FIDELITY MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH COMPANY LLC

FIDELITY INSTITUTIONAL CUSTOM SMAs AND MODEL PORTFOLIO SERVICES Fidelity Management & Research Company LLC 245 Summer Street Boston, MA 02210 617-563-7000 www.fidelity.com September 3, 2025 This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Fidelity Management & Research Company LLC (“FMR”). Throughout this brochure and related materials, FMR may refer to itself as a “registered investment adviser” or “being registered.” These statements do not in any way imply a certain level of skill or training. If you have any questions about the contents of this brochure, please contact us at 617- 563-7000. The information in this brochure has not been approved or verified by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or by any state securities authority. Additional information about FMR also is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. 1  2. Material Changes No material changes have been made to this brochure since its filing on June 20, 2025. Other changes have been made to this brochure, as described below. Other Changes • The ‘Voting Client Securities’ section has been updated to provide a more specific URL link to the proxy voting guidelines and results. Other minor language was updated throughout the section. 2  3. Table of Contents 2. Material Changes ............................................................................................................................... 2 3. Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... 3 4. Advisory Business .............................................................................................................................. 4 5. Fees and Compensation .................................................................................................................... 6 6. Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management .............................................................. 7 7. Types of Clients ................................................................................................................................. 9 8. Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss .......................................................... 9 9. Disciplinary Information .................................................................................................................... 15 10. Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations ......................................................................... 15 11. Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading ................ 20 12. Brokerage Practices ....................................................................................................................... 22 13. Review of Accounts ....................................................................................................................... 28 14. Client Referrals and Other Compensation ..................................................................................... 28 15. Custody .......................................................................................................................................... 28 16. Investment Discretion .................................................................................................................... 29 17. Voting Client Securities .................................................................................................................. 29 18. Financial Information ...................................................................................................................... 30 19. Requirements for State-Registered Advisers ................................................................................ 30 3  4. Advisory Business Fidelity Management & Research Company LLC (“FMR”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, provides investment supervisory services, including sub-advisory services, to Fidelity's family of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (the “Fidelity Funds” or the “Fidelity group of funds”), qualified tuition programs, as defined under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Qualified Tuition Programs”), privately offered unregistered investment funds, separately managed account clients, and various other institutional accounts. FMR also provides non-discretionary investment advice to its affiliates or to third parties. This brochure provides information only about FMR’s role with respect to customized separately managed accounts (“Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs”) offered by Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC (FIWA) and certain other non-discretionary model portfolio services provided to FIWA. For information about the additional services that FMR provides, please see FMR’s Form ADV Part 2A brochure. For information about FMR’s role with respect to Fidelity Strategic Disciplines, a separately managed account program sponsored by Strategic Advisers LLC, an affiliate of FMR, please see FMR’s Fidelity Strategic Disciplines Form ADV Part 2A brochure. Fidelity Management & Research Company (“FMR.”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) since 1971. FMR Co. reorganized into FMR effective January 1, 2020. Discretionary Advisory Services Institutional Custom Separately Managed Accounts FMR provides discretionary portfolio management services to Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs offered by its affiliate Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC (“FIWA”). FIWA offers both on-platform and off- platform Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. National Financial Services LLC (“NFS”), an affiliate of FIWA and FMR, serves as the broker and custodian of on-platform Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. Off-platform Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs are custodied at an unaffiliated broker or cust odian. As sub-advisor, FMR makes the day-to-day investment management decisions with respect to both On- Platform Accounts and Off-Platform Accounts and receives a portion of the advisory fee clients pay to FIWA. Important information regarding FIWA and Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs can be found in FIWA’s Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs Form ADV Brochure (“FIWA Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs Brochure”). Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs are available through bundled wrap fee programs (“wrap” or “Wrap Programs”) or unbundled advisory programs (“Unbundled” or “Unbundled Programs”) sponsored by broker- dealers or investment advisers. In Wrap Programs, the advisory fee includes investment management, custody, and the cost of commissions associated with transactions executed through the program broker. Unlike Wrap Programs, in Unbundled Programs, clients do not pay a single, all-inclusive fee, and may pay separate fees for investment management, custody, and brokerage based on trading activity in the client's account. Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA clients invest generally in equity or fixed income securities (i.e., a single asset class) and are managed by FMR in accordance with client mandated investment guidelines with a certain portion of assets retained in cash or cash equivalents subject to FMR’s discretion. Clients can select from different Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs equity or fixed income strategies based on their market exposure needs. Subject to the imposition of client directed reasonable restrictions and/or blend of certain existing equity strategies to create a new blended strategy, FMR will apply its proprietary methodology to manage a client’s account to align with the selected strategy and the reasonable restrictions and/or blended strategy. Certain equity strategies can apply tax management considerations and/or other preferences including customized benchmarks when client directed. For clients that elect to apply tax managed considerations, the accounts are managed using additional investing techniques that seek to enhance after-tax returns, 4  including, without limitation, harvesting tax losses and the potential deferral of capital gains while also seeking to reduce tracking error to the benchmark whenever possible after taking into consideration the tax consequences. For these accounts, FMR seeks to provide, consistent with mandated investment guidelines, improved returns over the designated benchmark on an after-tax basis, including by considering the potential effects of capital gains when making investment decisions. Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA clients can select the level of tax management for their account based on their tax management needs and risk considerations. Certain Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs may employ strategies that focus on reducing ownership of issuers in the strategy’s benchmark that have less favorable sustainability ratings (“Sustainable Strategies”). The Sustainable Strategies investable universe is derived by an evaluation of sustainability characteristics through a process that includes proprietary research and third-party data. The Sustainable Strategies’ goal of delivering a portfolio that reduces ownership of issuers that have less favorable sustainability ratings in its benchmark could constrain the degree to which tax management techniques can be implemented and potentially result in significant tax consequences. In addition, investing based on sustainability factors may cause an account to forgo certain investment opportunities available to accounts that do not use such criteria. Additionally, for certain Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs clients, the management of tax liabilities may not be applicable or a focus for a particular SMA client. For these SMAs, consistent with the client mandated investment guidelines, FMR focuses on managing risk relative to the benchmark rather than deploying tax management techniques. The fixed income strategies combine the fixed income experience, research, and execution capabilities of FMR with ongoing oversight by FIWA, the investment manager. Certain municipal fixed income strategies seek to generate federal tax-exempt interest income while limiting risk to principal over a full market cycle. Such strategies focus on investment grade municipal bonds across different market sectors (i.e., general obligation bonds of a state or bonds financing a specific project) and different maturities. Structural features of bonds are analyzed and evaluated by the team using a suite of models and tools developed by Fidelity’s Quantitative analysts. Traders use proprietary technology to communicate market information to the team to identify ideas and transact, seeking inefficiencies in the municipal market. FMR’s diversified approach does not depend on any single type of exposure to drive returns. FMR has access to investment research on a substantially delayed basis from various subsidiaries and affiliates of FIL Limited (“FIL”) (including Fidelity Investments Canada ULC (“FIC”)), which are investment advisers registered with the SEC operating principally in the United Kingdom, Japan, and Hong Kong or Participating Affiliates (as defined below) of such registered advisers. Certain of FIL’s subsidiaries and affiliates (including FIC), which are companies not registered with the SEC (each, a “Participating Affiliate”), have access to information (such as through employees who work for both a FIL registered adviser and the unregistered FIL subsidiary or affiliate) concerning securities recommendations for the registered adviser’s U.S. clients. Additionally, each of FMR LLC, the ultimate parent company of FMR, and FIL Limited have contracted on an arms-length basis for the provision of compliance monitoring and reporting services in their respective jurisdictions. As such, certain individuals supporting compliance and operations functions will have access to information concerning securities recommendations for each other’s clients. Subsidiaries of FIL Limited also distribute investment strategies and certain products advised by FMR and its affiliates outside of the U.S. FMR disclaims that it is a related person of FIL. In the course of FMR providing its investment advisory services, a portfolio manager, analyst, or other employee of FMR or its affiliates will, from time to time, express views regarding a particular company, security, industry, or market sector. The views expressed by any such person are the views of only that individual as of the time expressed and do not necessarily represent the views of FMR or its affiliates or any other person in the Fidelity organization. Any such views are subject to change at any time based upon market or other conditions and FMR disclaims any responsibility to update such views. These views may not be relied on as investment advice and, because investment decisions for an account managed by FMR or its affiliates are based on numerous factors, may not be relied on as an indication of trading intent on behalf of any such account. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services 5  FMR also provides non-discretionary model portfolios (“Fidelity Model Portfolios”) for use or distribution by FIWA comprised of, as applicable, individual securities, mutual funds and/or exchange-traded products (“ETPs”), including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), sponsored and managed by FMR or its affiliates (“Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds”), and certain ETPs managed by unaffiliated investment advisers. The Fidelity Model Portfolios are provided by FIWA to financial institutions such as banks, broker-dealers and other investment advisers (“Model Portfolio Intermediary(ies)”) for use with such Model Portfolio Intermediaries’ underlying clients directly or through a platform provider. Regulatory Assets Under Management As of December 31, 2024, FMR managed $4,730,738,518,487 of client assets on a discretionary basis. As of December 31, 2024, FMR did not manage any client assets on a non-discretionary basis. 5. Fees and Compensation Discretionary Advisory Services Clients of the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs do not pay FMR. Instead, as compensation for its discretionary portfolio management services provided to such clients, FMR receives a portion of the advisory fees paid to FIWA. FMR and its affiliates receive compensation with respect to certain mutual funds and ETPs that are held in certain clients’ Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA. This creates an incentive for us to invest your assets in these products over others. The amount paid to FMR and its employees by FIWA in connection with the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs does not vary based on types of investments and the compensation arrangements for FMR investment professionals do not vary based on the underlying mutual funds, ETPs or other investments selected for the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to the management of multiple funds and accounts, see “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” section herein. In addition, the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs may include iShares ETFs. Fidelity receives compensation from the iShares ETF sponsor and/or its affiliates in connection with an exclusive, long-term marketing program that includes promotion of iShares ETFs. For more information regarding this arrangement, please see the discussion below under “Non-Discretionary Advisory Services” in this section. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR is compensated by FIWA in connection with the model portfolio services provided to FIWA. Model Portfolio Intermediaries who utilize the Fidelity Model Portfolios and clients in the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs do not pay any compensation to FMR. Certain Fidelity Model Portfolios include Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds, which are subject to fees, as provided for in the prospectus for each such fund. The fees received from Fidelity Model Portfolios’ investments in the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds will be shared by various affiliates of FMR involved in distributing and advising both the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds and the Fidelity Model Portfolios. Each Fidelity Model Portfolio Fund incurs advisory as well as other fees and expenses that it pays out of the assets of each fund, meaning such costs are indirectly borne by the shareholders of each applicable fund. Additional information about the expense ratio of any specific Fidelity Model Portfolio Fund is available in the applicable prospectus. Within a given model portfolio, the cost to shareholders and benefits to FMR’s affiliates across the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds within that model portfolio varies. As a result, an economic incentive exists for FMR when constructing model portfolios that include allocations to underlying mutual funds to select Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds that pay additional revenue to its affiliates. However, as further discussed below, FMR does not select the investment universe for Fidelity Model Portfolios that consist of underlying mutual funds, ETFs and ETPs and certain of the portfolios are constructed by FMR using a rules-based methodology. In addition, the amount paid to FMR and its employees under the services does not vary based on the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds selected when constructing the Fidelity Model Portfolios and the compensation arrangements for FMR investment professionals do not vary based on the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds selected for such model portfolios. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to the management of multiple funds and accounts, see “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” section herein. Certain model portfolios provided to FIWA (“FIWA Model Portfolios”) consist of Fidelity Model Portfolio 6  Funds and other ETPs or mutual funds managed by third parties, including ETPs advised by BlackRock Investment Management, LLC (or one of its affiliates, collectively “BlackRock”) such as iShares® ETFs. The universe of Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds has been selected by FIWA for inclusion in the FIWA Model Portfolios. For certain accounts custodied on Fidelity’s brokerage platform that elect to invest in Fidelity Model Portfolios that include iShares ETFs, Fidelity receives compensation from the iShares ETF sponsor and/or its affiliates in connection with an exclusive, long-term marketing program that includes promotion of iShares ETFs. BlackRock and iShares are registered trademarks of BlackRock, Inc. and its affiliates. Fidelity also has arrangements to receive compensation from other third-party ETP sponsors for making certain ETPs available on Fidelity’s brokerage platform commission free. If the model portfolios include such third party ETPs in the Fidelity Model Portfolios, Fidelity is entitled to receive compensation from the ETP sponsor for any accounts custodied on Fidelity’s brokerage platform that elect to invest in such Fidelity Model Portfolios. Additional information about the sources, amounts, and terms of compensation is described in the ETF's prospectus and related documents. Fidelity may add or waive commissions on ETFs without prior notice. The mutual fund share classes for a given Fidelity Model Portfolio Fund to be used in such model portfolios are selected by FIWA based on various considerations including its clients’ share class preferences relative to expense ratios and revenue sharing opportunities, share classes used by other asset managers in competing model portfolios and revenue yield to such affiliates and other affiliates of FMR. The share classes available for a given Fidelity Model Portfolio Fund in the Fidelity Model Portfolios are limited to the share classes designated by FIWA. Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds are available only in the designated share class when made available through the Fidelity Model Portfolios. FIWA does not seek to offer mutual funds or share classes through the Fidelity Model Portfolios that are necessarily the least expensive. Other affiliated funds have different fees and expenses, which may be lower than the fees and expenses of the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds and mutual fund share classes made available through the Fidelity Model Portfolios. In some cases, the mutual fund share classes for a Fidelity Model Portfolio Fund may have a lower cost share class available on a stand-alone basis for purchase outside of the Fidelity Model Portfolios, or that may be available to other types of investors. An investor who holds a less- expensive share class of a fund will pay lower fees over time – and earn higher investment returns – than an investor who holds a more expensive share class of the same mutual fund. Each Model Portfolio Intermediary is responsible for determining if the use of the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds and share classes used by that Fidelity Model Portfolio is suitable and appropriate for the Model Portfolio Intermediary’s underlying clients. 6. Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not receive any performance-based fees for Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. The management of multiple funds and accounts (including proprietary accounts of FMR or one or more of its affiliates) gives rise to conflicts of interest, especially when the funds and accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons, and fees as the portfolio manager must allocate his or her time and investment ideas across multiple funds and accounts. Investment personnel are mindful of potentially conflicting interests of our clients and take appropriate measures to ensure that the interests of all clients are taken into consideration. Conflicts of interest also arise when fund or account orders do not get fully executed due to being aggregated with those of other funds or accounts managed by FMR or an affiliate. Portfolio orders for another fund or account, when executed, may adversely impact the value of securities held by a fund or account. For example, short sales in one fund or account may have an adverse impact on the value of the shorted security held or traded by other funds or accounts. Although FMR or its affiliates monitor such transactions to attempt to ensure equitable treatment of both a fund or account holding a security and a fund or account that engages in short sales in the same or a similar security, there can be no assurance that the price of a security held by the fund or account is not impacted as a result. Also, securities selected for a particular fund or account may outperform the securities selected for other funds or accounts managed 7  by the same portfolio manager. Portfolio managers are permitted to invest in the funds or accounts they manage even when, under certain circumstances, a fund or account is closed to new investors. FMR also manages certain proprietary accounts or “pilot funds,” which are used to develop investment ideas, strategies and management experience. These pilot funds or accounts are in some instances similar to other funds or accounts managed by FMR and trade in the same securities as other funds or accounts managed by FMR. FMR has oversight in place to ensure that trading and allocations for these funds and accounts are not favored over accounts managed for discretionary clients. For more information regarding trade allocation procedures, see “Trade Allocation Policies” in the “Brokerage Practices” section herein. FMR’s use of multiple investment strategies presents additional conflicts. For example, a conflict of interest situation is presented when Fidelity’s client accounts may invest in securities or purchase a loan relating to different parts of the capital structure of a single issuer. In some cases, Fidelity may exercise rights, provide additional capital, or approve or disapprove of certain corporate actions for certain client accounts with respect to an issuer, or refrain from taking any such action or decision and such actions or decisions may adversely impact the value or rights of securities or loans held by other client accounts. For example, if a client account holds loans, securities, or other positions in the capital structure of an issuer that ranks senior in preference to the holdings of other client accounts in the same issuer, and the issuer experiences financial or operational challenges, FMR, acting on behalf of the client account, may exercise its rights or provide additional capital in connection with a liquidation, reorganization, or restructuring of the issuer with terms that may have an adverse effect on or otherwise conflict with the interests of other client accounts. In connection with any lending arrangements involving the issuer in which a client account participates, FMR, on behalf of certain client accounts, may seek to exercise rights under the applicable loan agreement or other document in a manner that may prove detrimental to positions held by other client accounts. Alternatively, in situations in which client accounts hold a more senior position as compared to positions held by other client accounts in the capital structure of an issuer experiencing financial or other difficulties, FMR may determine not to pursue actions and remedies available to the client account or enforce particular terms that might be unfavorable to the other client accounts holding the less senior position so long as such determination does not adversely affect the funds holding such rights to take action. Additionally, FMR may negotiate for a new investment to rank senior to an existing investment or negotiate for other terms that are advantageous to the clients making the new investment but disadvantageous to clients that only hold the existing investment. In addition, if client accounts hold voting securities of an issuer in which other client accounts hold loans, bonds, or other credit-related assets or securities, FMR may vote on certain matters in a manner that has an adverse effect on the positions held by other client accounts. Conversely, client accounts may hold voting securities of an issuer in which other client accounts hold credit-related assets or securities, and Fidelity may determine on behalf of the client accounts not to vote in a manner adverse to the other client accounts (including by abstaining from the relevant vote or voting in line with other pari passu investors in the same debt tranche) so long as such vote does not adversely affect the funds exercising such voting rights. These potential issues are examples of conflicts of interest that Fidelity will face when client accounts invest in different parts of the capital structure of a single issuer. Fidelity addresses these issues based on the facts and circumstances of each situation. This may result in the creation of separate advisory groups to consult with and represent the client accounts having potentially conflicting interests. Each of these separate groups will pursue options in the best interests of the client accounts they support without taking into consideration the other group’s positions. As a result of the conflicts presented in the examples above, client accounts could sustain losses or lower investment returns during periods in which other client accounts achieve gains or higher investment returns generally or with respect to particular holdings in the same issuer than would have been the case had the conflicts described above not existed. FMR has adopted policies and procedures and maintains a compliance program designed to help manage 8  conflicts arising from side-by-side management, which include trade allocation policies. These policies and procedures seek to ensure that trading for all funds and accounts is fair and equitable over time. There can be no assurance, however, that all conflicts have been addressed in all situations. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to the management of multiple funds and accounts, see “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” section herein. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not receive any performance-based fees for non-discretionary services. FMR does not direct its discretionary management clients to invest in Fidelity Model Portfolios. However, certain of FMR’s and its affiliates’ discretionary institutional accounts may, for unrelated reasons, invest in funds that are also offered through the Fidelity Model Portfolios. Different accounts trading in the Fidelity Model Portfolios, or the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds, may experience differences in pricing, valuation and ultimately performance due to disparities in the timing of trading implementation, among other factors. 