that it is a fiduciary under ERISA and the Code, shall render prudent investment advice
that is in Plan’s best interest, shall avoid making misleading statements, and shall receive
no more than reasonable compensation.
C. Adviser does not participate in any wrap fee programs.
D. When we provide investment advice to you regarding your retirement plan account or individual
retirement account, we are fiduciaries within the meaning of Title I of the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and/or the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), as applicable,
which are laws governing retirement accounts. The way we make money creates some conflicts
with your interests, so we operate under a special rule that requires us to act in your best interest
and not put our interest ahead of yours. Under this special rule’s provisions, we must:
i. Meet a professional standard of care when making investment recommendations (give
ii.
iii.
iv.
prudent advice);
Never put our financial interests ahead of yours when making recommendations (give
loyal advice);
Avoid misleading statements about conflicts of interest, fees, and investments;
Follow policies and procedures designed to ensure that we give advice that is in your
best interest;
Page 6 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Charge no more than is reasonable for our services; and
v.
vi. Give you basic information about conflicts of interest.
E. Adviser manages the following amount of discretionary and non-discretionary client assets
calculated as of July 22, 2025:
Discretionary
Non-Discretionary
Total
$275,820,518
$0
$275,820,518
Page 7 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 5: Fees and Compensation
A. Adviser is compensated for its Investment Management and Comprehensive Financial Planning
advisory services either by fees charged based on a client’s assets under management with
Adviser or by a flat annual fee of between $20,000 and $40,000 paid semi-annually, quarterly, or
monthly in advance. Fees are negotiable, and each client’s specific fee schedule is included as
part of the investment advisory agreement signed by Adviser and the client. Certain clients are
charged pursuant to a different fee schedule than specifically described herein.
Adviser’s standard asset-based fee schedule is set forth below:
Client Assets Under Management
For the first $2,000,000
From $2,000,001 to $5,000,000
From $5,000,001 to $10,000,000
For any amount above $10,000,000
Annual Fee Percentage
(paid quarterly)
0.95%
0.70%
0.30%
Negotiated
Investment Management and Comprehensive Financial Planning clients are subject to a
minimum annual fee of $20,000 per year (charged in minimum quarterly increments of $5,000 per
quarter) (the “Minimum Annual Fee”). The Minimum Annual Fee is automatically increased by
3.0% at the end of each calendar year.
Pension Consulting Fees
Pension consulting fees can be charged monthly, quarterly, or semi-annually in advance for
ongoing pension consulting services or a one-time flat fee for project-based, one-time
engagements. Each engagement is individually negotiated and tailored to accommodate the
needs of the individual plan sponsor, as memorialized in the advisory agreement.
Pension consulting fees are generally quoted as a flat fee based on the estimated number of
hours required for us to deliver the specific pension consulting services requested, and generally
range between $20,000 and $40,000. We may request an initial deposit for flat fee engagements.
The amount of a requested deposit will never exceed the fee for services to be provided within
the first six months of an engagement.
For ongoing services, we generally charge an ongoing flat annual fee that is paid monthly,
quarterly, or semi-annually in advance, and that ranges between $20,000 to $40,000 per year.
Financial Planning Fees
Financial planning may be offered on a flat fee basis as a standalone service that does not
include investment management services. The flat fee will be agreed upon before the start of any
work and paid by check, ACH withdrawal, or debit/credit card through an independent and
unaffiliated third-party payment processor. The flat fee generally ranges between $20,000 and
$40,000, and we generally charge the entirety of the flat fee at the beginning of the financial
planning engagement.
Alternatively, a client may request that half of the fee be due at the beginning of the engagement,
with the remainder due at the completion of work. In any case, we will not bill an amount above
$1,200.00 more than 6 months in advance. In the event of early termination, the client will be
billed for the hours worked through the date of termination at a rate of up to $500.00 per hour. If
the initial deposit is greater than the amount billed, then the client will be refunded the difference.
If the initial deposit is less, then the client will be billed the difference.
Page 8 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
In limited circumstances, Adviser alternatively offers financial planning services on an hourly
basis at a rate of up to $500 per hour, charged upon completion of the agreed-upon scope of
financial planning services to be rendered and payable electronically via check, ACH, debit card,
or credit card through an independent and unaffiliated third-party payment processor.