7. Types of Clients FMR provides discretionary portfolio management services for Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs and non-discretionary model portfolio services to FIWA. Please see the FIWA Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs Brochure for information about the types of clients eligible for the SMAs. FMR does not provide any investment advice directly to FIWA’s model portfolio clients. Please see FIWA’s Fidelity Model Portfolio Solutions Form ADV Brochure for information about FIWA’s model portfolio services. 8. Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss This section contains information about how FMR provides discretionary portfolio management services to Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs and non-discretionary model portfolio services to FIWA. FMR uses a variety of methods of security analysis to select investments in managing client assets, including, as applicable: fundamental analysis (i.e., evaluating each issuer’s financial condition, industry position, financially material sustainable investing factors, and the market and economic conditions impacting their profitability); quantitative analysis (i.e., mathematical and statistical modeling); technical analysis (i.e., statistical analysis of market activity); cyclical analysis (i.e., evaluating issuers based in part on their sensitivity to business cycles); and factor-based analysis (i.e., evaluating investment opportunities based on exposure to targeted characteristics). FMR also uses general macro-economic analysis as a component of its security analysis methods. In addition to relying on financial statement information, FMR uses extensive in-person and/or remote corporate visits and interviews with issuer management teams in conducting research, offering statements of various municipalities as a source of information, information and analysis relating to foreign sovereigns and currency markets, third-party research, and alternative data. FMR invests in securities of companies engaged in a variety of economic sectors and industries that are domiciled in the U.S. and outside the U.S. (in developed, emerging and frontier markets); in stocks with growth or value characteristics; and in companies with market capitalizations of all sizes. FMR invests across different asset classes, market sectors, maturities, and regions. With respect to money market funds, FMR observes industry-standard regulatory requirements for money market funds for the quality, maturity, liquidity, and diversification of investments. The value of securities selected using quantitative analysis can react differently to issuer, political, market, and economic developments than the market as a whole or securities selected using only fundamental analysis. The factors used in quantitative analysis and the weight placed on those factors may not be predictive of a security's value. In addition, factors that affect a security's value can change over time and these changes may not be reflected in the quantitative model. For certain equity strategies in the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs that have sustainable investing objectives FMR seeks to reduce ownership of issuers in a portfolio’s benchmark that have less favorable 9  sustainability ratings based on an evaluation of sustainability characteristics using a process that includes proprietary research and third-party data practices, FMR uses its proprietary sustainability ratings process to evaluate the current state of an issuer’s practices across operational, human and natural capital using a data-driven framework that includes both proprietary and third-party data, and/or to provide a qualitative forward-looking assessment of an issuer’s sustainability outlook provided by FMR’s fundamental research analysts and sustainable investing team. FMR’s sustainability ratings of issuers are derived from multiple factors, including an issuer’s treatment of natural capital, which may include, but is not limited to, carbon and toxic emissions, water management, waste management, vulnerability to the physical impacts of climate change, and research and investment into products, services, and energies that reduce emissions and/or provide opportunities to achieve a low carbon transition. An assessment of an issuer’s human capital profile includes, but is not limited to, its approach to workforce and talent management, data privacy, product safety, supply chain policies and practices, and human rights. With respect to operational capital, FMR considers the independence and composition of an issuer’s board, the issuer’s compensation practices, and board oversight of critical sustainability issues. These factors are weighted based on how material FMR believes each factor is to an issuer’s financial outlook, and not all factors may be applicable to all issuers. Not all issuers of securities held in the strategies are necessarily covered by FMR's sustainability ratings process. As part of its investment approach, FMR also applies criteria (“exclusion criteria”) that seek to exclude issuers that are directly engaged in, and/or derive significant revenue from, certain industries or product lines. At present, these include: civilian semi-automatic firearms; tobacco production, or bonds issued against the proceeds of tobacco settlements; for- profit prisons; controversial weapons (e.g., cluster munitions, landmines, biological/chemical weapons, blinding lasers, and incendiary weapons); and thermal coal production and/or mining. FMR may periodically update the exclusion criteria. A client has the ability to impose reasonable restrictions on the management of a Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA. Any proposed restriction is subject to FIWA’s and FMR’s approval. Such a restriction can include prohibitions such as with respect to the purchase of a particular individual security or security group classification such as sector or industry. If a restriction is accepted, assets will be invested in a manner that is appropriate given the restriction. Imposing an investment restriction can delay the start of discretionary management, and accounts with client-imposed restrictions will experience different performance from accounts without restrictions, possibly producing lower overall results. Account restrictions should be requested through a FIWA representative. Summary of Material Risks The strategies presented above pose risks, and many factors affect each fund’s, including the Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds’, or account's performance. The following risk factors are not a complete list of the risks involved in an investment in the strategies and products advised or managed by FMR. These risk factors include only those risks we believe to be material. Many factors affect the performance of Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. Please see FIWA’s Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs Brochure for additional information. Past performance is not an indication of future performance or a guarantee of future results. An investment may be risky and may not be suitable for an investor's goals, objectives, and risk tolerance. Investors should be aware that an investment's value may be volatile, and any investment involves the risk that you may lose money. Investments in a Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA are not deposits of a bank and are not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any other government agency. As investing techniques that consider tax consequences are applied to the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs, trades could trigger taxable gains if the securities traded have appreciated in value since they were purchased. FMR considers multiple risks and costs in addition to investing techniques that consider tax consequences in managing the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. Accordingly, clients should understand that they could incur gains or have adverse tax consequences as a result of the management of their account. In addition, such accounts are actively managed taking into account federal income taxes but are not managed in consideration of state or local taxes; foreign taxes; federal 10  tax rules applicable to entities; or estate, gift, or generation skipping transfer taxes. FMR does not provide tax advice. Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA clients should consult their own tax advisor. Investment strategies that seek to enhance after-tax performance may be unable to fully realize strategic gains or harvest losses due to various factors, including market conditions. At times, investing techniques that consider tax consequences may cause a portfolio to hold a security in order to achieve more favorable tax treatment or to sell a security in order to create tax losses if consistent with an account’s investment guidelines. A tax loss realized by a client after selling a security will be deferred if the client purchases the same or substantially the same security within thirty days (either before or after such sale). Although FMR generally seeks to avoid “wash sales,”, it may not avoid wash sales in all circumstances, including as a result of trading by a client in portfolios not managed by FIWA and FMR. A wash sale may also be triggered by FMR when it has sold a security for loss harvesting in an account and shortly thereafter FIWA and FMR are directed by the client to invest additional cash resulting in a repurchase of the security. Strategies that pursue investments in equity securities will be subject to stock market volatility. Nearly all funds or accounts are also subject to volatility in non-U.S. markets, either through direct exposure or indirect effects on U.S. markets from events abroad, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and, in the case of less-developed markets, currency illiquidity. Those funds and accounts with investments in emerging and frontier markets are potentially subject to heightened volatility from greater social, economic, regulatory, and political uncertainties, as the extent of economic development, political stability, market depth, infrastructure, capitalization, and regulatory oversight can be less than in more developed markets. Trading, settlement, and custodial practices (including those involving securities settlement where fund or account assets are released prior to receipt of payment) in non-U.S. markets that are less developed than those in U.S. markets may result in increased investment or valuation risks, increased counterparty exposure, or substantial delays (including those arising from failed trades or the insolvency of, or breach of duty by, a broker -dealer, securities depository, sub- custodian, clearinghouse or other party). Developments that disrupt global economies and financial markets, such as war, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, economic sanctions, the spread of infectious illness, pandemic or other public health issues, recessions or other events may magnify factors that affect performance. In addition, from time-to-time some countries may experience low or negative interest rates, which may magnify interest rate risk for the markets as a whole and for the funds or accounts. All strategies are ultimately affected by impacts to the individual issuers, such as changes in an issuer's profitability and credit quality, or changes in tax, regulatory, market or economic developments. Entities providing credit support or a maturity-shortening structure also can be affected by these types of changes, and if the structure of a security fails to function as intended, the security could decline in value. Municipal securities backed by current or anticipated revenues from a specific project or specific assets tax pledge can be negatively affected by the discontinuance of the project or taxation supporting the payment of interest and principal on the security or the inability to collect revenues for the project or from the assets. If the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) determines an issuer of a municipal security has not complied with applicable tax requirements, interest from the security could become taxable and the security could decline significantly in value. Generally, FMR purchases municipal securities whose interest, in the opinion of bond counsel, is free from federal income tax. FMR cannot guarantee that this opinion is correct, and there is no assurance that the IRS will agree with bon d counsel's opinion. Issuers or other parties generally enter into covenants requiring continuing compliance with federal tax requirements to preserve the tax-free status of interest payments over the life of the security. If at any time the covenants are not complied with, or if the IRS otherwise determines that the issuer did not comply with relevant tax requirements, interest payments from a security could become federally taxable, possibly retroactively to the date the security was issued. For certain t ypes of structured securities, the tax status of the pass-through of tax-free income may also be based on the federal tax treatment of the structure. 11  A decline in the credit quality of an issuer can cause the price of a security to decrease. Lower-quality debt securities (those of less than investment-grade quality, also referred to as high-yield debt securities or junk bonds) involve greater risk of default or price changes due to changes in the credit quality of the issuer. The value of lower-quality debt securities can be more volatile due to increased sensitivity to adverse issuer, political, regulatory, market, or economic developments. Non-diversified funds and accounts that invest in a smaller number of individual issuers can be more sensitive to these changes. Strategies that pursue investments in fixed-income securities will see values fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. In general, the price of a debt security can fall when interest rates rise and can rise when interest rates fall. Securities with longer maturities can be more sensitive to interest rate changes, meaning the longer the maturity of a security, the greater the impact a change in interest rates could have on the security's price. Short-term and long-term interest rates do not necessarily move in the same amount or the same direction. Short-term securities tend to react to changes in short-term interest rates, and long-term securities tend to react to changes in long-term interest rates. Securities with floating interest rates can be less sensitive to interest rate changes but may decline in value if their interest rates do not rise as much as interest rates in general. Additionally, funds or accounts that pursue debt investments are subject to risks of prepayment, when an issuer of a security can repay principal prior to the security’s maturity, or default, as well as changes to bankruptcy or debtor relief laws, which may impede collection efforts or alter timing and amount of collections. Securities subject to prepayment can offer less potential for gains during a declining interest rate environment and similar or greater potential for loss in a rising interest rate environment. In addition, the potential impact of prepayment features on the price of a debt security can be difficult to predict and result in greater volatility. Securitized debt securities, which include commercial mortgage-backed securities, are dependent on the cash flows generated by the underlying loans, receivables, or other assets, can be significantly affected by changes in interest rates, the availability of information concerning the underlying assets and their structure, and the creditworthiness of the originators of the loans or other receivables or the entities providing credit support. Funds or accounts that pursue strategies that concentrate in particular industries or are otherwise subject to particular segments of the market (e.g., money market funds' exposure to the financial services industry, municipal funds' exposure to the municipal bond market, or international, emerging markets or frontier markets funds’ exposure to a particular country or region) are more significantly impacted by events affecting those industries or markets. Municipal securities can be significantly affected by political changes as well as uncertainties in the municipal market related to taxation, legislative changes, or the rights of municipal security holders. Because many municipal securities are issued to finance similar projects, especially those relating to education, health care, transportation, and utilities, conditions in those sectors can affect the overall municipal market. Budgetary constraints of local, state, and federal governments upon which the issuers may be relying for funding may also impact municipal securities. In addition, changes in the financial condition of an individual municipal insurer can affect the overall municipal market, and market conditions may directly impact the liquidity and valuation of municipal securities. The value of securities of issuers in the real estate industry can be affected by changes in real estate values and rental income, property taxes, interest rates, tax and regulatory requirements, overbuilding, extended vacancies of properties, and the issuer's management skill. Strategies that lead accounts to invest in other funds, including ETFs, bear all the risks inherent in the underlying funds in which those funds invest, as described in that fund’s registration statement. Unlike individual debt securities, which typically pay principal at maturity, the value of an investment in an underlying fund will fluctuate. In addition, ETF shares that are listed on an exchange can be bought and sold in the secondary market at market prices. The market prices of such shares will fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV and supply and demand on the listing exchange. Although a share's market price is expected to approximate its NAV, it is possible that the market price and NAV will vary significantly. Shares of an exchange traded ETF, similar to shares of other issuers listed on a stock exchange, may be sold short and are therefore subject to the risk of increased volatility and price decreases associated with being sold short. 12  Because of the subjective nature of sustainable investing, there can be no guarantee that criteria used by FMR or its affiliates in its sustainable strategies will reflect the beliefs or values of any particular fund or account. Certain sustainability-related exclusions are based in whole or in part on data provided by one or more third-party vendor(s) and are, therefore, subject to each vendor's industry and product line definitions (which may differ from those of FMR) and data limitations. Data used in applying the exclusion criteria may include inputs self-disclosed by companies as well as estimates where public disclosures are unavailable. Additionally, FMR or its affiliates rely upon information and data obtained through third-party reporting, which, if incomplete or inaccurate, could result in FMR or its affiliates imprecisely evaluating an issuer’s practices with respect to material sustainability factors. Additionally, funds and accounts are subject to operational risks, which can include risks of loss arising from failures in internal processes, people or systems, such as routine processing errors or major systems failures, or from external events, such as securities exchange outages. Ultimately, an account’s net asset value changes daily based on changes in market conditions, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, and in response to other economic, political, or financial developments. An account’s reaction to these events will be affected by the types of securities in which the account invests; the financial condition, industry and economic sector, and geographic location of an issuer; and the account’s level of investment in the securities of that issuer. An account’s investment in such securities involves risk of loss that clients would, and should, be prepared to bear. Aan account owner could lose money due to a decline in the account’s net asset value. Due to regulatory and issuer-specific limits that apply to the ownership of securities of certain issuers, FMR and its affiliates limit investments in the securities of such issuers. Similar limitations apply to futures and other derivatives, such as options. In addition, FMR and/or its affiliates from time-to-time determine that, because of regulatory requirements that apply to FMR and/or its affiliates in relation to investments in a particular country or in an issuer operating in a particular regulated industry, investments in the securities of issuers domiciled or listed on trading markets in that country or operating in that regulated industry above certain thresholds is impractical or undesirable. The foregoing limits and thresholds may apply at the account level or in the aggregate across all accounts (or certain subsets of accounts) managed, sponsored, or owned by, or otherwise attributable to, FMR and its affiliates. For investment risk management and other purposes, FMR and its affiliates also generally apply internal aggregate limits on the amount of a particular issuer’s securities that are owned by all such accounts, although such limits may vary for certain accounts established to develop performance track records. In connection with the foregoing limits and thresholds, FMR limits or excludes clients’ investment in particular issuers, futures, derivatives and/or other instruments (or limits the exercise of voting or other rights) and investment flexibility may be restricted. In addition, to the extent that client accounts already own securities that directly or indirectly contribute to such an ownership threshold being exceeded, FMR generally sells securities held in such accounts to bring account- level and/or aggregate ownership below the relevant threshold. If any such sales result in realized losses for client accounts, those client accounts may bear such losses depending on the particular circumstances. FMR and its affiliates establish internal limits, and are subject to external limits, on how much the funds and accounts they manage can invest in any one other fund. Additionally, regulatory restrictions limit the amount that one fund can invest in another, which means that FMR is limited in the amount it can cause a fund it manages to invest in any particular fund. The investment research process employed by FMR includes gathering, cleaning, culling and analyzing large amounts of data from external public sources and/or third-party data providers, including, in some instances, through the use of generative artificial intelligence ("AI") and large language models ("LLM"). It is not possible or practicable, however, to factor all relevant, available data into economic forecasts or trading decisions. In addition, due to the automated nature of this data gathering and the fact that much of this data comes from third-party sources, it is inevitable that not all desired or relevant data will be available to, or processed by, FMR at all times. Investors should be aware that there is no guarantee that the data utilized in generating forecasts or making trading decisions will be the most accurate data available or even free of errors. Furthermore, the use of AI and LLMs may require training of the models to be used in the research process and proper engagement by analysts in order to yield the desired outcome. There can be no guarantee that LLMs can be trained to address all scenarios or that they will provide complete and 13  accurate responses in all situations. AI and LLMs are subject to various risks, including (1) the data used to train LLMs suffers inaccuracies, biases, or flaws that may cause the AI model to respond other than as intended; (2) weak controls in the development and use of AI allow it to be deployed for use cases for which it was not intended; and (3) the AI may provide inaccurate or fabricated responses to queries it is unable to process (a “hallucination”). Fidelity has adopted a Generative AI Policy and governance framework so that the use of AI and LLMs is targeted and limited, and that AI and LLMs are trained using known and appropriate data sources and are subject to controls and oversight, which helps ensure that the use of AI and LLMs is but one input into the research process. Investors should assume that the foregoing limitation and risks associated with gathering, cleaning, culling and analyzing large amounts of data from third-party and other external sources, and the use of AI and LLMs, are an inherent part of investing. There may also be incidents where data fails to load or FMR’s systems fail to retrieve or capture the data, for example, because of changes in the vendor’s or FMR’s system configurations due to upgrades, enhancements, maintenance or errors, or that LLMs provide incorrect information in response to certain prompts. Investors should assume that these data errors, like other system implementation errors, and their ensuing risks and impact are an inherent part of investing. Accordingly, unless otherwise required to do so, FMR does not expect to disclose discovered data errors to clients. With the increased use of technologies to conduct business, FMR and its affiliates are susceptible to operational, information security and related risks. For example, computer, communications, data processing, networks, backup, business continuity or other operating, information or technology systems, including those outsourced to other providers, may fail to operate properly or become disabled, overloaded or damaged as a result of a number of factors. These factors could include events that are wholly or partially beyond our control and may have a negative effect on our ability to conduct business activities. We believe that we have taken reasonable steps to mitigate these risks, but do not believe that we can eliminate them altogether. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events and may arise from external or internal sources. Cyber-attacks include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems (e.g., through “hacking” or malicious software coding) for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information; corrupting data, equipment or systems; or causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users). Cyber incidents affecting FMR, its affiliates, or any other service providers (including, but not limited to, accountants, custodians, transfer agents and financial intermediaries used by a fund or account) have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, interference with the ability to calculate NAV, impediments to trading, the inability to transact business, destruction to equipment and systems, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, or additional compliance costs. Similar adverse consequences could result from cyber incidents affecting issuers of securities in which a fund or account invests, counterparties with which a fund or account engages in transactions, governmental and other regulatory authorities, exchange and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies and other financial institutions (including financial intermediaries and service providers) and other parties. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services Model portfolios provided to FIWA are constructed by FMR using various methodologies, including fundamental and quantitative analysis using parameters determined by FIWA. The various model portfolios are designed to implement strategies keyed to specified fixed income/equity allocation options based on parameters determined by FIWA. Model portfolios consist of individual stocks or in the case of certain models, mutual funds and/or ETFs, including Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds. The funds used in the model portfolios represent only a subset of all mutual funds and ETFs. As a result, the investment performance of such model portfolios is driven by the performance of such underlying mutual funds or ETFs and the portfolios may have limitations on their ability to optimize tax, diversification and other factors or otherwise hedge risk. Each mutual fund and/or ETF included in the model portfolios bears the risks as described in that fund’s registration statement. Securities included in model portfolios include securities in various markets, including the U.S. and foreign markets, which are subject to the risks described above. 14  FMR is not acting as investment adviser or portfolio manager with respect to the model portfolios provided to FIWA. FIWA has discretion to implement the models provided by FMR or to make modifications as it deems appropriate. FMR could provide a similar model portfolio or manage accounts using a similar investment strategy for its other clients and could provide the model to such accounts or clients prior to providing it to FIWA. At any time, FIWA can determine to no longer receive model portfolios from FMR, in which case FIWA can engage another investment firm to provide a model portfolio. FIWA has designed investment guidelines for the Model Portfolios delivered by FMR. These guidelines can change from time to time. Please see FIWA’s Fidelity Model Portfolio Solutions Form ADV Brochure for information about FIWA’s model portfolio services and the risks associated with investing in such portfolios. 9. Disciplinary Information There are no legal or disciplinary events that are material to the evaluation of FMR’s business or the integrity of its management. 10. Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations Broker-Dealers FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following broker-dealers: Fidelity Distributors Company LLC (“FDC LLC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Global Brokerage Group, Inc., is the principal underwriter for business development companies (“BDCs”) and general distributor of shares of the Fidelity family of registered investment companies (including, open-end mutual funds and ETFs and closed-end funds). FDC LLC markets products such as mutual funds, ETFs, closed- end funds, private funds, and commingled pools advised by FMR, its affiliates, or certain unaffiliated advisers to certain third-party financial intermediaries and institutional investors. On behalf of certain FDC LLC investment advisor affiliates, FDC LLC also solicits intermediaries, institutions and governmental entities who are interested in purchasing investment advisory services directly or for their clients. FDC LLC also acts as a solicitor for FMR’s products, and acts as a placement agent for certain privately offered investment funds advised by FMR. FDC LLC is a registered broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC (“FBS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Global Brokerage Group, Inc., is a registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act, and provides brokerage products and services including the sale of shares of investment companies advised by FMR to individuals and institutions including retirement plans administered by affiliates. Pursuant to referral agreements and for compensation, representatives of FBS refer customers to various services offered by FBS’s related persons, and FBS acts as a solicitor for FMR’s products. FBS also acts as a placement agent for certain privately-offered investment funds advised by FMR. In addition, FBS is the distributor of insurance products, including variable annuities, which are issued by FMR’s related persons, Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“FILI”) and Empire Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“EFILI”). FBS provides shareholder services to certain of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients. Fidelity Global Brokerage Group, Inc. (“FGBG”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, wholly-owns six broker-dealers: Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC, National Financial Services LLC, Fidelity Distributors Company LLC, Fidelity Prime Financing LLC, Digital Brokerage Services LLC and Green Pier Fintech LLC. FGBG and FMR Sakura Holdings, Inc., both wholly owned subsidiaries of FMR LLC, along with other third- party financial institutions, also have ownership interests in Kezar Markets, LLC. Transactions for clients of FMR or other entities for which FMR serves as investment adviser or sub-adviser or provides discretionary trading services, as well as clients of FMR’s affiliates, are executed through two alternative trading systems, the LeveL ATS and the Luminex ATS, that are operated by Kezar Trading, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Kezar Markets, LLC. Digital Brokerage Services LLC (“DBS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Global Brokerage Group Inc., is a registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act. DBS provides securities brokerage services to 15  a retail customer base through a digital mobile application-based brokerage platform. DBS clears all customer transactions through National Financial Services LLC and Green Pier Fintech LLC, each an affiliated registered broker-dealer, on a fully disclosed basis. National Financial Services LLC (“NFS”) is a registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and is a fully disclosed clearing broker-dealer. As such, NFS provides clearing, settlement, and execution services for other broker-dealers, including its affiliate FBS. Fidelity Capital Markets (“FCM”) is a division of NFS that provides trade executions for FMR and other advisory clients. Additionally, FCM operates CrossStream, an alternative trading system that allows orders submitted by its subscribers to be crossed against orders submitted by other subscribers. CrossStream is used to execute transactions for FMR or FMR’s affiliates’ investment companies and other advisory clients. NFS provides transfer agent or sub transfer agent services and other custodial services to certain of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients. NFS may provide securities lending services to certain of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients. Additionally, NFS provides prime brokerage services to certain of FMR’s clients. NFS is a wholly owned subsidiary of FGBG, a holding company that provides certain administrative services to NFS and other affiliates. NFS receives renumeration, compensation, or other consideration for directing some customer orders for equity securities to certain market centers for execution. Such consideration may include financial credits, monetary payments, rebates, volume discounts, or reciprocal business. The details of any credit, payment, rebate, or other form of compensation received in connection with the routing of a particular order will be provided upon request, and an explanation of order-routing practices will be provided on an annual basis. In addition, from time to time, FMR or its affiliates may provide aggregated trade execution data to customers and prospective customers. Kezar Trading, LLC, a registered broker-dealer and operator of alternative trading systems (“ATS”), operates the Luminex ATS and the LeveL ATS, which allow orders submitted by their subscribers to be crossed against orders submitted by other subscribers. Kezar Trading, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kezar Markets, LLC. FGBG and FMR Sakura Holdings, Inc., both wholly owned subsidiaries of FMR LLC, along with other third-party financial institutions, have ownership interests in Kezar Markets, LLC. Kezar Trading, LLC charges a commission to both sides of each trade executed in the Luminex ATS and LeveL ATS. The Luminex ATS and LeveL ATS are used to execute transactions for FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ investment companies and other advisory clients. NFS serves as a clearing agent for transactions executed in the Luminex ATS. FMR is authorized to place portfolio transactions with FCM and use CrossStream, an ATS operated by NFS, as well as Luminex ATS and LeveL ATS, which are operated by Kezar Trading, LLC, if it reasonably believes the quality of the transaction is comparable to what it would be with other qualified broker-dealers. In addition, FMR places client trades with broker-dealers that use NFS or FCC as a clearing agent. Transactions executed by brokers considered to be affiliates of FMR under the 1940 Act on behalf of registered investment company clients are effected in accordance with Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act, and procedures adopted thereunder. FCM and Kezar Trading, LLC cross transactions on an agency basis between clients of FMR or its affiliates, including investment company clients, non-investment company clients, and other non-advisory clients (agency cross transactions), as permitted by applicable rules and regulations. Such transactions will be executed, to the extent required by law, in accordance with (i) Rule 206(3)-2 under the Advisers Act, requiring written consent, confirmations of transactions and annual reporting, and (ii) procedures adopted pursuant to Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act by the Board of Trustees or Directors of FMR’s clients that are registered investment companies. Additionally, Section 17(a) prevents affiliated brokers from selling securities to, or buying securities from, the funds on their own behalf, except to the extent allowed by law, to prevent those affiliated brokers from taking advantage of the funds. The fund Boards of Trustees or Directors have adopted policies and procedures preventing affiliated brokers from engaging in such transactions, except to the extent allowed by law. Furthermore, Section 17(e)(1) prevents affiliated brokers from charging excessive fees for 16  transactions on behalf of the funds. Under Rule 17e-1, affiliated brokers are permitted to receive a “usual and customary brokerage commission” in connection with transactions effected on a securities exchange, and the Rule 17e-1 procedures adopted by the fund Boards of Trustees or Directors ensure that the fees do not exceed the usual and customary requirements. In addition, FMR has adopted various policies and procedures to address provisions of and prohibitions under the Adviser’s Act and ERISA (where applicable) with respect to potential conflicts of interest and self-dealing. In certain circumstances, trades are executed through alternative trading systems or national securities exchanges in which FMR or its affiliates have an interest. Any decision to execute a trade through an alternative trading system or exchange in which FMR or its affiliates have an interest would be made in accordance with applicable law, including best execution obligations. For trades placed on such a system or exchange, not limited to ones in which FMR or its affiliates have an ownership interest, FMR or its affiliates derive benefit in the form of increased valuation(s) of its equity interest, where it has an ownership interest, or other remuneration, including rebates. Securities Lending NFS provides securities lending services to the Fidelity group of funds and other client accounts (lending accounts) that are advised by FMR or FMR’s affiliates under a securities lending agency agreement subject to a flat fee arrangement and a limit, or cap, on total daily compensation. An economic incentive exists for NFS to increase the amount of securities out on loan to generate income equal to the daily cap; however, FMR, not NFS, determines daily the securities that are eligible to participate in the securities lending program. NFS has established policies and procedures designed to help ensure that the information NFS receives about the lending accounts in its capacity as securities lending agent is used solely in connection with the agency securities lending program and is not accessed by trading personnel who effect transactions in NFS proprietary accounts or in the accounts of NFS’s other clients. NFS also borrows securities from the Fidelity group of funds pursuant to SEC exemptive relief. NFS uses automated third-party software to allocate loans to a pre-approved list of borrowers provided by FMR or an affiliate to help ensure the fair allocation of lending opportunities between NFS and other borrowers. The above referenced policies and procedures help ensure that the information NFS receives in its capacity as securities lending agent is not used by NFS in its role as borrower. If a borrower in a securities loan defaults, NFS would indemnify a lending account to the extent that the collateral deposited by the borrower is insufficient to make the lending account whole, which subjects NFS to collateral shortfall risk (“shortfall risk”). Management of the shortfall risk creates an incentive for NFS to limit the amount of securities lending activity NFS conducts on behalf of the lending accounts, which has the potential to reduce the volume of lending opportunities for certain types of loans. FMR has established policies and procedures that provide for FMR or its affiliates, as applicable, to compare loans entered into by NFS on behalf of the lending accounts with opportunities for securities loans that NFS passed over. Missed opportunities will be evaluated by FMR or its affiliates, as applicable, and reviewed with NFS. NFS has purchased insurance to mitigate shortfall risk. Investment Companies FMR provides portfolio management services for several investment companies, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds. FMR disclaims that it is a related person of the investment companies for which it provides investment management services. Other Investment Advisers FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following investment advisers: Fidelity Diversifying Solutions LLC (FDS) is a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC and a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. FDS is registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) under the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”), as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) and a commodity trading adviser (“CTA”). FDS is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”). FDS provides portfolio management services as an adviser and, where required, a CPO to registered investment companies, unregistered investment companies (private 17  funds), business development companies (“BDCs”) and separately managed accounts. FMR Investment Management (UK) Limited (“FMR UK”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FMR, is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is authorized by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority to provide investment advisory and portfolio management services. FMR UK provides investment advisory and portfolio management services to certain collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) issuers and as a sub-adviser to certain of FMR’s clients, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds, and provides trading services to FMR and its affiliates. FMR UK provides portfolio management services as an adviser or sub-adviser to clients of other affiliated and unaffiliated advisers. FMR UK is also authorized to undertake insurance mediation as part of its benefits consulting business. FMR UK is also registered with the Central Bank of Ireland. Fidelity Management & Research (Japan) Limited (“FMR (Japan)”), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of FMR, is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is authorized by the Japan Financial Services Agency (Kanto Local Finance Bureau) to provide investment advisory and discretionary investment management services. FMR (Japan) supplies investment research and investment advisory information and provides discretionary investment management services to certain clients of FMR and its affiliates, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds, and to clients of other affiliated and unaffiliated advisers. Fidelity Management & Research (Hong Kong) Limited (“FMR (Hong Kong)”), a wholly- owned subsidiary of FMR, is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is authorized by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission to advise on securities, dealing in futures contracts, provide asset management services, and conduct trading services. FMR (Hong Kong) provides investment advisory or portfolio management services as a sub-adviser with respect to certain clients of FMR and its affiliates, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds, and provides trading services to FMR and its affiliates. FMR (Hong Kong) provides portfolio management services as an adviser or sub-adviser to clients of other affiliated and unaffiliated advisers. Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC (“FIWA”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. FIWA provides non-discretionary investment advice to financial institutions in connection with the provision of model portfolios (“Fidelity Model Portfolios”) and model- delivered separately managed accounts (“Fidelity Advisor Separately Managed Accounts” or “Fidelity Advisor SMAs”). FIWA also offers Fidelity Managed Account Xchange (“FMAX”) and Fidelity Managed Account Xchange Essential to financial intermediaries, which include Fidelity Model Portfolios and Fidelity Advisor SMAs. FMR acts as sub-advisor to FIWA in providing discretionary portfolio management services to Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. FMR also provides model portfolio construction services to FIWA in connection with FIWA’s services to its intermediary clients and FIWA compensates FMR for such services. Strategic Advisers LLC (“Strategic Advisers”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Advisory Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC, and is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Strategic Advisers provides discretionary and non-discretionary advisory services and acts as the investment manager to registered investment companies that invest in affiliated and unaffiliated funds. Strategic Advisers serves as the sponsor and discretionary manager to investment advisory programs and can retain the services of affiliated and unaffiliated sub-advisers and model providers for its advisory programs. Strategic Advisers is registered with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator and is a member of the NFA. FIAM LLC (“FIAM”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of FIAM Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC, and provides investment management services, including sub-advisory services to FMR or its affiliates. FIAM is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. FIAM is also registered with the Central Bank of Ireland. Ballyrock Investment Advisors LLC (“Ballyrock”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, and is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Ballyrock provides investment advisory services to 18  collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) issuers, with a focus on investments in high yield debt securities, primarily including bank loans. FMR or its affiliates provides portfolio management services as a sub- adviser to clients of Ballyrock. Impresa Management LLC (“Impresa”) is owned by trusts, the trustees of which are individuals, certain of whom are employees of FMR LLC. Impresa is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and serves as (i) an investment adviser and general partner or manager for certain limited partnerships or limited liability companies (the “Investor Entities”); and (ii) an investment adviser and/or the ultimate general partner or manager (either directly or indirectly through subsidiary entities) to certain collective investment entities in which the Investor Entities invest and to funds or other special purpose vehicles that co-invest or hold investments alongside such collective investment vehicles. Impresa also provides investment advisory services as an adviser to other affiliated entities or sub-adviser to other affiliated or unaffiliated entities. Impresa generally invests, on behalf of its clients, in securities of private companies, purchased and sold in privately negotiated transactions, and generally does not purchase publicly traded securities. From time to time, Impresa clients acquire or hold publicly traded securities as a result of a private portfolio company’s initial public offering, the purchase of additional securities in such an initial public offering or through the acquisition of a portfolio company by a public company. Impresa from time to time invests in less established or early-stage companies, as well as later-stage private companies. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to proprietary trading, see “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” section herein. Fidelity Management & Research (Canada) ULC (“FMR-Canada”) is an indirect wholly- owned subsidiary of FMR. FMR-Canada is registered as a portfolio manager and commodity trading manager with the Ontario Securities Commission. FMR-Canada provides portfolio management services as a sub-adviser to certain of FMR’s and its affiliates’ clients. FMR or its affiliates use the investment management personnel of certain of the investment advisors noted above and the trust companies noted below under personnel sharing arrangements or other inter-company agreements. In addition, FMR or its affiliates provide certain administrative services to certain of the foregoing investment advisers, including, but not limited to, securities and derivatives trade execution, investment compliance and proxy voting. Banking, Thrift Institutions, and Trust Companies FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following affiliated banking and trust institutions. FMR or its affiliates provide certain investment management personnel to certain of the banking and trust institutions under personnel sharing arrangements or other inter-company agreements. In addition, FMR or its affiliates provide certain administrative services to certain of the foregoing banking and trust institutions, including, but not limited to, securities and derivatives trade execution, investment compliance and proxy voting. Fidelity Management Trust Company (“FMTC”), a limited-purpose trust company organized and operating under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, provides non-discretionary trustee and custodial services to employee benefit plans and IRAs through which individuals invest in mutual funds managed by FMR or its affiliates, and discretionary investment management services to institutional clients and acts as trustee and investment manager of collective investment trusts. FMR or its affiliates provide portfolio management services as a sub-adviser to certain of FMTC’s clients. FMTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of FMTC Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC. Fidelity Personal Trust Company, FSB (“FPTC”) is a federal savings bank that offers fiduciary services to its customers that include trustee or co-trustee services, custody, principal and income accounting, investment management services, and recordkeeping and administration. FPTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Thrift Holding Company, Inc., which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC. Fidelity Institutional Asset Management Trust Company (“FIAM TC”), a trust company organized under the laws of the State of New Hampshire, provides investment management services principally for institutional clients, including employee benefit plans and acts as trustee and investment manager of its collective 19  investment trusts. FIAM TC is a wholly owned subsidiary of FIAM Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC. FIAM or its affiliates provide certain administrative services to FIAM TC, including, but not limited to, trade execution, investment compliance, and proxy voting. Insurance Companies or Agencies FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following insurance companies and agencies: Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“FILI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is engaged in the distribution and issuance of life insurance and annuity products that may offer shares of investment companies managed by FMR or its affiliates. Empire Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“EFILI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FILI, is engaged in the distribution and issuance of life insurance and annuity products that may offer shares of investment companies managed by FMR or its affiliates to residents of New York. Fidelity Insurance Agency, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is engaged in the business of selling life insurance and annuity products of affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies. Fidelity Health Insurance Services LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is an insurance licensed business entity (agency) under which certain workplace and individual insurance-related product and services are offered or sold. Product and services include Medicare-related products sold to individuals and employer-offered benefits such as broker/agent for certain group health plans, retiree transition to Medicare, and voluntary/optional insurance coverage. Soteria Reinsurance Ltd (“Soteria Re”) is owned directly by Soteria Reinsurance Holdings, LLC which itself is a 100% owned subsidiary of FMR LLC. Soteria Re is an incorporated Bermuda exempted company. Soteria Re focuses on reinsurance of US retail annuities and other investment-oriented insurance products underwritten by FILI. Participating Affiliates Fidelity Business Services India Private Limited (“FBS India”), with its registered office in Bangalore, is incorporated under the laws of India and is ultimately owned by FMR LLC through certain of its respective direct or indirect subsidiaries. Certain employees of FBS India (“FBS India Associated Employees”) from time to time provide certain research services for FMR and its affiliates, which FMR and its affiliates may use for their U.S. clients. FBS India is not registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is deemed to be a “Participating Affiliate” (as this term has been used by the SEC’s Division of Investment Management in various no-action letters granting relief from the Advisers Act’s registration requirements for certain affiliates of registered investment advisers) of FMR. FMR deems FBS India and certain of its employees as associated persons within the meaning of Section 202(a)(17) of the Advisers Act, because FBS India, through such employees, contribute to FMR’s research process and may have access to information concerning which securities are being recommended to FMR’s U.S. clients prior to the effective dissemination of such recommendations. FBS India also provides certain affiliates of FMR with certain research relating to securities that are the subject of research it provides to FMR. As a Participating Affiliate of FMR, FBS India has agreed to submit itself to the jurisdiction of United States courts for actions arising under U.S. securities laws in connection with investment advisory activities conducted for FMR’s U.S. clients. FMR maintains a list of the employees of FBS India whom it has deemed associated persons, which it will make available to current and prospective U.S. clients upon request. 11. Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading Code of Ethics From time to time, FMR purchases or sells for the accounts of clients securities in which FMR or its affiliates’ in-house accounts (including institutional accounts), affiliates, directors, officers or employees have a 20  position. This situation results, in part, from the breadth of securities purchased by FMR’s or its affiliates’ varied clients and from FMR’s and its affiliates’ personnel being permitted to invest in securities for their personal accounts. The conflicts of interest involved in such transactions are governed by FMR's Code of Ethics for Personal Investing (the “Code”), which has been adopted and approved by the Board of Trustees of FMR’s or its affiliates’ investment company clients in the Fidelity group of funds in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, and which incorporates the Adviser’s Code of Ethics (“Adviser’s Code”) adopted in accordance with Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act. The Code applies to officers, directors, and employees (including certain contractors) of FMR, and certain employees of its affiliates (“Advisory Personnel”) and requires that they place the interests of FMR's clients above their own. The Code establishes securities transactions requirements for all Advisory Personnel and their covered persons, including their spouses. More specifically, the Code: (i) requires that Advisory Personnel and their covered persons move their covered accounts to FBS unless an exception exists or prior approval is obtained; (ii) requires pre-clearance of transactions in covered securities with limited exceptions; (iii) requires reporting of transactions in covered securities on a quarterly basis with limited exceptions; (iv) requires reporting of securities accounts and holdings of covered securities at the time of hire and annually thereafter; (v) prohibits personal trading by a portfolio manager within seven days before or after a trade in any covered security of the same issuer by a fund managed by such portfolio manager except in limited circumstances; (vi) prohibits purchases of securities in initial public offerings unless an exception has been approved; (vii) restricts the selling short of a covered security; (viii) prohibits investments in limited offerings without prior approval; and (ix) requires disgorgement of profits from short- term transactions with limited exceptions. Violation of the Code’s requirements may also result in the imposition of remedial action, including termination. In addition, the Adviser’s Code, as incorporated in the Code: (1) describes the fiduciary duty Advisory Personnel have to FMR’s clients; (2) requires Advisory Personnel of FMR to comply with federal securities laws; (3) requires certain Advisory Personnel of FMR to report, and for FMR to review, such Advisory Personnel’s and their covered persons’ mutual fund share transactions and holdings periodically (core money market funds excepted) for funds advised by FMR or an affiliate and certain other funds specified in the Adviser’s Code; (4) requires Advisory Personnel of FMR to report any violations of the Code to FMR’s Ethics Office; and (5) requires FMR to provide each Advisory Personnel with a copy of the Code and any amendments, and requires Advisory Personnel to acknowledge their receipt and understanding of the Code. FMR will provide a copy of its Adviser’s Code, as integrated into the Code, to any client or prospective client upon request. Conflicts of Interest In certain instances, the purchase or sale of securities for the accounts of clients is restricted in connection with distributions of securities where FMR, its affiliates or their clients are proposing to act as selling shareholders in the distribution. Any such activity is evaluated in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, the 1940 Act and other applicable rules and regulations and from time-to-time results in restrictions on the ability of client accounts to purchase or sell in the distribution and/or in the secondary market. From time to time, FCM, a division of NFS, an affiliated broker-dealer of FMR, acts as a selling agent or principal underwriter in underwritings of municipal, equity or other securities which FMR recommends to clients. The Trustees of FMR’s or its affiliates’ mutual fund clients in the Fidelity group of funds evaluate any such activity by FMR in accordance with Rule 10f-3 under the 1940 Act and procedures adopted pursuant to Rule 10f-3. A conflict of interest situation is presented when a portfolio manager considers investing a client account in securities of an issuer in which FMR, its affiliates or their (or their fund clients’) respective directors, officers or employees already hold a significant position for their own account, including positions held indirectly through certain funds or accounts managed by FMR or one of its affiliated advisers (collectively, “Proprietary Accounts”). Because the 1940 Act, as well as other applicable laws and regulations, restrict certain transactions between affiliated entities or between an advisor and its clients, client accounts managed by FMR or its affiliates, including accounts sub-advised by third parties, are, in certain 21  circumstances, prohibited from participating in offerings of such securities (including initial public offerings and other offerings occurring before or after an issuer’s initial public offering) or acquiring such securities in the secondary market. For example, ownership of a company by the Investor Entities advised by Impresa or other Proprietary Accounts has, in certain situations, resulted in restrictions on FMR’s and its affiliates’ client accounts’ ability to acquire securities in the company’s initial public offering and subsequent public offerings, private offerings, and in the secondary market, and additional restrictions could arise in the future; to the extent such client accounts acquire the relevant securities after such restrictions are subsequently lifted, the delay could affect the price at which the securities are acquired. A conflict of interest situation is presented when FMR or its affiliates acquire, on behalf of their client accounts, securities of the same issuers whose securities are already held in Proprietary Accounts, because such investments could have the effect of increasing or supporting the value of the Proprietary Accounts. A conflict of interest situation also arises when FMR investment advisory personnel consider whether client accounts they manage should invest in an investment opportunity that they know is also being considered by an affiliate of FMR for a Proprietary Account, to the extent that not investing on behalf of such client accounts improves the ability of the Proprietary Account to take advantage of the opportunity. FMR has adopted policies and procedures and maintains a compliance program designed to help manage such actual and potential conflicts of interest. A conflict of interest situation is also presented if an account’s orders for the purchase or sale of securities do not get fully executed due to being aggregated with those of other accounts managed by FMR or an affiliate, including FMR’s or its affiliates’ in-house accounts. FMR has adopted policies and procedures (for example, trade allocation procedures) and maintains a compliance program designed to help manage these actual and potential conflicts. There can be no assurance, however, that all conflicts have been addressed in all situations. Trading in personal accounts, which gives rise to actual and potential conflicts of interest, is subject to certain restrictions by the Code. From time-to-time, in connection with its business, FMR obtains material, non-public information. In compliance with applicable laws, FMR has adopted a comprehensive set of policies and procedures that prohibit the use of material, non-public information by investment professionals and other employees. FMR also has procedures addressing the use of third-party paid research consultants. In addition, FMR has implemented a Corporate Gifts & Entertainment Policy intended to set standards for business entertainment and the giving or receiving of gifts, help employees make sound decisions with respect to these activities, and ensure that the interests of FMR’s clients come first. Similarly, to support compliance with applicable “pay-to-play” rules, FMR has implemented a Personal Political Contributions & Activities Policy which requires employees to pre-clear political contributions and activities. FMR also has a Global Anti-Corruption Policy regarding commercial bribery and bribery of government officials that prohibits directly or indirectly giving, offering, authorizing, promising, accepting, or receiving any bribe, facilitation payment, kickback, or payoff (whether in cash or any other form) with the intent to improperly obtain or retain business or any improper advantage. 12. Brokerage Practices Selection of Brokers and Dealers to Effect Client Transactions Discretionary Advisory Services FMR or its affiliates generally have authority to select brokers (whether acting as a broker or a dealer) to place or execute clients’ portfolio securities transactions. FMR or its affiliates are responsible for the placement of portfolio securities transactions for certain client accounts for which an affiliate or related person has investment discretion. In selecting a broker or dealer for a specific securities transaction, FMR or its affiliates evaluate a variety of criteria and use good faith judgment in seeking to obtain execution of portfolio securities transactions at commissions or costs that are reasonable in relation to the brokerage and research services provided, where allowed under applicable law. In selecting broker-dealers (“brokers”), including affiliates of FMR, to execute client portfolio securities transactions, FMR or its affiliates consider the factors they deem relevant in the context of a particular trade 22  and in regard to FMR’s or its affiliates’ overall responsibilities with respect to the fund and other investment accounts including any instructions from the client’s portfolio manager, which may emphasize, for example, speed of execution over other factors. Based on the factors considered, FMR or its affiliates may choose to execute an order using electronic channels, including broker- sponsored algorithms, internal crossing, or by verbally working an order with one or more brokers. Other possibly relevant factors include, but are not limited to, the following: price; costs; the size, nature and type of the order; speed of execution; financial condition and reputation of the broker; broker specific considerations (e.g., not all brokers are able to execute all types of trades); broker willingness to commit capital; the nature and characteristics of the markets in which the security is traded; the trader’s assessment of whether and how closely the broker likely will follow the trader’s instructions to the broker; confidentiality and the potential for information leakage; the nature or existence of post-trade clearing, settlement, custody and currency convertibility mechanisms; and the provision of brokerage and research products and services, if applicable and where allowed by law. Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs Where a program has an all-inclusive “wrap fee” that includes the cost of commissions associated with transactions executed through the program broker, FMR will execute equity trades for Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs with the program broker for both on-platform and off-platform programs. NFS, an affiliated broker, is the on-platform program broker. In the case of on-platform Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs where there is not an all-inclusive “wrap fee”, FMR has voluntarily assumed the cost of commissions for transactions executed with its affiliated broker-dealer for accounts. Equity orders for off-platform programs will be executed with the broker for such programs. Even where there is not an all-inclusive wrap fee (Unbundled Accounts), FMR will execute equity orders with the program broker due to operational impediments associated with trading with non-program brokers (also referred to as “trading away”). For the reasons stated herein, trades for accounts that utilize equity strategies are not traded together with trades for FMR’s institutional accounts. As a result, execution characteristics and performance of these accounts will differ from the FMR’s other accounts. FMR has the authority to trade away consistent with its duty to seek best execution. For fixed income strategies, FMR will trade away for substantially all fixed income investments. The net price of the bond will include transaction charges such as any markup, markdown, and/or a dealer spread imposed by the executing broker and will be incurred by the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA client in addition to the advisory fee or wrap fee. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not execute transactions in connection with the provision of non-discretionary advisory services. In addition, FMR does not recommend or select broker- dealers for purposes of implementing any advice provided by FMR’s affiliates with regard to, or through, the Fidelity Model Portfolios. Each Model Portfolio Intermediary and/or its underlying clients are responsible for determining whether and how to implement a particular Fidelity Model Portfolio, including with respect to broker-dealer selection. Identification and Resolution of Errors As an investment adviser, FMR maintains policies and procedures that address the identification and correction of errors consistent with applicable standards of care and clients’ investment management agreements. To the extent that an error occurs, FMR’s policy is to identify and resolve the error as promptly as possible. FMR will address and resolve errors on a case-by-case basis, in its discretion, based on each error’s facts and circumstances. FMR is not obligated to follow any single method of resolving errors. An incident is any occurrence or event that interrupts normal investment-related activities or that deviates from applicable law, the terms of an investment management agreement, or applicable internal or external policies or procedures. Incidents can occur at FMR or at one of FMR’s service providers and can be identified by any of the same. The determination of whether an incident constitutes an error is made by FMR in its sole discretion based on the relevant facts and circumstances of each incident considered in light of the applicable standard of 23  care. Errors include, without limitation: (i) purchases or sales that exceed the amount of securities intended to trade for a fund or account; (ii) the purchase (or sale) of a security when it should have been sold (or purchased); (iii) the purchase or sale of a security not intended for the fund or account, and/or contrary to investment guidelines or restrictions; and (iv) incorrect allocations of trades. Situations that generally would be considered by FMR to be incidents but not errors include, without limitation, (i) failure by a portfolio manager to provide timely notification of an incorrect purchase of a security although the security purchased was appropriate for the fund or account; (ii) passive or active breach of an internal fund or account-level limit; (iii) failure to update a portfolio manager in a timely manner regarding an increase in shares outstanding or additional room to buy for a security that had been at an aggregate limit; and (iv) external events, such as securities exchange outages. Other situations that result from failures in internal processes, people or systems, such as other routine processing errors or major systems failures, may be deemed to be incidents and not errors depending on the facts and circumstances. For example, computer, communications, data processing, networks, cloud computing, backup, business continuity or other operating, information or technology systems, including those FMR outsources to other providers, may fail to operate properly or become disabled, overloaded or damaged as a result of a number of factors. These factors could include events that are wholly or partially beyond FMR’s control and may have a negative impact on our ability to conduct business activities. Though losses arising from operating, information or technology systems failures could adversely affect a client account’s performance, such losses would likely not be reimbursable under FMR’s policies. Additionally, incidents involving fund and account monitoring or aggregate monitoring compliance violations may or may not be deemed by FMR to be errors depending on the facts and circumstances. For example, an active breach of a client mandate or regulatory limit (e.g., due to an acquisition of additional securities for an account) may be deemed to be an error and may be compensable depending on the particular circumstances, but a passive breach of such a limit (e.g., due to a reduction in the issuer’s outstanding securities) would not be considered an error and would not be compensable. Active breaches of issuer or regulatory limits, including poison pill limits, may be deemed to be errors and may be compensable depending on the circumstances, but passive breaches generally will not. Further, a passive breach of an aggregate limit on holdings of a security established internally by FMR and its affiliates, and instances where all available aggregate capacity on a security is not fully utilized, generally are not considered errors and are not compensable, but an active breach of an internal aggregate limit may be deemed to be an error and compensable depending on the particular circumstances. To the extent that client accounts already own securities that directly or indirectly contribute to certain ownership thresholds being exceeded, FMR may sell securities held in such accounts to bring account-level and/or aggregate ownership below the relevant threshold. If any such sales result in losses for client accounts, those client accounts may bear such losses depending on the particular circumstances. FMR is responsible for notifying FIWA, when appropriate, of any errors in a client account or model portfolio. FMR generally will not notify FIWA about incidents deemed not to be errors and non-compensable errors, unless otherwise agreed with particular clients. When FMR determines that reimbursement is appropriate, the account will be compensated as determined in good faith by FMR. Resolution of errors includes, but is not limited to, permitting client accounts to retain gains or reimbursing client accounts for losses resulting from the error. The calculation of the amount of any loss will depend on the facts and circumstances of the error, and the methodology used by FMR may vary. Unless prohibited by applicable regulation or a specific agreement with the client, FMR will net a client’s gains and losses from the error or a series of related errors with the same root cause and compensate the client for the net loss. In general, compensation is expected to be limited to direct monetary losses and will not include any amounts that FMR deems to be speculative or uncertain, nor will it cover investment losses not caused by the error including any tax consequences. FMR may elect to establish an error account for the resolution of errors which could be used depending on the facts and circumstances. For Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs, corrective action regarding an error could result in financial or other restitution to a client account or in inadvertent gains being reversed out of a client account. 24  Investment Research Products and Brokerage Services Furnished by Research Providers and Brokers FMR and its affiliates have established policies and procedures relating to brokerage commission uses in compliance with Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act, the provisions of the 1940 Act, and various interpretations of the staff of the SEC thereunder, and with regard to FMR UK, where applicable, the revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive in the European Union, commonly referred to as “MiFID II”, as implemented in the United Kingdom through the Conduct of Business Sourcebook Rules of the UK Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”). Not all FMR client accounts consume the same Research and Brokerage Services. For example, the portfolio management team that is responsible for managing the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs will generate and consume research that is only eligible to be used by the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs. Such research will not be generated or paid for by using client commissions or soft dollar credits. For a full description of FMR’s policies and procedures that apply to FMR’s other clients when it uses brokerage commission to pay for research or services, please see FMR’s Form ADV Part 2A brochure. Other Considerations and Brokerage Arrangements FMR or its affiliates recommend that clients do not request them to direct client portfolio transactions to specific brokers. Clients may nonetheless make such requests, subject to FMR’s or its affiliates’ attempt to seek quality execution and provided that the broker is an approved counterparty of FMR or its affiliates. Clients should be aware that if they require FMR or its affiliates to direct portfolio transactions to specific brokers, or if clients restrict trading with specific brokers (for example, because of affiliations) (a) FMR or its affiliates may be unable to achieve most favorable execution of such directed or restricted broker transactions; (b) the client may pay higher brokerage commissions on such directed or restricted broker transactions because FMR or its affiliates may be unable to aggregate such transactions with other orders; and (c) the client may receive less favorable prices on such directed or restricted broker transactions. Transactions with Certain Brokers FMR or its affiliates place trades with certain brokers, including NFS and Kezar Trading, LLC, with whom they are under common control or otherwise affiliated, provided FMR or its affiliates determine that these affiliates' trade -execution abilities and costs are comparable to those of non-affiliated, qualified brokerage firms, and that such transactions be executed in accordance with applicable rules under the 1940 Act and procedures adopted by the Boards of Trustees or Directors (as applicable) of FMR’s clients in the Fidelity group of funds or FMR’s affiliates’ other clients and subject to other applicable law. In addition, from time to time, FMR or its affiliates place client trades with brokers that use NFS or FCC as a clearing agent. Client trades placed by FMR or its affiliates are also executed through other alternative trading systems or exchanges in which FMR or its affiliates have an interest, such as Level ATS. Transactions Among Clients FMR or its affiliates execute transactions between mutual funds and other accounts they manage (either on an advisory or sub-advisory basis), as well as with certain other clients managed by their affiliates. Such transactions for clients in the Fidelity group of funds will be executed in accordance with applicable rules under the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act and procedures adopted by the Boards of Trustees or Directors (as applicable) of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients in the Fidelity group of funds or other clients of FMR or its affiliates. FMR or its affiliates also execute transactions between other mutual fund and non-mutual fund clients, and such transactions will be executed in accordance with applicable rules under the Advisers Act and procedures adopted thereunder. When FMR or its affiliates engage in adviser cross transactions, where FMR or its affiliates directly effect an agency transaction between advisory clients without involving a broker, FMR or its affiliates will receive no compensation (other than its advisory fee), directly or indirectly, for the transaction. Non-U.S. Securities Transactions To facilitate trade settlement and related activities in non-U.S. securities transactions, FMR or its affiliates 25  effect spot foreign currency transactions with foreign currency dealers. In certain circumstances, due to local law and regulation, logistical or operational challenges, or the process for settling securities transactions in certain markets (e.g., short settlement periods), spot currency transactions are effected on behalf of clients by parties other than FMR or its affiliates, including clients’ custodian banks (working through sub-custodians or agents in the relevant non-U.S. jurisdiction) or broker-dealers that executed the related securities transaction. For the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs, FMR effects foreign currency transactions with its affiliate FCM acting in a principal capacity. Trade Allocation Policies Bunched Trades It is generally FMR’s or its affiliates’ practice, when appropriate, to combine or "bunch" orders of various accounts, including those of its clients, its affiliates’ clients, and, in certain instances, proprietary accounts for order entry and execution. Bunched orders are executed through one or more brokers. The allotment of trades among brokers is based on a variety of factors, which include price, order size, the time of order, the security and market activity. A bunched trade executed with a particular broker is generally allocated pro-rata among the accounts that are participating in the bunched trade until any account has been filled. After any account has been filled, the trade is allocated pro-rata among any remaining accounts. Each broker’s execution of a bunched order will, at times, be at a price different than another broker’s bunched order execution price for the same security. Additionally, as a result of accommodating the differing arrangements regarding the payment for research that is required by MiFID II, clients in a bunched trade will, at times, not pay a pro rata share of all costs associated with that bunched trade. While the Fidelity Institutional Custom Equity SMAs custodied at NFS (On-Platform Accounts) are combined with one another for order entry and execution, they are not combined with any other FMR managed funds or accounts. Allocation of Trades FMR and its affiliates have established allocation policies to ensure allocations are fair and equitable over time and appropriate given clients’ differing investment objectives and other considerations. When, in FMR’s or its affiliates’ opinion, the supply/demand is insufficient under the circumstances to satisfy all outstanding orders, across all securities types the amount executed generally is distributed among participating accounts based on account net asset size (for purchases) and security position size (for sales), or otherwise according to the allocation policies. The Fidelity Institutional Equity Custom SMAs custodied at NFS (On-Platform Accounts) are not combined with the orders of other accounts and follow their own unique policy to ensure allocations are appropriate given the investment objectives of these accounts. This policy applies to any offering in which the Fidelity Institutional Custom Equity SMAs may participate. When, in FMR’s or its affiliates’ opinion, the supply/demand is insufficient under the circumstances to satisfy all outstanding orders, across all securities types the amount executed generally is distributed among participating accounts pro rata based on the order size of each participating account. To the degree any proprietary account order is combined with the orders of the Fidelity Institutional Custom Equity SMAs, the client accounts will be allocated to first and only if their orders are completely filled will any residual shares be allocated to proprietary accounts. Generally, any exceptions to this policy (i.e., special allocations) must be approved by senior trading and compliance personnel and documented. Off-platform Fidelity Institutional Equity Custom SMAs are subject to the trade allocation policies of the Sponsor firms. The Fidelity Institutional Custom Fixed Income SMAs are combined with one another via an omnibus account and the omnibus account is traded alongside other Fixed Income accounts . The process follows the standard Fixed Income allocation policy as described below. FMR’s and its affiliates’ trade allocation policies identify circumstances under which it is appropriate to 26  modify or deviate from the general allocation criteria and describe the alternate procedures. For allocations based on net assets, the trade allocation policies for each of the equity, fixed income, and high income divisions define the method of calculating net assets to be used within that division depending on particular circumstances. The trade allocation policies define net assets generally by reference to each account’s assets managed by each of the equity, fixed income, or high income divisions, and then by reference to certain security and account types, Furthermore, the calculation of net assets may vary depending on the portfolio type, and specialized portfolios may calculate net assets differently than other accounts. Specialized portfolios, which are portfolios with a limited or concentrated investment universe, may have 100% of their net assets taken into account when investing in securities that meet their principal investment strategy, whereas accounts with a broader investment mandate trading the same security when aggregated with a specialized portfolio may receive an allocation as low as 1% of their net assets. These policies also apply to initial and secondary offerings and to private security investments. Trade allocations are also impacted by various regulatory requirements depending on where the trade is executed and what types of accounts are included in the trade. In such circumstances, some accounts, at times, will be prioritized over others when supply/demand is insufficient. With limited exceptions, the trading systems contain rules that allocate trades on an automated basis in accordance with these policies. Generally, any exceptions to FMR’s and its affiliates’ policies (i.e., special allocations) must be approved by senior trading and compliance personnel and documented. Multi-Asset Class Portfolios When a multi-asset class portfolio is managed by one division and trades on the desk of a different division, the percentage of net assets allocated to that multi-asset class portfolio will be based on the maximum percentage that portfolio may invest in securities that trade on that trading desk. Certain multi-asset class portfolios that have principal investment strategies or objectives that include securities across asset types (and thus have no limit on those investment types) will have 100% of their assets taken into account for allocation purposes when trading on the equity, fixed income, or high income trading desks, respectively. Further, certain portfolios that invest in equity securities as part of their principal investment strategies or objective that are not managed by the equity division would receive an asset measure based on the maximum amount that each portfolio could invest in securities that trade on the equity desk. Alternate Allocation Methods Allocation methods other than those described herein are employed under certain circumstances, including for specialized strategies or alternative asset classes. For example, the equity trade allocation policy allows for certain accounts designed to have common investment and trading strategies (e.g., one portfolio modeled on another portfolio) to receive allocations that would facilitate keeping the portfolios’ holdings proportionately balanced. In addition, the fixed income trade allocation policy allows for several alternate allocation methods, in some cases only where the portfolio managers of all accounts involved in the allocation agree to the use of the alternate method(s). Examples may include allocation based on the size of the accounts’ order, trade rotation, allocation of fungible securities on a series basis, and providing priority allocation for trades contingent on the execution other trades The fixed income trade allocation policy also provides for increased or priority allocations for accounts specializing in a particular type of security, such as single-state municipal bond and money market portfolios, U.S. Treasury-only money market portfolios, and taxable money market portfolios. Futures contracts, ETFs, private company securities, convertible securities, and foreign exchange spot and forward currency transactions are allocated based on order size for both purchases and sales. Minimum Allocations The trade allocation policies generally provide for minimum allocations based on market-defined minimum denominations, or otherwise allow increased or decreased allocations in the following circumstances: to avoid a de minimis allocation • 27  • • to round to a trading round lot, or for high income securities, to complete a sale of all holdings to avoid residual holdings in an amount less than a basic unit of trading. Proprietary Accounts Client accounts receive priority of allocation over proprietary accounts. Accounts for which all the assets are those of FMR or its affiliates and are not otherwise used to seed new investment products or to meet potential claims of insurance policyholders are generally considered to be proprietary accounts. Accounts owned or managed for the benefit of individual employees of FMR or its affiliates or officers or trustees of various investment products are generally considered client accounts, subject to applicable law. Short Sales No prioritization is provided for short sale and “buy to cover” transactions. Such transactions are subject to the same general allocation criteria as non-short sale transactions. As a result, these transactions could experience significant delays in execution, which could materially impact the performance of accounts whose strategies rely on short sales. 