B. The asset-based fee schedule above is a “tiered” or “blended” fee schedule, which means that
different annual fee percentages will apply to different ranges of client assets under Adviser’s
management. For example, an account value of $2.5 million shall be billed such that the first $2
million is charged at 0.95% per annum and the remaining $500,000 is charged at 0.70% per
annum. Client deposits into an account are billed pro-rata based on the number of days
remaining in the applicable billing quarter from the date of the deposit, and client withdrawals
from an account are refunded pro-rata based on the number of days remaining in the applicable
billing quarter from the date of withdrawal. Pro-rata billing and refunding amounts are based on
the aggregate value of the account, as shown in the above fee table, including the applicable
deposit(s) and withdrawal(s). Fees are generally deducted in advance on a quarterly basis from
clients’ assets and based upon the market value of such assets managed by Adviser as of the
last business day of the prior calendar quarter (inclusive of cash, securities, and other investment
positions). Alternatively, clients may elect to pay Adviser’s fees electronically via check, ACH,
debit card, or credit card through an independent and unaffiliated third-party payment processor.
C. In addition to the fees charged by Adviser, clients will incur brokerage and other transaction costs.
Please refer to Item 12: Brokerage Practices, for further information on such brokerage and other
transaction-related practices. Depending on the specific investment products held in a client’s
account and the services provided, a client may also incur additional fees and costs charged by
other independent and unaffiliated third-parties. Such additional fees and costs may include, but
are not necessarily limited to, the internal fees and costs of an investment product (like a mutual
fund or exchange traded fund), margin interest, account or asset transfer fees, subadvisory or
third-party investment manager fees, account type fees, early redemption charges, market-maker
or bid-ask spreads, retirement plan fees, trade-away or prime brokerage fees, fees for receiving
paper copies of documents in lieu of electronically-delivered documents, and other fees and taxes
on brokerage accounts and securities transactions. These additional charges are separate and
apart from the fees charged by Adviser. Lower fees for comparable services may be available
from other sources.
D. If Adviser or client terminates the advisory agreement before the end of a quarterly billing period,
Adviser’s fees will be prorated through the effective date of the termination. The pro rata fees for
the remainder of the quarterly billing period after the termination will be refunded to the client.
E. Neither Adviser nor any of its supervised persons accepts compensation for the sale of securities
or other investment products.
Page 9 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 6: Performance-Based Fees & Side-By-Side
Management
Neither Adviser nor any of its supervised persons accepts performance-based fees (fees based on a
share of capital gains or capital appreciation of the assets of a client). Neither Adviser nor any of its
supervised persons engage in side-by-side management.
Page 10 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 7: Types of Clients
Adviser generally provides its services to individuals, high-net-worth individuals, and charitable
organizations. Adviser does not require a minimum account value to open or maintain an account;
however, its combined Financial Planning and Discretionary Investment Management Services are
subject to a minimum annual fee of $20,000.
Page 11 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies & Risk
of Loss
A. The investment strategies used by Adviser when formulating investment advice or managing
assets include passive investment management. Passive investing involves building portfolios
that are comprised of various distinct asset classes. The asset classes are weighted to achieve a
desired relationship between correlation, risk, and return. Funds that passively capture the
returns of the desired asset classes are placed in the portfolio. The funds used to build passive
portfolios are typically index mutual funds or ETFs.
Investing in securities involves risk of loss that clients should be prepared to bear. Past
performance does not guarantee future returns.
B. Like any investment strategy, passive investment management involves material risks. Such
material risks are described in further detail below:
i.
Investing for the long term means that a client’s account will be exposed to short-term
fluctuations in the market and the behavioral impulse to make trading decisions based on
such short-term market fluctuations. Adviser does not condone short-term trading in an
attempt to “time” the market, and instead coaches clients to remain committed to their
financial goals. However, investing for the long term can expose clients to risks borne out
of changes to interest rates, inflation, general economic conditions, market cycles,
geopolitical shifts, and regulatory changes.
ii.
Inflation risk is the risk that the value of a client’s portfolio will not appreciate at least in an
amount equal to inflation over time. General micro- and macro-economic conditions may
also affect the value of the securities held in a client’s portfolio, and general economic
downturns can trigger corresponding losses across various asset classes and security
types. Market cycles may cause overall volatility and fluctuations in a portfolio’s value,
and may increase the likelihood that securities are purchased when values are
comparatively high and/or that securities are sold when values are comparatively low.
Geopolitical shifts may result in market uncertainty, lowered expected returns, and
general volatility in both domestic and international securities. Regulatory changes may
have a negative impact on capital formation and increase the costs of doing business,
and therefore result in decreased corporate profits and corresponding market values of
securities.
iii.