13. Review of Accounts Discretionary Advisory Services On a daily basis, FMR will evaluate Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs with respect to a variety of factors to determine whether the account may benefit from trading that day. Common reasons clients experience trading in their accounts include changes in the model or index, market fluctuations, tax management opportunities, and client requested activities such as cash deposits or withdrawals. FMR does not anticipate that each Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA will be traded each day. Each of the securities purchased in an account will appear on a client’s account statement. Securities selected for Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs may be individually tailored based on a client’s existing holdings and unique financial situation and, where applicable, on the tax attributes of the assets in an account. A client can expect that the securities that compose his or her Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA vary, perhaps significantly, from the securities purchased for another client’s account managed using the same strategy. Clients may receive periodic performance summaries or similar reports that detail the performance of a client’s Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA and summarize the market activity during the quarter. Industry standards are applied when calculating performance information. FIWA also makes account performance information for Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs available to clients. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services With respect to FMR’s model portfolio services, FMR reviews the model portfolios on a periodic basis, making adjustments as necessary in alignment with the mandate for any such portfolios. From time-to- time FMR, in its discretion, will provide more frequent updates, such as in times of market disruption or distress. FMR does not review the accounts of the underlying clients of the Model Portfolio Intermediaries that have chosen to use the Fidelity Model Portfolios. Each Model Portfolio Intermediary is responsible for reviewing its clients’ portfolios on an individual basis, given the client’s specific circumstances. 14. Client Referrals and Other Compensation FMR does not have client referral arrangements. 15. Custody FMR is deemed to have custody under the Advisers Act because its affiliate NFS serves as the qualified custodian for the on-platform program. On-platform Fidelity Institutional Custom accounts are custodied at NFS. Certain personnel of FIWA, FMR, FBS, and NFS share premises and have common supervision. Clients should carefully review all statements and other communications received from FBS and NFS. 28  Custody of off-platform Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs are maintained by the respective qualified custodian utilized by the off-platform client. FMR does not have custody with respect to the provision of non-discretionary model portfolio services. 16. Investment Discretion Discretionary Advisory Services FMR’s portfolio management services for Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs include the discretionary authority to determine which securities to purchase or sell, the total amount of such purchases and sales, and the brokers or dealers through which transactions are effected in such accounts. Such discretionary authority is subject to certain limits, including each account’s investment objectives and policies, regulatory constraints, and those investment restrictions that are imposed based on a client’s request in accordance with applicable laws. Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA clients may fund their account with cash, cash equivalents, and/or securities acceptable to FMR. These securities must be held free and clear of any liens, pledges, or other legal or contractual restrictions. At times, FMR will not accept individual securities that are generally used to fund an account due to regulatory restrictions or internal guidelines. FMR will determine, in its sole discretion, which securities will be eligible to be managed in a Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA. The Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA client is responsible for informing FIWA in writing of any restrictions on account investments. In the absence of such information or notification, FIWA and FMR take no responsibility to limit investments in such restricted securities. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not exercise discretion in connection with its provision of non-discretionary advisory services, including the model portfolio services provided to its affiliates. Any decision as to whether and how to implement the non-discretionary advice provided by FMR’s affiliates through the Fidelity Model Portfolios is made by the Model Portfolio Intermediary and/or its underlying client. 17. Voting Client Securities Discretionary Advisory Services When granted authority in its sub-advisory agreement with FIWA, FMR or its affiliates (“Fidelity”) generally cast votes on behalf of client accounts by proxy at shareholder meetings of issuers in which Fidelity invests client assets. Fidelity has established formal written proxy voting guidelines ("Proxy Voting Guidelines") and sustainable proxy voting guidelines with respect to certain sustainable investing strategies, including the funds listed on the exhibit to those guidelines ("Sustainable Proxy Voting Guidelines," and together with the Proxy Voting Guidelines, the “Guidelines,” unless otherwise noted). The Guidelines are designed to ensure that proxies on behalf of the Fidelity Funds or client accounts (to the extent authorized by clients) are voted in a manner consistent with the best interests of shareholders. Fidelity invests in the ordinary course of business and not with the intended effect of changing or influencing control of an issuer. Fidelity has also adopted the Guidelines as part of its proxy voting policies and procedures in accordance with Rule 206(4)- 6 under the Advisers Act. For Fidelity Custom SMAs offered off-platform proxy voting is handled subject to the client’s written agreement with the sponsor or off-platform clients may delegate proxy voting to FMR in such instances will vote proxies consistent with its proxy voting guidelines. Fidelity votes on behalf of the Fidelity Funds or client accounts (to the extent authorized by clients) in accordance with the Guidelines. The Boards of Trustees of the Fidelity Funds delegated to Fidelity the authority to vote shares owned by the Fidelity Funds in accordance with the Guidelines. In evaluating proxies, Fidelity considers factors that are financially material to individual companies and investing funds’ or client accounts’ investment objectives and strategies in support of maximizing long-term 29  shareholder value. This includes considering the company’s approach to financial and operational, human, and natural capital and the impact of that approach on the potential future value of the business. Fidelity will vote on proposals not specifically addressed by the Guidelines based on an evaluation of a proposal's likelihood to enhance the long-term economic returns or profitability of the company or to maximize long-term shareholder value. Securities on Loan Securities on loan as of a record date cannot be voted. In certain circumstances, Fidelity may recall a security on loan before record date (for example, in a particular contested director election or a noteworthy merger or acquisition). Generally, however, securities out on loan remain on loan and are not voted because, for example, the income a fund or client account derives from the loan outweighs the benefit the fund or client account receives from voting the security. In addition, Fidelity may not be able to recall and vote loaned securities if Fidelity is unaware of relevant information before record date, or is otherwise unable to timely recall securities on loan. Compliance with Legal Obligations and Avoiding Conflicts of Interest Voting of shares is conducted in a manner consistent with Fidelity's fiduciary obligations to the funds and accounts, and all applicable laws and regulations. In other words, Fidelity votes in a manner consistent with the Guidelines and in the best interests of the funds/accounts and their shareholders, and without regard to any other Fidelity companies' business relationships. Fidelity takes its responsibility to vote shares in the best interests of the funds or accounts seriously and has implemented policies and procedures to address actual and potential conflicts of interest. Investment Proxy Research (“IPR”), which is part of the Fidelity Fund and Investment Operations department, is charged with administering the Guidelines as agent to facilitate the voting of proxies. IPR votes proxies without regard to any other Fidelity companies’ business relationships with that portfolio company. Like other Fidelity employees, IPR employees have a fiduciary duty to never place their own personal interest ahead of the interests of fund/account shareholders and are instructed to avoid actual and apparent conflicts of interest. In the event of a conflict of interest, Fidelity employees will follow the escalation process included in Fidelity's corporate policy on conflicts of interest. A complete set of the Guidelines, as well as information on how the Fidelity Funds’ proxies were voted, are available on www.fidelity.com/about-fidelity/proxy-voting-overview. In certain cases, clients have not provided FMR the authority to vote proxies. Such clients should obtain proxies from their custodian or other service provider. If FMR has engaged a sub-adviser, that sub-adviser votes proxies according to its own proxy voting guidelines and policies, which may differ from the Guidelines, for those Fidelity Funds or client accounts (or portions thereof) for which the sub-adviser has been granted such authority. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not vote proxies for any accounts in connection with the provision of non-discretionary advisory services. 18. Financial Information FMR does not solicit prepayment of client fees. Furthermore, there are no financial conditions that are reasonably likely to impair FMR’s ability to meet any of its contractual commitments to its clients. 19. Requirements for State-Registered Advisers FMR is not registered with any state securities authority. 30 

FIDELITY MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH COMPANY LLC 245 Summer Street Boston, MA 02210 617-563-7000 www.fidelity.com September 3, 2025 This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Fidelity Management & Research Company LLC (“FMR”). Throughout this brochure and related materials, FMR may refer to itself as a “registered investment adviser” or “being registered.” These statements do not in any way imply a certain level of skill or training. If you have any questions about the contents of this brochure, please contact us at 617-563-7000. The information in this brochure has not been approved or verified by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or by any state securities authority. Additional information about FMR also is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. 1  2. Material Changes No material changes have been made to this brochure since its annual updating amendment filed on March 31, 2025. Other changes have been made to this brochure, as described below. Other Changes • The 'Voting Client Securities' section has been updated to provide a more specific URL link to the proxy voting guidelines and results. Other minor language was updated throughout the section. 2  3. Table of Contents 2. Material Changes ................................................................................................................................ 2 3. Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ 3 4. Advisory Business ............................................................................................................................... 4 5. Fees and Compensation ..................................................................................................................... 6 6. Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management ................................................................ 8 7. Types of Clients .................................................................................................................................. 9 8. Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss ......................................................... 10 9. Disciplinary Information ..................................................................................................................... 15 10. Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations .......................................................................... 15 11. Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading .................. 21 12. Brokerage Practices ........................................................................................................................ 22 13. Review of Accounts ......................................................................................................................... 30 14. Client Referrals and Other Compensation ...................................................................................... 31 15. Custody ........................................................................................................................................... 31 16. Investment Discretion ...................................................................................................................... 31 17. Voting Client Securities ................................................................................................................... 32 18. Financial Information ....................................................................................................................... 33 19. Requirements for State-Registered Advisers.................................................................................. 33 3  4. Advisory Business Fidelity Management & Research Company LLC (“FMR”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, provides investment supervisory services, including sub-advisory services, to Fidelity's family of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (the “Fidelity Funds” or the “Fidelity group of funds”), qualified tuition programs, as defined under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Qualified Tuition Programs”), privately offered unregistered investment funds, separately managed account clients, and various other institutional accounts. FMR also provides non-discretionary investment advice to its affiliates or to third parties. For information about FMR’s role with respect to Fidelity Strategic Disciplines, a separately managed account program sponsored by Strategic Advisers LLC, an affiliate of FMR, please see FMR’s Fidelity Strategic Disciplines Form ADV Part 2A brochure. For information about FMR's role with respect to customized separately managed accounts offered by Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC ("FIWA") and certain other non-discretionary model portfolio services provided to FIWA, please see FMR's Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs and Model Portfolio Services Form ADV Part 2A brochure. Fidelity Management & Research Company (“FMR Co.”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) since 1971. FMR Co. reorganized into FMR effective January 1, 2020. This brochure relates to FMR’s provision of discretionary and non-discretionary advisory services. Discretionary Advisory Services FMR provides investment supervisory services, including sub-advisory services, to institutional accounts, principally open-end investment companies (also referred to as “mutual funds”) and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”) registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). With regard to the Fidelity Funds, under the terms of its management contract with each fund, FMR acts as investment adviser and, subject to the supervision of each fund’s Board of Trustees or Directors (as applicable) (each a “Board of Trustees” and collectively the “Boards of Trustees”), has overall responsibility for directing the investments of each fund in accordance with its investment objective, policies and restrictions as provided in its registration statement filed with the SEC. FMR or its affiliates provide all necessary office facilities and personnel for servicing the funds' investments and pays the salaries and fees of all officers of the funds, members of the Boards of Trustees who are “interested persons” of the funds, FMR or its affiliates, and of all personnel of the funds, FMR or its affiliates who perform services relating to research, statistical and investment activities. In addition, FMR or its affiliates, subject to the supervision of the Board of Trustees of each fund in the Fidelity group of funds, provide the management and administrative services necessary for the operation of the Fidelity group of funds. FMR or its affiliates also provide management and administrative services to privately offered unregistered investment funds (the “private funds”). These services include: providing facilities for maintaining each fund’s organization; supervising relations with custodians, transfer and pricing agents, accountants, underwriters and other persons dealing with the funds; at the direction of the funds, preparing all general shareholder communications and conducting shareholder relations; at the direction of the funds, maintaining each fund’s records and the registration and notice filing status of each fund’s shares under federal and state law; developing management and shareholder services for each fund; and furnishing reports, evaluations and analyses on a variety of subjects to the Board of Trustees of each fund in the Fidelity group of funds. Though FMR advises the mutual funds, private funds, and other institutional accounts it manages regarding certain commodity interests, FMR is not registered as a commodity pool operator or commodity trading adviser. FMR also provides discretionary portfolio management services for customized separately managed accounts (“Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs”) offered by Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC (“FIWA”). In addition, FMR provides discretionary portfolio management services for various investment advisory programs (the “Program”) offered by Strategic Advisers LLC. Discretionary management services provided to the Program accounts are discussed separately in FMR’s Fidelity Strategic Disciplines Form ADV Part 2A brochure. 4  FMR’s affiliate, Ballyrock Investment Advisors LLC (“Ballyrock”), acts as collateral manager for various collateralized debt obligation vehicles (“CLOs”), for which FMR also acts as sub-adviser and provides discretionary management services. The description of the advisory services and risks associated with the CLOs is described in Ballyrock’s Form ADV. In certain instances, FMR, to the extent permitted by its advisory contracts, delegates investment discretion over all or a portion of a portfolio to one or more sub-advisers, including FMR’s subsidiaries and affiliates and various subsidiaries and affiliates of FIL Limited (“FIL”). If FMR or its affiliates engage an unaffiliated entity to sub-advise an FMR fund or account, or a portion of an FMR fund or account, the sub-adviser’s policies and procedures, including trade allocation and conflicts of interest, will apply to that fund or account, except for certain fund Board-approved affiliated transaction policies subject to applicable law. FMR has access to investment research on a substantially delayed basis from various subsidiaries and affiliates of FIL (including Fidelity Investments Canada ULC (“FIC”)), which are investment advisers registered with the SEC operating principally in the United Kingdom, Japan, and Hong Kong or Participating Affiliates (as defined below) of such registered advisers. Certain of FIL’s subsidiaries and affiliates (including FIC), which are companies not registered with the SEC (each, a “Participating Affiliate”), have access to information (such as through employees who work for both a FIL registered adviser and the unregistered FIL subsidiary or affiliate) concerning securities recommendations for the registered adviser’s U.S. clients. Additionally, each of FMR LLC, the ultimate parent company of FMR, and FIL Limited have contracted on an arms-length basis for the provision of compliance monitoring and reporting services in their respective jurisdictions. As such, certain individuals supporting compliance and operations functions will have access to information concerning securities recommendations for each other’s clients. Subsidiaries of FIL Limited also distribute investment strategies and certain products advised by FMR and its affiliates outside of the U.S. FMR disclaims that it is a related person of FIL. In the course of FMR providing its investment advisory services, a portfolio manager, analyst, or other employee of FMR or its affiliates will, from time to time, express views regarding a particular company, security, industry, or market sector. The views expressed by any such person are the views of only that individual as of the time expressed and do not necessarily represent the views of FMR or its affiliates or any other person in the Fidelity organization. Any such views are subject to change at any time based upon market or other conditions and FMR disclaims any responsibility to update such views. These views may not be relied on as investment advice and, because investment decisions for an account managed by FMR or its affiliates are based on numerous factors, may not be relied on as an indication of trading intent on behalf of any such account. FMR or its affiliates generally have authority to determine which securities to purchase or sell and the total amount of such purchases and sales. However, with respect to each discretionary account, FMR’s and its affiliates’ authority is subject to certain limitations, including the applicable investment objectives, policies, and restrictions. These limitations are based on a variety of factors, including regulatory constraints and policies formally imposed by a client or its governing body (e.g., Board of Trustees) through, for example, a management agreement, and can cause differences in an account’s holdings or risk profile. With respect to FMR’s registered investment company clients, many of the applicable investment policies and limitations are set forth in each client’s registration statement filed with the SEC. With respect to private funds managed by FMR, applicable investment policies and limitations are set forth in the applicable confidential private placement memorandum provided. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services As part of its non-discretionary advisory services, FMR or its affiliates provide investment research services, which include written research notes, ratings, risk modeling, and portfolio analysis services. FMR provides this research to other affiliates and unaffiliated investment managers and financial institutions, in some instances, on a delayed basis. FMR also provides model portfolios (“Fidelity Model Portfolios”) for use or distribution by FMR’s affiliates, comprised of, as applicable, individual securities, mutual funds and/or exchange-traded products (“ETPs”), including exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), sponsored and managed by FMR or its affiliates (“Fidelity Model Portfolio Funds”), and certain ETPs managed by unaffiliated investment advisers. The Fidelity Model Portfolios are provided by FMR’s affiliates to financial institutions such as banks, broker-dealers and other investment advisers (“Model Portfolio Intermediary(ies)”) for use with 5  such Model Portfolio Intermediaries’ underlying clients or through a platform provider or are used directly by FMR’s affiliates to provide discretionary investment advisory services to their clients. Regulatory Assets Under Management As of December 31, 2024, FMR managed $4,730,738,518,487 of client assets on a discretionary basis. As of December 31, 2024, FMR did not manage any client assets on a non-discretionary basis. 5. Fees and Compensation Discretionary Advisory Services FMR’s mutual fund clients pay FMR a management fee that covers varying services depending on the fee structure. These structures include: (i) a fluctuating class-level all-inclusive fee rate (with certain exceptions), with or without a performance fee adjustment or income component; (ii) a fixed class-level all-inclusive fee rate (with certain exceptions); and (iii) a flat fee rate that excludes class-level expenses. For certain equity funds that have performance adjustments, the performance adjustment rate is calculated monthly by comparing the fund’s performance relative to a benchmark over a 36-month performance period. The maximum annualized performance adjustment rate is generally ±0.20% of the fund's average net assets over the performance period. The performance adjustment rate is divided by twelve and multiplied by the fund's average net assets over the performance period, and the resulting dollar amount is then added to or subtracted from a basic fee. The management fee arrangements for certain mutual funds consist of a fluctuating class level all- inclusive fee pursuant to which the management fee may vary by class. The difference in management fees between classes is the result of separate arrangements for class level services and/or waivers of certain expenses. It is not the result of any difference in advisory or custodial fees or other expenses related to the management of a fund’s assets, which do not vary by class. On behalf of certain of FMR’s mutual funds, FMR has entered into sub-advisory agreements with certain affiliated and unaffiliated investment advisers. Pursuant to the sub-advisory agreements, FMR, and not the funds, pays each investment adviser. FMR does not charge a management fee for providing investment advisory services to certain mutual funds that serve as underlying investment options to other mutual funds or accounts managed by FMR or other affiliated investment advisers. The specific rate charged to any particular fund varies based on the application of the management fee arrangement and performance adjustment fee, if any. The fee applicable to any fund, along with its fee schedule, is disclosed in that fund’s registration statement or offering document. FMR or its affiliates do not receive a management fee for investment advisory services provided to certain funds available through fee-based programs offered by FMR’s affiliates and are instead compensated for their services out of such fees. In the case of investment companies registered under the 1940 Act, both the advisory contract with FMR and the sub-advisory agreement between FMR and the sub-adviser, if applicable, are subject to approval by the Board of Trustees, including trustees who are not interested persons (as defined in the 1940 Act) (“Independent Trustees”), of each mutual fund and ETF. Fees charged to mutual fund and ETF clients are subject to negotiation prior to the initiation of FMR’s services. Compensation to FMR is deducted from a registered investment company’s assets and is payable on a monthly basis in arrears or on such other terms as FMR and the particular client may from time to time agree. Any investment advisory agreement concerning a registered investment company will terminate within two years of the effective date of the investment advisory agreement unless renewed by the investment company in a manner permitted by Section 15 of the 1940 Act. Any such agreement shall also terminate upon assignment or upon sixty (60) days’ advance written notice by any party to the agreement or by the investment company concerned. 6  For FMR clients that are not registered investment companies, compensation to FMR is deducted from that client’s assets in arrears generally on a monthly basis or at such other time as agreed between FMR and/or its affiliates and the particular client. When FMR is serving as a sub-adviser to clients that are not registered investment companies, the adviser to those clients pays FMR. FMR and/or its affiliates and the particular client may also agree to other terms of compensation from time to time. Where FMR sub-advises on behalf of other investment advisers, FMR charges a sub-advisory fee computed as a percentage of assets under management or a percentage of the investment adviser’s management fee, as negotiated with the investment adviser. FMR or its affiliates have, from time to time, voluntarily or contractually agreed to reimburse certain of its mutual fund clients for management fees and other expenses above a specified limit. FMR or its affiliates retain the ability to be repaid by such clients if expenses fall below the specified limit prior to the end of the client fiscal year. Reimbursement arrangements can decrease a fund’s expenses and enhance its performance. Voluntary reimbursement arrangements may be discontinued by FMR or its affiliates at any time. In addition to any management fee payable to FMR, and the costs associated with securities lending, as applicable, most funds in the Fidelity group of funds or classes thereof, as applicable, pay all fund expenses that are not assumed by those parties. Most funds pay for the typesetting, printing, and mailing of their proxy materials to shareholders, legal expenses, and the fees of the custodian, auditor, and Independent Trustees. Other expenses paid by a fund generally include, as applicable, interest, taxes, brokerage commissions, Rule 12b-1 fees, the fund's proportionate share of insurance premiums, and the costs of registering shares under federal securities laws and making necessary filings under state securities laws. A fund is also liable for such non-recurring expenses as may arise, including costs of any litigation to which the fund is a party, and any obligation it has to indemnify its officers and Trustees with respect to litigation. For information regarding FMR’s and its affiliates’ brokerage arrangements, see “Brokerage Practices” section herein. All fees under the Qualified Tuition Programs payable to FMR and its affiliates are payable in accordance with the terms of the contractual arrangements between the state sponsoring the program and FMR and its affiliates, and are negotiated on a case-by-case basis. The trustee(s) of each program pays FMR fees for its services, pursuant to the terms of the contract negotiated with each state or state agency. Generally speaking, fees are dependent upon the net assets of each investment portfolio, and the types of investments managed by FMR. For the Qualified Tuition Programs, the trust also bears fund expenses as a shareholder of the funds in which it invests. For investments in a Fidelity Fund, such expenses include investment advisory and other fees payable to FMR and/or its affiliates. An economic incentive exists for FMR to cause the assets of the Qualified Tuition Programs’ investment portfolios to be invested in funds with respect to which FMR and/or its affiliates receive greater compensation than other funds. FMR and its affiliates have adopted policies and procedures and maintain a compliance program designed to help manage these actual and potential conflicts. FMR charges advisory fees based on assets under management for the private funds. Such private funds are subject to the fee arrangements disclosed in each such fund’s confidential offering memorandum and/or subscription documents, and vary based on several factors, including fee breakpoints based on assets invested. Furthermore, these fees are subject to negotiation, and certain private fund clients have arrangements that differ from others, including discounts or waivers for all or a portion of their fees. Such arrangements take into account the scope of a client’s relationship with FMR. Fees are invoiced directly to clients and paid quarterly in arrears or are deducted directly from private fund assets and debited from an investor’s capital account with the private fund. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR provides non-discretionary advisory services, primarily in the form of research services, to other affiliated and unaffiliated investment managers or financial institutions, in some instances on a delayed basis. With respect to such services, fees are negotiable, paid in arrears, and generally relate to the amount of assets benefiting from the research or other advisory services. 7  6. Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management Discretionary Advisory Services The management of multiple funds and accounts (including proprietary accounts of FMR or one or more of its affiliates) gives rise to conflicts of interest, especially when the funds and accounts have different objectives, benchmarks, time horizons, and fees as the portfolio manager must allocate his or her time and investment ideas across multiple funds and accounts. Investment personnel are mindful of potentially conflicting interests of our clients and take appropriate measures to ensure that the interests of all clients are taken into consideration. As described in “Fees and Compensation” section herein, certain equity funds in the Fidelity group of funds have management fees that include a performance adjustment component. Where a portfolio manager manages multiple funds and accounts, and some of those funds and accounts include performance-adjusted fees and others do not, an economic incentive exists for the portfolio manager to favor those funds and accounts that include a performance- adjusted component. Conflicts of interest also arise when fund or account orders do not get fully executed due to being aggregated with those of other funds or accounts managed by FMR or an affiliate. Portfolio orders for another fund or account, when executed, may adversely impact the value of securities held by a fund. For example, short sales in one fund or account may have an adverse impact on the value of the shorted security held or traded by other funds or accounts. Although FMR or its affiliates monitor such transactions to attempt to ensure equitable treatment of both a fund or account holding a security and a fund or account that engages in short sales in the same or a similar security, there can be no assurance that the price of a security held by the fund or account is not impacted as a result. Also, securities selected for a particular fund or account may outperform the securities selected for other funds or accounts managed by the same portfolio manager. Portfolio managers are permitted to invest in the funds or accounts they manage even when, under certain circumstances, a fund or account is closed to new investors. FMR also manages certain proprietary accounts or “pilot funds,” which are used to develop investment ideas, strategies and management experience. These pilot funds or accounts are in some instances similar to other funds or accounts managed by FMR and trade in the same securities as other funds or accounts managed by FMR. FMR has oversight in place to ensure that trading and allocations for these funds and accounts are not favored over accounts managed for discretionary clients. For more information regarding trade allocation procedures, see “Trade Allocation Policies” in the “Brokerage Practices” section herein. FMR’s use of multiple investment strategies presents additional conflicts. For example, a conflict of interest situation is presented when Fidelity’s client accounts may invest in securities or purchase a loan relating to different parts of the capital structure of a single issuer. In some cases, Fidelity may exercise rights, provide additional capital, or approve or disapprove of certain corporate actions for certain client accounts with respect to an issuer, or refrain from taking any such action or decision and such actions or decisions may adversely impact the value or rights of securities or loans held by other client accounts. For example, if a client account holds loans, securities, or other positions in the capital structure of an issuer that ranks senior in preference to the holdings of other client accounts in the same issuer, and the issuer experiences financial or operational challenges, Fidelity, acting on behalf of the client account, may exercise its rights or provide additional capital in connection with a liquidation, reorganization, or restructuring of the issuer with terms that may have an adverse effect on or otherwise conflict with the interests of other client accounts. In connection with any lending arrangements involving the issuer in which a client account participates, Fidelity, on behalf of certain client accounts, may seek to exercise rights under the applicable loan agreement or other document in a manner that may prove detrimental to positions held by other client accounts. Alternatively, in situations in which client accounts hold a more senior position as compared to positions held by other client accounts in the capital structure of an issuer experiencing financial or other difficulties, Fidelity may determine not to pursue actions and remedies available to the client account or enforce particular terms that might be unfavorable to the other client accounts holding the less senior position so long as such determination does not adversely affect the funds holding such rights to take action. Additionally, Fidelity may negotiate for a new investment to rank senior to an existing investment or negotiate for other terms that 8  are advantageous to the clients making the new investment but disadvantageous to clients that only hold the existing investment. In addition, if client accounts hold voting securities of an issuer in which other client accounts hold loans, bonds, or other credit-related assets or securities, Fidelity may vote on certain matters in a manner that has an adverse effect on the positions held by other client accounts. Conversely, client accounts may hold voting securities of an issuer in which other client accounts hold credit-related assets or securities, and Fidelity may determine on behalf of the client accounts not to vote in a manner adverse to the other client accounts (including by abstaining from the relevant vote or voting in line with other pari passu investors in the same debt tranche) so long as such vote does not adversely affect the funds exercising such voting rights. These potential issues are examples of conflicts of interest that Fidelity will face when client accounts invest in different parts of the capital structure of a single issuer. Fidelity addresses these issues based on the facts and circumstances of each situation. This may result in the creation of separate advisory groups to consult with and represent the client accounts having potentially conflicting interests. Each of these separate groups will pursue options in the best interests of the client accounts they support without taking into consideration the other group’s positions. As a result of the conflicts presented in the examples above, client accounts could sustain losses or lower investment returns during periods in which other client accounts achieve gains or higher investment returns generally or with respect to particular holdings in the same issuer than would have been the case had the conflicts described above not existed. FMR has adopted policies and procedures and maintains a compliance program designed to help manage conflicts arising from side-by-side management, which include trade allocation policies. These policies and procedures seek to ensure that trading for all funds and accounts is fair and equitable over time. There can be no assurance, however, that all conflicts have been addressed in all situations. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to the management of multiple funds and accounts, see “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” section herein. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not receive any performance-based fees for non-discretionary services. 7. Types of Clients Discretionary Advisory Services FMR's clients are principally mutual funds, ETFs, other institutional accounts, including Qualified Tuition Programs and private funds, and other advisers, both affiliated and unaffiliated. On behalf of other advisers, FMR sub-advises mutual funds and institutional accounts managed, and also serves as an adviser or sub-adviser to various accounts for which FMR’s affiliates have contracted to provide investment advisory services, including, among others, unit and investment trusts, collective investment trusts, and investment companies authorized in jurisdictions outside the United States. FMR provides investment supervisory services on behalf of clients of affiliated or unaffiliated advisers following similar investment strategies that FMR uses for other clients. FMR will generally accept only investment company clients, or similar foreign mutual fund clients, and other institutional account clients, including private fund clients and Qualified Tuition Plans, on a fully discretionary basis (subject to whatever limitations have been set forth by the client’s or fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, and as may be imposed by law). Other accounts may be considered on a case-by-case basis and may be subject to a minimum asset amount. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR provides non-discretionary investment research services to affiliates of FMR and unaffiliated investment managers and financial institutions. FMR also provides model portfolio services for FMR’s 9  affiliates. FMR does not provide any such investment advice directly to FMR affiliates’ institutional clients or any underlying clients of such institutional clients. 8. Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss FMR uses a variety of methods of security analysis to select investments in managing client assets, including, as applicable: fundamental analysis (i.e., evaluating each issuer’s financial condition, industry position, financially material sustainable investing factors, and the market and economic conditions impacting their profitability); quantitative analysis (i.e., mathematical and statistical modeling); technical analysis (i.e., statistical analysis of market activity); cyclical analysis (i.e., evaluating issuers based in part on their sensitivity to business cycles); and factor-based analysis (i.e., evaluating investment opportunities based on exposure to targeted characteristics). FMR also uses general macro-economic analysis as a component of its security analysis methods. In addition to relying on financial statement information, FMR uses extensive in-person and/or remote corporate visits and interviews with issuer management teams in conducting research, offering statements of various municipalities as a source of information, information and analysis relating to foreign sovereigns and currency markets, third-party research, and alternative data. FMR uses a wide variety of investment strategies in managing client assets according to client investment objectives, including, but not limited to, investing, as applicable, in: real estate related investments of all types; • stocks and other public and private equity securities; • bonds and other debt securities of all types and repurchase agreements for those securities; • Bank debt and loans; • Direct Loans; • • derivatives, such as index futures, covered and uncovered options; • interest rate, total return and credit default swaps, cleared and non-cleared swap transactions and swaptions, including interest rate, total return and credit default swaps, and equity-linked notes; futures transactions, currency spot and forward trading and other currency related derivatives; • • other affiliated and unaffiliated investment funds, including actively-managed and indexed equity, bond and money market funds and ETFs; • FMR’s or its affiliates’ central funds (specialized investment vehicles used by Fidelity Funds to invest in particular security types or investment disciplines, or for cash management). FMR invests in securities of companies engaged in a variety of economic sectors and industries that are domiciled in the U.S. and outside the U.S. (in developed, emerging and frontier markets); in stocks with growth or value characteristics; and in companies with market capitalizations of all sizes. FMR invests across different asset classes, market sectors, maturities, and regions. With respect to money market funds, FMR observes industry-standard regulatory requirements for money market funds for the quality, maturity, liquidity, and diversification of investments. Multi-manager funds are structured so that FMR can hire affiliated and unaffiliated sub-advisers to manage sub-portfolios of individual securities, buy and sell mutual funds and ETFs, including mutual funds and ETFs that are managed by FMR and/or its affiliates, and hold all of these securities within one fund. With respect to strategies that consist of investing in underlying funds, the factors considered when making an investment include, but are not limited to, fund performance, a fund manager’s experience and investment style, fund company infrastructure, and fund characteristics such as expense ratio, asset size, and portfolio turnover. The value of securities selected using quantitative analysis can react differently to issuer, political, market, and economic developments than the market as a whole or securities selected using only fundamental analysis. The factors used in quantitative analysis and the weight placed on those factors may not be predictive of a security's value. In addition, factors that affect a security's value can change over time and these changes may not be reflected in the quantitative model. 10  For strategies that focus on investing in securities of issuers that FMR believes have proven or improving sustainability practices, FMR uses a proprietary sustainability ratings process to evaluate the current state of an issuer’s practices across operational, human and natural capital and to provide a forward-looking assessment of an issuer’s sustainability outlook. FMR’s sustainability ratings of issuers are derived from multiple factors, including an issuer’s treatment of natural capital, which may include, but is not limited to, carbon and toxic emissions, water management, waste management, vulnerability to the physical impacts of climate change, and research and investment into products, services, and energies that reduce emissions and/or provide opportunities to achieve a low carbon transition. An assessment of an issuer’s human capital profile includes, but is not limited to, its approach to workforce and talent management, data privacy, product safety, supply chain policies and practices, and human rights. With respect to operational capital, FMR considers the independence and composition of an issuer’s board, the issuer’s compensation practices, and board oversight of critical sustainability issues. These factors are weighted based on how material FMR believes each factor is to an issuer’s financial outlook, and not all factors may be applicable to all issuers. Not all issuers of securities held in the strategies are necessarily covered by FMR's sustainability ratings process. For strategies with a sustainable investing focus, that consist of investing in underlying funds, FMR seeks to invest principally in funds that invest in securities of issuers that the funds’ investment advisers believe have proven or improving sustainability practices. As part of its investment approach for sustainable strategies, FMR also applies criteria (“exclusion criteria”) that seek to exclude issuers that are directly engaged in, and/or derive significant revenue from, certain industries or product lines. These criteria can differ across sustainable-oriented strategies, depending on a portfolio's mandate, but may include, for example: civilian semi-automatic firearms; tobacco production, or bonds issued against the proceeds of tobacco settlements; for-profit prisons; controversial weapons (e.g., cluster munitions, landmines, etc.); and thermal coal production and/or mining. FMR may periodically update the exclusion criteria. FMR uses a variety of trading approaches to implement its investment strategies, including cash trading on- and off-exchange, FX forwards, covered short sales, margin transactions, and option writing, including covered options, uncovered options or spreading strategies. Margin may be required in connection with certain futures, FX forwards, and options transactions or in connection with short sales. FMR does not engage in the purchase of securities on margin, except it may do so in connection with clearance and settlement of securities transactions. The extent to which any of these strategies is used on behalf of any one client is based on that client’s investment objective, policies and restrictions. In addition, FMR engages in securities lending to parties such as broker-dealers or other institutions. FMR has established policies for its clients reasonably designed to ensure that lending opportunities are apportioned appropriately among them over time. When supply/demand is insufficient to satisfy all eligible clients, lending opportunities are generally apportioned based on the client’s security position size as a percentage of the client’s net assets in that particular security. Summary of Material Risks The strategies presented above pose risks, and many factors affect each fund’s or account's performance. The following risk factors are not a complete list of the risks involved in an investment in the strategies and products advised or managed by FMR. These risk factors include only those risks we believe to be material. With respect to FMR’s mutual fund, collective investment trust (CIT), limited partnership, ETF, separately managed accounts, and other institutional account clients, more detailed information relating to the methods and strategies and their associated risks are set forth in that fund’s or account’s prospectus and registration statement filed with the SEC or other applicable offering or account guideline documents. Past performance is not an indication of future performance or a guarantee of future results. An investment may be risky and may not be suitable for an investor's goals, objectives, and risk tolerance. Investors should be aware that an investment's value may be volatile, and any investment involves the risk that you may lose money. An investment in a fund or an account advised by FMR is not a deposit of a bank and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation nor any other government agency. Strategies that pursue investments in equities will be subject to stock market volatility, and strategies that pursue fixed income investments (such as bond or money market funds) will see values fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. Developments that disrupt global economies and financial 11  markets, such as war, acts of terrorism, natural disasters, economic sanctions, the spread of infectious illness, pandemic or other public health issues, recessions or other events may magnify factors that affect performance. In addition, some countries experience low or negative interest rates, from time to time, which may magnify interest rate risk for the markets as a whole and for the funds or accounts. All strategies are ultimately affected by impacts to the individual issuers, such as changes in an issuer's profitability and credit quality, or changes in tax, regulatory, market or economic developments. A decline in the credit quality of an issuer can cause the price of a security to decrease. Lower-quality debt securities (those of less than investment-grade quality, also referred to as high-yield debt securities or junk bonds) involve greater risk of default or price changes due to changes in the credit quality of the issuer. The value of lower-quality debt securities can be more volatile due to increased sensitivity to adverse issuer, political, regulatory, market, or economic developments. Non-diversified funds and accounts that invest in a smaller number of individual issuers can be more sensitive to these changes. Nearly all funds or accounts are subject to volatility in non-U.S. markets, either through direct exposure or indirect effects on U.S. markets from events abroad, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and, in the case of less-developed markets, currency illiquidity. Those funds and accounts with investments in emerging and frontier markets are potentially subject to heightened volatility from greater social, economic, regulatory, and political uncertainties, as the extent of economic development, political stability, market depth, infrastructure, capitalization, and regulatory oversight can be less than in more developed markets. Trading, settlement, and custodial practices (including those involving securities settlement where fund or account assets are released prior to receipt of payment) in non-U.S. markets that are less developed than those in U.S. markets may result in increased investment or valuation risks, increased counterparty exposure, or substantial delays (including those arising from failed trades or the insolvency of, or breach of duty by, a broker-dealer, securities depository, sub-custodian, clearinghouse or other party). Additionally, funds or accounts that pursue debt investments are subject to risks of prepayment or default, as well as changes to bankruptcy or debtor relief laws, which may impede collection efforts or alter timing and amount of collections. Funds or accounts that pursue strategies that concentrate in particular industries or are otherwise subject to particular segments of the market (e.g., money market funds' exposure to the financial services industry, municipal funds' exposure to the municipal bond market, or international, emerging markets or frontier markets funds’ exposure to a particular country or region) are more significantly impacted by events affecting those industries or markets. The value of securities of issuers in the real estate industry can be affected by changes in real estate values and rental income, property taxes, interest rates, tax and regulatory requirements, overbuilding, extended vacancies of properties, and the issuer's management skill. Strategies that lead funds or accounts to invest in other funds bear all the risks inherent in the underlying funds in which those funds invest, and strategies that pursue leverage risk, including investment in derivatives—such as swaps (interest rate, total return, and credit default) and futures contracts—and forward-settling securities, magnify market exposure and potential losses. Investing based on sustainability factors may cause a fund or account to forgo certain investment opportunities available to funds or accounts that do not use such criteria. Because of the subjective nature of sustainable investing, there can be no guarantee that criteria used by FMR or its affiliates in its sustainable strategies will reflect the beliefs or values of any particular fund or account. Certain exclusions