Investing in mutual funds does not guarantee a return on investment, and shareholders of
a mutual fund may lose the principal that they’ve invested into a particular mutual fund.
Mutual funds invest into underlying securities that comprise the mutual fund, and as such
clients are exposed to the risks arising from such underlying securities. Mutual funds
charge internal expenses to their shareholders (which can include management fees,
administration fees, shareholder servicing fees, sales loads, redemption fees, and other
fund fees and expenses, e.g.), and such internal expenses subtract from its potential for
market appreciation. Shares of mutual funds may only be traded at their stated net asset
value (“NAV”), calculated at the end of each day upon the market’s close.
Investing in ETFs bears similar risks and incurs similar costs to investing in mutual funds
as described above. However, shares of an ETF may be traded like stocks on the open
market and are not redeemable at an NAV. As such, the value of an ETF may fluctuate
throughout the day and investors will be subject to the cost associated with the bid-ask
spread (the difference between the price a buyer is willing to pay (bid) for an ETF and the
seller's offering (asking) price).
Page 12 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Clients are encouraged to carefully read the prospectus of any mutual fund or ETF to be
purchased for investment to obtain a full understanding of its respective risks and costs.
iv.
Investing in common stocks means that a client will be subject to the risks of the overall
market as well as risks associated with the particular company or companies whose
stock is owned. These risks can include, for example, changes in economic conditions,
growth rates, profits, interest rates and the market’s perception of these securities.
Common stocks tend to be more volatile and more risky than certain other forms of
investments, especially as compared to fixed income products like bonds.
v.
Investing in municipal securities carries unique risks, depending on the type of bond
offered. General obligation bonds are issued by governmental entities and are not
backed by revenues from a specific project or source. In some instances, municipalities
may not have taxing authority to repay bondholders. Revenue bonds are backed by
revenues from a specific project or source and can vary greatly in terms of credit risk.
Some revenue bonds are “non-course” bonds, meaning that should the revenue stream
dry up or the conduit borrower fails to pay, the bondholder will not have a claim to the
underlying revenue or against the conduit borrower.
vi.
Investing in corporate debt, including corporate bonds, carries additional risks to those
noted above for fixed income securities. Corporate debt is also subject to credit risk - the
risk that the bond issuer may default on one or more payments before the bond reaches
maturity. In the event of a default, you may lose some or all of the income you were
entitled to, and even some or all of the principal amount invested. Some corporate bonds
may also be subject to early redemption risk, with the issuer having the principal repaid
prior to the maturity date of the bond.
Page 13 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 9: Disciplinary Information
There are no legal or disciplinary events that are material to a client’s or prospective client’s evaluation of
Adviser’s advisory business or the integrity of Adviser’s management.
Page 14 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 10: Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations
A. Neither Adviser nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an application
pending to register, as a broker-dealer or a registered representative of a broker-dealer.
B. Neither Adviser nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an application
pending to register, as a futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator, a commodity
trading advisor, or an associated person of the foregoing entities.
C. Neither Adviser nor any of its management persons have any relationship or arrangement with
any related person below:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
broker-dealer, municipal securities dealer, or government securities dealer or broker
investment company or other pooled investment vehicle (including a mutual fund,
closed-end investment company, unit investment trust, private investment company or
“hedge fund,” and offshore fund)
other investment adviser or financial planner
futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator, or commodity trading advisor
banking or thrift institution
accountant or accounting firm
lawyer or law firm
insurance company or agency
pension consultant
real estate broker or dealer
sponsor or syndicator of limited partnerships
D. We do not recommend or select other investment advisers for our clients.
Page 15 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client
Transactions & Personal Trading
A. Adviser has adopted a code of ethics that will be provided to any client or prospective client upon
request. Adviser’s code of ethics describes the standards of business conduct that Adviser
requires of its supervised persons, which is reflective of Adviser’s fiduciary obligations to act in
the best interests of its clients. The code of ethics also includes sections related to compliance
with securities laws, reporting of personal securities transactions and holdings, reporting of
violations of the code of ethics to Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, pre-approval of certain
investments by access persons, and the distribution of the code of ethics and any amendments to
all supervised persons followed by a written acknowledgement of their receipt.
B. Neither Adviser nor any of its related persons recommends to clients, or buys or sells for client
accounts, securities in which Adviser or any of its related persons has a material financial
interest.
C. From time to time, Adviser or its related persons will invest in the same securities (or related
securities such as warrants, options or futures) that Adviser or a related person recommends to
clients. This has the potential to create a conflict of interest because it affords Adviser or its
related persons the opportunity to profit from the investment recommendations made to clients.
Adviser’s policies and procedures and code of ethics address this potential conflict of interest by
prohibiting such trading by Adviser or its related persons if it would be to the detriment of any
client and by monitoring for compliance through the reporting and review of personal securities
transactions. In all instances Adviser will act in the best interests of its clients.
D. From time to time, Adviser or its related persons will buy or sell securities for client accounts at or
about the same time that Adviser or a related person buys or sells the same securities for its own
(or the related person’s own) account. This has the potential to create a conflict of interest
because it affords Adviser or its related persons the opportunity to trade either before or after the
trade is made in client accounts, and profit as a result. Adviser’s policies and procedures and
code of ethics address this potential conflict of interest by prohibiting such trading by Adviser or
its related persons if it would be to the detriment of any client and by monitoring for compliance
through the reporting and review of personal securities transactions. In all instances Adviser will
act in the best interests of its clients.
Page 16 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 12: Brokerage Practices
A. Adviser considers several factors when recommending a custodial broker-dealer for client
transactions and determining the reasonableness of such custodial broker-dealer’s
compensation. Such factors include the custodial broker-dealer’s industry reputation and financial
stability, service quality and responsiveness, execution price, speed and accuracy, reporting
abilities, and general expertise. Assessing these factors as a whole allows Adviser to fulfill its duty
to seek best execution for its clients’ securities transactions. However, Adviser does not
guarantee that the custodial broker-dealer recommended for client transactions will necessarily
provide the best possible price, as price is not the sole factor considered when seeking best
execution. After considering the factors above, Adviser recommends Fidelity Brokerage Services
LLC ("Fidelity") as the custodial broker-dealer for client accounts.
i.
Adviser does not receive research and other soft dollar benefits in connection with client
securities transactions, which are known as “soft dollar benefits”. However, the custodial
broker-dealer(s) recommended by Adviser do provide certain products and services that
are intended to directly benefit Adviser, clients, or both. Such products and services
include (a) an online platform through which Adviser can monitor and review client
accounts, (b) access to proprietary technology that allows for order entry, (c) duplicate
statements for client accounts and confirmations for client transactions, (d) invitations to
the custodial broker-dealer(s)’ educational conferences, (e) practice management
consulting, and (f) occasional business meals and entertainment.
The receipt of these products and services creates a conflict of interest to the extent it
causes Adviser to recommend Fidelity as opposed to a comparable custodial
broker-dealer. Adviser addresses this conflict of interest by fully disclosing it in this
brochure, evaluating Fidelity based on the value and quality of its services as realized by
clients, and by periodically evaluating alternative broker-dealers to recommend.
ii.
Adviser does not consider, in selecting or recommending custodial broker-dealers,
whether Adviser or a related person receives client referrals from a custodial
broker-dealer.
iii.
Adviser does not routinely recommend, request, or require that a client direct Adviser to
execute transactions through a specified custodial broker-dealer other than Fidelity.
B. Adviser retains the ability to aggregate the purchase and sale of securities for clients’ accounts
with the goal of seeking more efficient execution and more consistent results across accounts.
Aggregated trading instructions will not be placed if it would result in increased administrative and
other costs, custodial burdens, or other disadvantages. If client trades are aggregated by Adviser,
such aggregation will be done so as not to disadvantage any client and to treat all clients as fairly
and equally as possible. Directing the purchase and sale of securities for clients’ accounts on an
individual basis, rather than in aggregate blocks, may result in increased client transaction costs.
To the extent the securities purchased and sold by Adviser are mutual funds (each of which
generally price at the same respective net asset value at the end of each trading day), Adviser
believes that the potential for increased client transaction costs by not aggregating orders is
substantially eliminated.
Page 17 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 13: Review of Accounts
A. The investment adviser representatives of Adviser monitor client accounts on an ongoing basis,
and typically review client accounts on an annual basis. Such reviews are designed to ensure that
the client is still on track to achieve his or her financial goals, and that the investments remain
appropriate given the client’s risk tolerance, investment objectives, major life events, and other
factors. Clients are encouraged to proactively reach out to Adviser to discuss any changes to
their personal or financial situation.
B. Other factors that may trigger a review include, but are not limited to, material developments in
market conditions, material geopolitical events, and changes to a client’s personal or financial
situation (the birth of a child, preparing for a home purchase, plans to attend higher education, a
job transition, impending retirement, death or disability among family members, etc.).
C. The custodial broker-dealer will send account statements and reports directly to clients no less
frequently than quarterly. Such statements and reports will be mailed to clients at their address of
record or delivered electronically, depending on the client’s election. If agreed to by Adviser and
client, Adviser or a third-party report provider will also send clients reports to assist them in
understanding their account positions and performance, as well as the progress toward achieving
financial goals.
Page 18 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 14: Client Referrals and Other Compensation
A. Only clients provide an economic benefit to Adviser for providing investment advice or other
advisory services to them, except as otherwise described in this brochure. However, as described
above in Item 12, the custodial broker-dealer(s) recommended for client accounts provides
certain products and services that are intended to directly benefit Adviser, clients, or both.
B. Neither Adviser nor a related person directly or indirectly compensates a person who is not
Adviser’s supervised person for client referrals.
Page 19 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 15: Custody
For clients that do not have their fees deducted directly from their account(s), and have not provided
Adviser with any standing letters of authorization (“SLOAs”) to distribute funds from their account(s) to
third parties, Adviser will not have any custody of client funds or securities.
For clients that have their fees deducted directly from their account(s), or that have provided Adviser with
discretion as to amount and timing of disbursements pursuant to an SLOA to disburse funds from their
account(s) to third parties, Adviser will generally be deemed to have custody over such clients’ funds
pursuant to applicable custody rules and guidance thereto. At no time will Adviser accept custody of client
funds or securities in the capacity of a custodial broker-dealer or other qualified custodian, and at all times
client accounts will be held by a third-party qualified custodian as described in Item 12, above.
With respect to custody that is triggered by third party SLOAs, Adviser endeavors to comply with the
following seven conditions as listed in the 2017 SEC No Action Letter to the Investment Adviser
Association:
1. The client provides an instruction to the qualified custodian, in writing, that includes the client’s
signature, the third party’s name, and either the third party’s address or the third party’s account
number at a custodian to which the transfer should be directed.
2. The client authorizes the investment adviser, in writing, either on the qualified custodian’s form or
separately, to direct transfers to the third party either on a specified schedule or from time to time.
3. The client’s qualified custodian performs appropriate verification of the instruction, such as a
signature review or other method to verify the client’s authorization, and provides a transfer of
funds notice to the client promptly after each transfer.
4. The client has the ability to terminate or change the instruction to the client’s qualified custodian.
5. The investment adviser has no authority or ability to designate or change the identity of the third
party, the address, or any other information about the third party contained in the client’s
instruction.
6. The investment adviser maintains records showing that the third party is not a related party of the
investment adviser or located at the same address as the investment adviser.
7. The client’s qualified custodian sends the client, in writing, an initial notice confirming the
instruction and an annual notice reconfirming the instruction.
If a client receives account statements from both the custodial broker-dealer and Adviser or a third-party
report provider, client is urged to compare such account statements and advise Adviser of any
discrepancies between them.
Page 20 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 16: Investment Discretion
Adviser accepts discretionary trading authority to manage securities accounts on behalf of clients only
pursuant to the mutual written agreement of Adviser and the client through a power-of-attorney, which is
typically contained in the advisory agreement signed by Adviser and the client. This includes the authority
to buy, sell, and otherwise transact in securities and other investment products in clients’ account(s)
without necessarily consulting with clients in advance. Clients may place reasonable limitations on this
discretionary authority so long as it is contained in a written agreement and/or power-of-attorney.
Page 21 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 17: Voting Client Securities
A. Adviser does not have and will not accept authority to vote client securities.
B. To the extent that a client has designated us to receive proxy voting materials on the client’s
behalf and indicating as such on his or her brokerage account paperwork, we will not notify such
client that it has received any proxy voting materials or forward any proxy voting materials to such
client unless it is specifically requested by the client in writing that we do so. Clients reserve the
right to instruct the custodian to deliver proxy voting materials directly to them at any time.
Page 22 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025
Item 18: Financial Information
A. Adviser does not require or solicit prepayment of more than $1,200 in fees per client, six months
or more in advance.
B. Adviser has no financial condition that is reasonably likely to impair its ability to meet contractual
commitments to clients.
C. Adviser has not been the subject of a bankruptcy petition at any time during the past ten years.
Page 23 of 23
Date of Brochure: July 25, 2025