are based in whole or in part on data provided by one or more third-party vendor(s) and are, therefore, subject to each vendor's industry and product line definitions (which may differ from those of FMR) and data limitations. Data used in applying the exclusion criteria may include inputs self-disclosed by companies as well as estimates where public disclosures are unavailable. Additionally, FMR or its affiliates rely upon information and data obtained through third-party reporting, which, if incomplete or inaccurate, could result in FMR or its affiliates imprecisely evaluating an issuer’s practices with respect to material sustainability factors. Additionally, funds and accounts are subject to operational risks, which can include risks of loss arising from failures in internal processes, people or systems, such as routine processing errors or major systems failures, or from external events, such as securities exchange outages. While FMR has implemented a program to provide ongoing oversight of the sub-advisers it selects for multi-manager funds or other funds and accounts, the sub-advisers make the day-to-day investment decisions for the portions of the funds and accounts they manage. Direct Lending strategies invest primarily in privately-held companies for which very little public information exists. Such companies also generally have more limited financial resources, are more 12  vulnerable to adverse business, political, or financial developments or economic downturns, and may experience substantial variations in operating results. As a result, a fundamental risk associated with direct lending strategies is that the companies in whose debt a fund invests will be unable to make regular payments (e.g., principal and interest payments) when due, or at all, or otherwise fail to perform. Some privately-held companies may be difficult to value and are illiquid. There is the potential for inaccurate or incomplete information to be provided, which may affect the valuation of the collateral underlying the loans. Ultimately, a fund's or account’s share price and/or net asset value changes daily based on changes in market conditions, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, and in response to other economic, political, or financial developments. A fund's or account’s reaction to these events will be affected by the types of securities in which the fund or account invests; the financial condition, industry and economic sector, and geographic location of an issuer; and the fund's or account’s level of investment in the securities of that issuer. A fund’s or account’s investment in such securities involves risk of loss that clients of the fund or account would, and should, be prepared to bear. When a shareholder sells or redeems shares in the fund, the shares may be worth more or less than what the shareholder paid for them, which means that the shareholder could lose money by investing in the fund. Similarly, an account owner could lose money due to a decline in the account’s net asset value. Due to regulatory and issuer-specific limits that apply to the ownership of securities of certain issuers, FMR and its affiliates limit investments in the securities of such issuers. Similar limitations apply to futures and other derivatives, such as options. In addition, FMR and/or its affiliates from time-to-time determine that, because of regulatory requirements that apply to FMR and/or its affiliates in relation to investments in a particular country or in an issuer operating in a particular regulated industry, investments in the securities of issuers domiciled or listed on trading markets in that country or operating in that regulated industry above certain thresholds is impractical or undesirable. The foregoing limits and thresholds may apply at the account level or in the aggregate across all accounts (or certain subsets of accounts) managed, sponsored, or owned by, or otherwise attributable to, FMR and its affiliates. For investment risk management and other purposes, FMR and its affiliates also generally apply internal aggregate limits on the amount of a particular issuer’s securities that are owned by all such accounts, although such limits may vary for certain accounts established to develop performance track records. In connection with the foregoing limits and thresholds, FMR limits or excludes clients’ investment in particular issuers, futures, derivatives and/or other instruments (or limits the exercise of voting or other rights) and investment flexibility may be restricted. In addition, to the extent that client accounts already own securities that directly or indirectly contribute to such an ownership threshold being exceeded, FMR generally sells securities held in such accounts to bring account-level and/or aggregate ownership below the relevant threshold. If any such sales result in realized losses for client accounts, those client accounts may bear such losses depending on the particular circumstances. FMR and its affiliates establish internal limits, and are subject to external limits, on how much the funds and accounts they manage can invest in any one other fund. Additionally, regulatory restrictions limit the amount that one fund can invest in another, which means that FMR is limited in the amount it can cause a fund it manages to invest in any particular fund. With respect to private funds advised by FMR, more detailed information relating to the investment strategies used to manage a particular fund and the risks of investing in the fund are set out in the applicable fund’s confidential offering memorandum. Private fund investments are not liquid and cannot be redeemed in the public market. Redemption of interests in a private fund is subject to the terms and conditions contained in the offering memorandum. FMR provides discretionary management services to the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs, subject to FIWA’s supervision and oversight. Investment strategies that seek to enhance after-tax performance may be unable to fully realize strategic gains or harvest losses due to various factors. Market conditions may limit the ability to generate tax losses. Investing techniques that consider tax consequences may cause a portfolio to hold a security to achieve more favorable tax treatment or to sell a security to create tax losses. A tax loss realized by a U.S. client after selling a security will be negated if the client purchases the security within thirty days. This is commonly referred to as a “wash sale.” Although FMR generally seeks to avoid “wash sales” when possible, it may not be possible to avoid a wash sale in all circumstances, including 13  as a result of trading by a client in portfolios not managed by FIWA and FMR. A wash sale may also be triggered by FMR when it has sold a security for loss harvesting and shortly thereafter FIWA and FMR is directed by the client to invest additional cash resulting in a repurchase of the security. The investment research process employed by FMR includes gathering, cleaning, culling and analyzing large amounts of data from external public sources and/or third-party data providers, including, in some instances, through the use of generative artificial intelligence ("AI") and large language models ("LLM"). It is not possible or practicable, however, to factor all relevant, available data into economic forecasts or trading decisions. In addition, due to the automated nature of this data gathering and the fact that much of this data comes from third-party sources, it is inevitable that not all desired or relevant data will be available to, or processed by, FMR at all times. Investors should be aware that there is no guarantee that the data utilized in generating forecasts or making trading decisions will be the most accurate data available or even free of errors. Furthermore, the use of AI and LLMs may require training of the models to be used in the research process and proper engagement by analysts in order to yield the desired outcome. There can be no guarantee that LLMs can be trained to address all scenarios or that they will provide complete and accurate responses in all situations. AI and LLMs are subject to various risks, including (1) the data used to train LLMs suffers inaccuracies, biases, or flaws that may cause the AI model to respond other than as intended; (2) weak controls in the development and use of AI allow it to be deployed for use cases for which it was not intended; and (3) the AI may provide inaccurate or fabricated responses to queries it is unable to process (a “hallucination”). Fidelity has adopted a Generative AI Policy and governance framework so that the use of AI and LLMs is targeted and limited, and that AI and LLMs are trained using known and appropriate data sources and are subject to controls and oversight, which helps ensure that the use of AI and LLMs is but one input into the research process. Investors should assume that the foregoing limitation and risks associated with gathering, cleaning, culling and analyzing large amounts of data from third-party, other external sources, and the use of AI and LLMs, are an inherent part of investing. There may also be incidents where data fails to load or FMR’s systems fail to retrieve or capture the data, for example, because of changes in the vendor’s or FMR’s system configurations due to upgrades, enhancements, maintenance or errors, or that LLMs provide incorrect information in response to certain prompts. Investors should assume that these data errors, like other system implementation errors, and their ensuing risks and impact are an inherent part of investing. Accordingly, unless otherwise required to do so, FMR does not expect to disclose discovered data errors to clients. With the increased use of technologies to conduct business, FMR and its affiliates are susceptible to operational, information security and related risks. For example, computer, communications, data processing, networks, backup, business continuity or other operating, information or technology systems, including those outsourced to other providers, may fail to operate properly or become disabled, overloaded or damaged as a result of a number of factors. These factors could include events that are wholly or partially beyond our control and may have a negative effect on our ability to conduct business activities. We believe that we have taken reasonable steps to mitigate these risks, but do not believe that we can eliminate them altogether. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events and may arise from external or internal sources. Cyber-attacks include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems (e.g., through “hacking” or malicious software coding) for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information; corrupting data, equipment or systems; or causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users). Cyber incidents affecting FMR, its affiliates, or any other service providers (including, but not limited to, accountants, custodians, transfer agents and financial intermediaries used by a fund or account) have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, interference with the ability to calculate NAV, impediments to trading, the inability to transact business, destruction to equipment and systems, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, or additional compliance costs. Similar adverse consequences could result from cyber incidents affecting issuers of securities in which a fund or account invests, counterparties with which a fund or account engages in transactions, governmental and other regulatory authorities, exchange and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies and other financial institutions (including financial intermediaries and service providers) and other parties. 14  9. Disciplinary Information There are no legal or disciplinary events that are material to the evaluation of FMR’s business or the integrity of its management. 10. Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations Broker-Dealers FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following broker-dealers: Fidelity Distributors Company LLC (“FDC LLC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Global Brokerage Group, Inc., is the principal underwriter for business development companies ("BDCs") and general distributor of shares of the Fidelity family of registered investment companies (including, open-end mutual funds and exchange-traded funds ("ETFs") and closed-end funds). FDC LLC markets products such as mutual funds, ETFs, closed-end funds, private funds, and commingled pools advised by FMR, its affiliates, or certain unaffiliated advisers to certain third-party financial intermediaries and institutional investors. On behalf of certain FDC LLC investment advisor affiliates, FDC LLC also solicits intermediaries, institutions, and governmental entities who are interested in purchasing investment advisory services directly or for their clients. FDC LLC also acts as a solicitor for FMR’s products, and acts as a placement agent for certain privately offered investment funds advised by FMR. FDC LLC is a registered broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC (“FBS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Global Brokerage Group, Inc., is a registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act, and provides brokerage products and services including the sale of shares of investment companies advised by FMR to individuals and institutions including retirement plans administered by affiliates. Pursuant to referral agreements and for compensation, representatives of FBS refer customers to various services offered by FBS’s related persons, and FBS acts as a solicitor for FMR’s products. FBS also acts as a placement agent for certain privately-offered investment funds advised by FMR. In addition, FBS is the distributor of insurance products, including variable annuities, which are issued by FMR’s related persons, Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“FILI”) and Empire Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“EFILI”). FBS provides shareholder services to certain of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients. Fidelity Global Brokerage Group, Inc. (“FGBG”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, wholly owns six broker-dealers: Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC, National Financial Services LLC, Fidelity Distributors Company LLC, Fidelity Prime Financing LLC, Digital Brokerage Services LLC and Green Pier Fintech LLC. FGBG and FMR Sakura Holdings, Inc., both wholly owned subsidiaries of FMR LLC, along with other third-party financial institutions, also have ownership interests in Kezar Markets, LLC. Transactions for clients of FMR or other entities for which FMR serves as investment adviser or sub- adviser or provides discretionary trading services, as well as clients of FMR’s affiliates, are executed through two alternative trading systems, the LeveL ATS and the Luminex ATS, that are, operated by Kezar Trading, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Kezar Markets, LLC. Digital Brokerage Services LLC (“DBS”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Global Brokerage Group Inc., is a registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act. DBS provides securities brokerage services to a retail customer base through a digital mobile application-based brokerage platform. DBS clears all customer transactions through National Financial Services LLC and Green Pier Fintech LLC, each an affiliated registered broker-dealer, on a fully disclosed basis. National Financial Services LLC (“NFS”) is a registered broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and is a fully disclosed clearing broker-dealer. As such, NFS provides clearing, settlement, and execution services for other broker-dealers, including its affiliate FBS. Fidelity Capital Markets (“FCM”) is a division of NFS that provides trade executions for FMR and other advisory clients. Additionally, FCM operates CrossStream, an alternative trading system that allows orders submitted by its subscribers to be crossed against orders submitted by other subscribers. CrossStream is used to execute transactions for FMR or FMR’s affiliates’ investment companies and other advisory clients. NFS provides transfer agent or sub transfer agent services and other custodial services to certain of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ 15  clients. NFS may provide securities lending services to certain of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients. Additionally, NFS provides prime brokerage services to certain of FMR’s clients. NFS is a wholly owned subsidiary of FGBG, a holding company that provides certain administrative services to NFS and other affiliates. Kezar Trading, LLC, a registered broker-dealer and operator of alternative trading systems (“ATS”), operates the Luminex ATS and the LeveL ATS, which allow orders submitted by their subscribers to be crossed against orders submitted by other subscribers. Kezar Trading, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kezar Markets, LLC. FGBG and FMR Sakura Holdings, Inc., both wholly owned subsidiaries of FMR LLC, along with other third-party financial institutions, have ownership interests in Kezar Markets, LLC. Kezar Trading, LLC charges a commission to both sides of each trade executed in the Luminex ATS and LeveL ATS. The Luminex ATS and LeveL ATS are used to execute transactions for FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ investment companies and other advisory clients. NFS serves as a clearing agent for transactions executed in the Luminex ATS. FMR is authorized to place portfolio transactions with FCM and use CrossStream, an ATS operated by NFS, as well as Luminex ATS and LeveL ATS, which are operated by Kezar Trading, LLC, if it reasonably believes the quality of the transaction is comparable to what it would be with other qualified broker-dealers. In addition, FMR places client trades with broker-dealers that use NFS or FCC as a clearing agent. Transactions executed by brokers considered to be affiliates of FMR under the 1940 Act on behalf of registered investment company clients are effected in accordance with Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act, and procedures adopted thereunder. FCM and Kezar Trading, LLC cross transactions on an agency basis between clients of FMR or its affiliates, including investment company clients, non-investment company clients, and other non- advisory clients (agency cross transactions), as permitted by applicable rules and regulations. Such transactions will be executed, to the extent required by law, in accordance with (i) Rule 206(3)-2 under the Advisers Act, requiring written consent, confirmations of transactions and annual reporting, and (ii) procedures adopted pursuant to Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act by the Board of Trustees or Directors of FMR’s clients that are registered investment companies. Conflicts of interest with respect to registered investment companies that arise from dealings with affiliated brokers are governed by various policies adopted by the respective funds' Board of Trustees or Directors. For example, Section 10(f) of the 1940 Act is intended to prevent affiliated underwriters from “dumping” undesirable securities on funds or otherwise using fund purchases to benefit the underwriting syndicate. In accordance with Rule 10f-3, the fund Boards of Trustees or Directors have adopted procedures by which the funds are permitted to purchase securities in offerings for which FCM acts as a principal underwriter, provided that certain conditions are satisfied. Additionally, Section 17(a) prevents affiliated brokers from selling securities to, or buying securities from, the funds on their own behalf, except to the extent allowed by law, to prevent those affiliated brokers from taking advantage of the funds. The fund Boards of Trustees or Directors have adopted policies and procedures preventing affiliated brokers from engaging in such transactions, except to the extent allowed by law. Furthermore, Section 17(e)(1) prevents affiliated brokers from charging excessive fees for transactions on behalf of the funds. Under Rule 17e-1, affiliated brokers are permitted to receive a “usual and customary brokerage commission” in connection with transactions effected on a securities exchange, and the Rule 17e-1 procedures adopted by the fund Boards of Trustees or Directors ensure that the fees do not exceed the usual and customary requirements. In addition, FMR has adopted various policies and procedures to address provisions of and prohibitions under the Adviser’s Act and ERISA (where applicable) with respect to potential conflicts of interest and self- dealing. In certain circumstances, trades are executed through alternative trading systems or national securities exchanges in which FMR or its affiliates have an interest. Any decision to execute a trade through an alternative trading system or exchange in which FMR or its affiliates have an interest would be made in accordance with applicable law, including best execution obligations. For trades placed on such a system or exchange, not limited to ones in which FMR or its affiliates have an ownership interest, FMR 16  or its affiliates derive benefit in the form of increased valuation(s) of its equity interest, where it has an ownership interest, or other remuneration, including rebates. Securities Lending NFS provides securities lending services to the Fidelity group of funds and other client accounts (lending accounts) that are advised by FMR or FMR’s affiliates under a securities lending agency agreement subject to a flat fee arrangement and a limit, or cap, on total daily compensation. An economic incentive exists for NFS to increase the amount of securities out on loan to generate income equal to the daily cap; however, FMR, not NFS, determines daily the securities that are eligible to participate in the securities lending program. NFS has established policies and procedures designed to help ensure that the information NFS receives about the lending accounts in its capacity as securities lending agent is used solely in connection with the agency securities lending program and is not accessed by trading personnel who effect transactions in NFS proprietary accounts or in the accounts of NFS’s other clients. NFS also borrows securities from the Fidelity group of funds pursuant to SEC exemptive relief. NFS uses automated third-party software to allocate loans to a pre-approved list of borrowers provided by FMR or an affiliate to help ensure the fair allocation of lending opportunities between NFS and other borrowers. The above referenced policies and procedures help ensure that the information NFS receives in its capacity as securities lending agent is not used by NFS in its role as borrower. If a borrower in a securities loan defaults, NFS would indemnify a lending account to the extent that the collateral deposited by the borrower is insufficient to make the lending account whole, which subjects NFS to collateral shortfall risk (“shortfall risk”). Management of the shortfall risk creates an incentive for NFS to limit the amount of securities lending activity NFS conducts on behalf of the lending accounts, which has the potential to reduce the volume of lending opportunities for certain types of loans. FMR has established policies and procedures that provide for FMR or its affiliates, as applicable, to compare loans entered into by NFS on behalf of the lending accounts with opportunities for securities loans that NFS passed over. Missed opportunities will be evaluated by FMR or its affiliates, as applicable, and reviewed with NFS. NFS has purchased insurance to mitigate shortfall risk. Investment Company or Other Pooled Investment Vehicle FMR provides portfolio management services for several investment companies, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds. FMR disclaims that it is a related person of the investment companies for which it provides investment management services. Related persons of FMR are general partners of limited partnerships or managers or managing members of limited liability companies or other pooled investment vehicles, such as privately-offered investment funds, in which clients of FMR or its affiliates invest and which FMR or its affiliates advise. These privately-offered investment funds invest in a wide variety of interests, including securities and derivatives instruments, real estate, loans, and other privately-offered funds. Other Investment Advisers FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the investment advisers identified below. Fidelity Diversifying Solutions LLC ("FDS") is a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC and a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. FDS is registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) under the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended (the “CEA”), as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) and a commodity trading adviser (“CTA”). FDS is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”). FDS provides portfolio management services as an adviser and, where required, a CPO to registered investment companies, unregistered investment companies ("private funds"), business development companies (“BDCs”), and separately managed accounts. FMR Investment Management (UK) Limited (“FMR UK”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FMR, is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is authorized by the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority to provide investment advisory and portfolio management services. FMR UK provides investment advisory and portfolio management services to certain collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") issuers and as a sub-adviser to certain of FMR’s clients, including investment 17  companies in the Fidelity group of funds, and provides trading services to FMR and its affiliates. FMR UK provides portfolio management services as an adviser or sub-adviser to clients of other affiliated and unaffiliated advisers. FMR UK is also authorized to undertake insurance mediation as part of its benefits consulting business. FMR UK is also registered with the Central Bank of Ireland. Fidelity Management & Research (Japan) Limited (“FMR (Japan)”), a direct wholly owned subsidiary of FMR, is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is authorized by the Japan Financial Services Agency (Kanto Local Finance Bureau) to provide investment advisory and discretionary investment management services. FMR (Japan) supplies investment research and investment advisory information and provides discretionary investment management services to certain clients of FMR and its affiliates, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds, and to clients of other affiliated and unaffiliated advisers. Fidelity Management & Research (Hong Kong) Limited (“FMR (Hong Kong)”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR, is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is authorized by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission to advise on securities, dealing in futures contracts, provide asset management services, and conduct trading services. FMR (Hong Kong) provides investment advisory or portfolio management services as a sub-adviser with respect to certain clients of FMR and its affiliates, including investment companies in the Fidelity group of funds, and provides trading services to FMR and its affiliates. FMR (Hong Kong) provides portfolio management services as an adviser or sub-adviser to clients of other affiliated and unaffiliated advisers. Fidelity Institutional Wealth Adviser LLC (“FIWA”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. FIWA provides non-discretionary investment advice to financial institutions in connection with the provision of model portfolios (“Fidelity Model Portfolios”) and model-delivered separately managed accounts (“Fidelity Advisor Separately Managed Accounts” or “Fidelity Advisor SMAs”). FIWA also offers Fidelity Managed Account Xchange (“FMAX”) and Fidelity Managed Account Xchange Essentials to financial intermediaries, which include Fidelity Model Portfolios and Fidelity Advisor SMAs. FMR acts as sub-advisor to FIWA in providing discretionary portfolio management services to Fidelity Institutional SMAs. FMR also provides model portfolio construction services to FIWA in connection with FIWA’s services to its intermediary clients and FIWA compensates FMR for such services. Strategic Advisers LLC (“Strategic Advisers”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Advisory Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC, and is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Strategic Advisers provides discretionary and non-discretionary advisory services and acts as the investment manager to registered investment companies that invest in affiliated and unaffiliated funds. Strategic Advisers serves as the sponsor and discretionary manager to investment advisory programs and can retain the services of affiliated and unaffiliated sub-advisers and model providers for its advisory programs. Strategic Advisers is registered with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator and is a member of the NFA. FIAM LLC (“FIAM”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of FIAM Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC, and provides investment management services, including sub-advisory services to FMR or its affiliates. FIAM is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. FIAM is also registered with the Central Bank of Ireland. Ballyrock Investment Advisors LLC (“Ballyrock”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, and is registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act. Ballyrock provides investment advisory services to collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) issuers, with a focus on investments in high yield debt securities, primarily including bank loans. FMR or its affiliates provides portfolio management services as a sub-adviser to clients of Ballyrock. Impresa Management LLC (“Impresa”) is owned by trusts, the trustees of which are individuals, certain of whom are employees of FMR LLC. Impresa is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act and serves as (i) an investment adviser and general partner or manager for certain limited partnerships or limited liability companies (the “Investor Entities”); and (ii) an investment adviser and/or the ultimate general partner or manager (either directly or indirectly through subsidiary entities) to certain collective investment entities in which the Investor Entities invest and to funds or other special 18  purpose vehicles that co-invest or hold investments alongside such collective investment vehicles. Impresa also provides investment advisory services as an adviser to other affiliated entities or sub- adviser to other affiliated or unaffiliated entities. Impresa generally invests, on behalf of its clients, in securities of private companies, purchased and sold in privately negotiated transactions, and generally does not purchase publicly traded securities. From time to time, Impresa clients acquire or hold publicly traded securities as a result of a private portfolio company’s initial public offering, the purchase of additional securities in such an initial public offering or through the acquisition of a portfolio company by a public company. Impresa from time to time invests in less established or early-stage companies, as well as later-stage private companies. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to proprietary trading, see “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” section herein. Fidelity Management & Research (Canada) ULC (“FMR-Canada”) is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of FMR. FMR-Canada is registered as a portfolio manager and a commodity trading manager with the Ontario Securities Commission. FMR-Canada provides portfolio management services as a sub-adviser to certain of FMR’s and its affiliates’ clients. FMR or its affiliates use the investment management personnel of certain of the investment advisors noted above and the trust companies noted below under personnel sharing arrangements or other inter- company agreements. In addition, FMR or its affiliates provide certain administrative services to certain of the foregoing investment advisers, including, but not limited to, securities and derivatives trade execution, investment compliance and proxy voting. Banking, Thrift Institutions, and Trust Companies FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following affiliated banking and trust institutions. FMR or its affiliates provide certain investment management personnel to certain of the banking and trust institutions under personnel sharing arrangements or other inter-company agreements. In addition, FMR or its affiliates provide certain administrative services to certain of the foregoing banking and trust institutions, including, but not limited to, securities and derivatives trade execution, investment compliance and proxy voting. Fidelity Management Trust Company (“FMTC”), a limited-purpose trust company organized and operating under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, provides non-discretionary trustee and custodial services to employee benefit plans and IRAs through which individuals invest in mutual funds managed by FMR or its affiliates, and discretionary investment management services to institutional clients and acts as trustee and investment manager of collective investment trusts. FMR or its affiliates provide portfolio management services as a sub-adviser to certain of FMTC’s clients. FMTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of FMTC Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC. Fidelity Personal Trust Company, FSB (“FPTC”) is a federal savings bank that offers fiduciary services to its customers that include trustee or co-trustee services, custody, principal and income accounting, investment management services, and recordkeeping and administration. FPTC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fidelity Thrift Holding Company, Inc., which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC. Fidelity Institutional Asset Management Trust Company (“FIAM TC”), a trust company organized under the laws of the State of New Hampshire, provides investment management services principally for institutional clients, including employee benefit plans and acts as trustee and investment manager of its collective investment trusts. FIAM TC is a wholly owned subsidiary of FIAM Holdings LLC, which in turn is wholly owned by FMR LLC. FIAM or its affiliates provide certain administrative services to FIAM TC, including, but not limited to, trade execution, investment compliance, and proxy voting. Insurance Companies or Agencies FMR or its affiliates have relationships or arrangements with the following insurance companies and agencies: Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“FILI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is engaged in the distribution and issuance of life insurance and annuity products that may offer shares of investment companies managed by FMR or its affiliates. 19  Empire Fidelity Investments Life Insurance Company (“EFILI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of FILI, is engaged in the distribution and issuance of life insurance and annuity products that may offer shares of investment companies managed by FMR or its affiliates to residents of New York. Fidelity Insurance Agency, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is engaged in the business of selling life insurance and annuity products of affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies. Fidelity Health Insurance Services LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, is an insurance licensed business entity (agency) under which certain workplace and individual insurance-related product and services are offered or sold. Product and services include Medicare-related products sold to individuals and employer-offered benefits such as broker/agent for certain group health plans, retiree transition to Medicare, and voluntary/optional insurance coverage. Soteria Reinsurance Ltd (“Soteria Re”) is owned directly by Soteria Reinsurance Holdings, LLC which itself is a 100% owned subsidiary of FMR LLC. Soteria Re is an incorporated Bermuda exempted company. Soteria Re focuses on reinsurance of US retail annuities and other investment-oriented insurance products underwritten by FILI. Participating Affiliates Fidelity Business Services India Private Limited (“FBS India”), with its registered office in Bangalore, is incorporated under the laws of India and is ultimately owned by FMR LLC through certain of its respective direct or indirect subsidiaries. Certain employees of FBS India ("FBS India Associated Employees") from time to time provide certain research services for FMR and its affiliates, which FMR and its affiliates may use for their U.S. clients. FBS India is not registered as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act and is deemed to be a “Participating Affiliate” (as this term has been used by the SEC’s Division of Investment Management in various no-action letters granting relief from the Advisers Act’s registration requirements for certain affiliates of registered investment advisers) of FMR. FMR deems FBS India and certain of its employees as associated persons within the meaning of Section 202(a)(17) of the Advisers Act, because FBS India, through such employees, contribute to FMR’s research process and may have access to information concerning which securities are being recommended to FMR’s U.S. clients prior to the effective dissemination of such recommendations. FBS India also provides certain affiliates of FMR with certain research relating to securities that are the subject of research it provides to FMR. As a Participating Affiliate of FMR, FBS India has agreed to submit itself to the jurisdiction of United States courts for actions arising under U.S. securities laws in connection with investment advisory activities conducted for FMR’s U.S. clients. FMR maintains a list of the employees of FBS India whom it has deemed associated persons, which it will make available to current and prospective U.S. clients upon request. Self-Indexing Funds Certain ETFs that have engaged FMR as their investment advisor track indices created and maintained by Fidelity Product Services LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of FMR LLC, and/or its affiliates. Third parties serve as sub-advisor for the ETFs and calculation agent for the indices. In addition, FMR and/or its affiliates manage other funds and accounts which track one or more of these indices or which are based on the same, or substantially similar, methodologies that are used in the operation of the indices. The foregoing gives rise to conflicts of interest, including trading based on prior knowledge of changes to the index’s methodology or composition, allowing index changes that benefit FMR and/its affiliates or their other clients, and other conflicts related to the side-by-side management of multiple funds and accounts. FMR has adopted policies and procedures designed to help manage such conflicts, which include information barriers, certain restrictions on personal trading and trade allocation policies. In addition, each self-indexing ETF is required to publicly disclose its holdings daily. There can be no assurance, however, that all conflicts have been addressed in all situations. For more information regarding conflicts of interests relating to personal trading and the management of multiple funds and accounts, see the “Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading” and “Brokerage Practices” sections herein. 20  11. Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading Code of Ethics From time to time, FMR purchases or sells for the accounts of client’s securities in which FMR or its affiliates’ in-house accounts (including institutional accounts), affiliates, directors, officers or employees have a position. This situation results, in part, from the breadth of securities purchased by FMR’s or its affiliates’ varied clients and from FMR’s and its affiliates’ personnel being permitted to invest in securities for their personal accounts. The conflicts of interest involved in such transactions are governed by FMR's Code of Ethics for Personal Investing (the “Code”), which has been adopted and approved by the Board of Trustees of FMR’s or its affiliates’ investment company clients in the Fidelity group of funds in accordance with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, and which incorporates the Adviser’s Code of Ethics (“Adviser’s Code”) adopted in accordance with Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act. The Code applies to officers, directors, and employees (including certain contractors) of FMR, and certain employees of its affiliates (“Advisory Personnel”) and requires that they place the interests of FMR's clients above their own. The Code establishes securities transactions requirements for all Advisory Personnel and their covered persons, including their spouses. More specifically, the Code: (i) requires that Advisory Personnel and their covered persons move their covered accounts to FBS unless an exception exists or prior approval is obtained; (ii) requires pre-clearance of transactions in covered securities with limited exceptions; (iii) requires reporting of transactions in covered securities on a quarterly basis with limited exceptions; (iv) requires reporting of securities accounts and holdings of covered securities at the time of hire and annually thereafter; (v) prohibits personal trading by a portfolio manager within seven days before or after a trade in any covered security of the same issuer by a fund managed by such portfolio manager except in limited circumstances; (vi) prohibits purchases of securities in initial public offerings unless an exception has been approved; (vii) restricts the selling short of a covered security; (viii) prohibits investments in limited offerings without prior approval; and (ix) requires disgorgement of profits from short-term transactions with limited exceptions. Violation of the Code’s requirements may also result in the imposition of remedial action, including termination. In addition, the Adviser’s Code, as incorporated in the Code: (1) describes the fiduciary duty Advisory Personnel have to FMR’s clients; (2) requires Advisory Personnel of FMR to comply with federal securities laws; (3) requires certain Advisory Personnel of FMR to report, and for FMR to review, such Advisory Personnel’s and their covered persons’ mutual fund share transactions and holdings periodically (core money market funds excepted) for funds advised by FMR or an affiliate and certain other funds specified in the Adviser’s Code; (4) requires Advisory Personnel of FMR to report any violations of the Code to FMR’s Ethics Office; and (5) requires FMR to provide each Advisory Personnel with a copy of the Code and any amendments, and requires Advisory Personnel to acknowledge their receipt and understanding of the Code. FMR will provide a copy of its Adviser’s Code, as integrated into the Code, to any client or prospective client upon request. Conflicts of Interest In certain instances, the purchase or sale of securities for the accounts of clients is restricted in connection with distributions of securities where FMR, its affiliates or their clients are proposing to act as selling shareholders in the distribution. Any such activity is evaluated in accordance with Regulation M under the Exchange Act, the 1940 Act and other applicable rules and regulations and from time-to- time results in restrictions on the ability of client accounts to purchase or sell in the distribution and/or in the secondary market. From time to time, FCM, a division of NFS, an affiliated broker-dealer of FMR, acts as a selling agent or principal underwriter in underwritings of municipal, equity or other securities which FMR recommends to clients. The Trustees of FMR’s or its affiliates’ mutual fund clients in the Fidelity group of funds evaluate any such activity by FMR in accordance with Rule 10f-3 under the 1940 Act and procedures adopted pursuant to Rule 10f-3. A conflict of interest situation is presented when a portfolio manager considers investing a client account in securities of an issuer in which FMR, its affiliates or their (or their fund clients’) respective directors, officers or employees already hold a significant position for their own account, including positions held indirectly through certain funds or accounts managed by FMR or one of its affiliated advisers 21  (collectively, “Proprietary Accounts”). Because the 1940 Act, as well as other applicable laws and regulations, restrict certain transactions between affiliated entities or between an advisor and its clients, client accounts managed by FMR or its affiliates, including accounts sub-advised by third parties, are, in certain circumstances, prohibited from participating in offerings of such securities (including initial public offerings and other offerings occurring before or after an issuer’s initial public offering) or acquiring such securities in the secondary market. For example, ownership of a company by the Investor Entities advised by Impresa or other Proprietary Accounts has, in certain situations, resulted in restrictions on FMR’s and its affiliates’ client accounts’ ability to acquire securities in the company’s initial public offering and subsequent public offerings, private offerings, and in the secondary market, and additional restrictions could arise in the future; to the extent such client accounts acquire the relevant securities after such restrictions are subsequently lifted, the delay could affect the price at which the securities are acquired. A conflict of interest situation is presented when FMR or its affiliates acquire, on behalf of their client accounts, securities of the same issuers whose securities are already held in Proprietary Accounts, because such investments could have the effect of increasing or supporting the value of the Proprietary Accounts. A conflict of interest situation also arises when FMR investment advisory personnel consider whether client accounts they manage should invest in an investment opportunity that they know is also being considered by an affiliate of FMR for a Proprietary Account, to the extent that not investing on behalf of such client accounts improves the ability of the Proprietary Account to take advantage of the opportunity. FMR has adopted policies and procedures and maintains a compliance program designed to help manage such actual and potential conflicts of interest. A conflict of interest situation is also presented if the funds’ orders for the purchase or sale of securities do not get fully executed due to being aggregated with those of other accounts managed by FMR or an affiliate, including FMR’s or its affiliates’ in-house accounts. FMR has adopted policies and procedures (for example, trade allocation procedures) and maintains a compliance program designed to help manage these actual and potential conflicts. There can be no assurance, however, that all conflicts have been addressed in all situations. Trading in personal accounts, which gives rise to actual and potential conflicts of interest, is subject to certain restrictions by the Code. From time to time, in connection with its business, FMR obtains material, non-public information. In compliance with applicable laws, FMR has adopted a comprehensive set of policies and procedures that prohibit the use of material, non-public information by investment professionals and other employees. FMR also has procedures addressing the use of third party paid research consultants. In addition, FMR has implemented a Corporate Gifts & Entertainment Policy intended to set standards for business entertainment and the giving or receiving of gifts, help employees make sound decisions with respect to these activities, and ensure that the interests of FMR’s clients come first. Similarly, to support compliance with applicable “pay-to-play” rules, FMR has implemented a Personal Political Contributions & Activities Policy which requires employees to pre-clear political contributions and activities. FMR also has a Global Anti-Corruption Policy regarding commercial bribery and bribery of government officials that prohibits directly or indirectly giving, offering, authorizing, promising, accepting, or receiving any bribe, facilitation payment, kickback, or payoff (whether in cash or any other form) with the intent to improperly obtain or retain business or any improper advantage. 12. Brokerage Practices Selection of Brokers and Dealers to Effect Client Transactions Discretionary Advisory Services FMR or its affiliates generally have authority to select brokers (whether acting as a broker or a dealer) to place or execute clients’ portfolio securities transactions. FMR or its affiliates are responsible for the placement of portfolio securities transactions for certain client accounts for which an affiliate or related person has investment discretion. In selecting a broker or dealer for a specific securities transaction, FMR or its affiliates evaluate a variety of criteria and use good faith judgment in seeking to obtain execution of portfolio securities transactions at commissions or costs that are reasonable in relation to the brokerage and research services provided, where allowed under applicable law. 22  In selecting broker-dealers (“brokers”), including affiliates of FMR, to execute client portfolio securities transactions, FMR or its affiliates consider the factors they deem relevant in the context of a particular trade and in regard to FMR’s or its affiliates’ overall responsibilities with respect to the fund and other investment accounts including any instructions from the client’s portfolio manager, which may emphasize, for example, speed of execution over other factors. Based on the factors considered, FMR or its affiliates may choose to execute an order using electronic channels, including broker-sponsored algorithms, internal crossing, or by verbally working an order with one or more brokers. Other possibly relevant factors include, but are not limited to, the following: price; costs; the size, nature and type of the order; speed of execution; financial condition and reputation of the broker; broker specific considerations (e.g., not all brokers are able to execute all types of trades); broker willingness to commit capital; the nature and characteristics of the markets in which the security is traded; the trader’s assessment of whether and how closely the broker likely will follow the trader’s instructions to the broker; confidentiality and the potential for information leakage; the nature or existence of post-trade clearing, settlement, custody and currency convertibility mechanisms; and the provision of brokerage and research products and services, if applicable and where allowed by law. FMR places ETP and individual security transactions for execution with its affiliate NFS, through FCM and Kezar Trading, LLC, when FMR reasonably believes that the quality of the execution of the transaction is comparable to what could be obtained through other qualified broker-dealers. NFS transmits orders received for execution through FCM to various exchanges or market centers based on a number of factors. These include the size of the order, trading characteristics of the security, favorable execution prices (including the opportunity for price improvement), access to reliable market data, availability of efficient automated transaction processing, and execution costs. Some market centers or broker-dealers execute orders at prices superior to the publicly quoted market prices. Where FMR directs the market center to which an order is routed, FBS or NFS will route the order to such market center in accordance with FMR’s instructions without regard to its general order routing practices. The trading desks through which FMR or its affiliates execute trades are instructed to execute portfolio transactions on behalf of their clients based on the quality of execution without any consideration of Research and Brokerage Services (as defined below) the broker or dealer provides. The administration of Research and Brokerage Services is managed separately from the trading desks, and traders have no responsibility for administering the Commission Uses Program, including the payment for research. In seeking best execution for portfolio securities transactions, FMR or its affiliates from time to time select a broker that uses a trading method for which the broker charges a higher commission than its lowest available commission rate. FMR or its affiliates may also select brokers that charge more than the lowest commission rate available from another broker. For futures transactions, the selection of a futures commission merchant is generally based on the overall quality of execution and other services provided by the futures commission merchant. FMR or its affiliates execute futures transactions verbally and electronically. If FMR grants investment management authority to a sub-adviser, that sub-adviser will be authorized to provide the services described in the sub-advisory agreement. Furthermore, the sub-adviser’s trading and associated policies, except for certain funds’ Board-approved affiliated transaction policies, which may differ from FMR’s policies, will apply to that fund or account, subject to applicable law. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not execute transactions in connection with the provision of non-discretionary advisory services. Identification and Resolution of Errors As an investment adviser, FMR maintains policies and procedures that address the identification and correction of errors consistent with applicable standards of care and clients’ investment management agreements. To the extent that an error occurs, FMR’s policy is to identify and resolve the error as promptly as possible. FMR will address and resolve errors on a case-by-case basis, in its discretion, based on each error’s facts and circumstances. FMR is not obligated to follow any single method of resolving errors. 23  An incident is any occurrence or event that interrupts normal investment-related activities or that deviates from applicable law, the terms of an investment management agreement, or applicable internal or external policies or procedures. Incidents can occur at FMR or at one of FMR’s service providers and can be identified by any of the same. The determination of whether an incident constitutes an error is made by FMR in its sole discretion based on the relevant facts and circumstances of each incident considered in light of the applicable standard of care. Errors include, without limitation: (i) purchases or sales that exceed the amount of securities intended to trade for a fund or account; (ii) the purchase (or sale) of a security when it should have been sold (or purchased); (iii) the purchase or sale of a security not intended for the fund or account, and/or contrary to investment guidelines or restrictions; and (iv) incorrect allocations of trades. Situations that generally would be considered by FMR to be incidents but not errors include, without limitation, (i) failure by a portfolio manager to provide timely notification of an incorrect purchase of a security although the security purchased was appropriate for the fund or account; (ii) passive or active breach of an internal fund or account-level limit; (iii) failure to update a portfolio manager in a timely manner regarding an increase in shares outstanding or additional room to buy for a security that had been at an aggregate limit; and (iv) external events, such as securities exchange outages. Other situations that result from failures in internal processes, people or systems, such as other routine processing errors or major systems failures, may be deemed to be incidents and not errors depending on the facts and circumstances. For example, computer, communications, data processing, networks, cloud computing, backup, business continuity or other operating, information or technology systems, including those FMR outsources to other providers, may fail to operate properly or become disabled, overloaded or damaged as a result of a number of factors. These factors could include events that are wholly or partially beyond FMR’s control and may have a negative impact on our ability to conduct business activities. Though losses arising from operating, information or technology systems failures could adversely affect a client account’s performance, such losses would likely not be reimbursable under FMR’s policies. Additionally, incidents involving fund and account monitoring, or aggregate monitoring compliance violations may or may not be deemed by FMR to be errors depending on the facts and circumstances. For example, an active breach of a client mandate or regulatory limit (e.g., due to an acquisition of additional securities for an account) may be deemed to be an error and may be compensable depending on the particular circumstances, but a passive breach of such a limit (e.g., due to a reduction in the issuer’s outstanding securities) would not be considered an error and would not be compensable. Active breaches of issuer or regulatory limits, including poison pill limits, may be deemed to be errors and may be compensable depending on the circumstances, but passive breaches generally will not. Further, a passive breach of an aggregate limit on holdings of a security established internally by FMR and its affiliates, and instances where all available aggregate capacity on a security is not fully utilized, generally are not considered errors and are not compensable, but an active breach of an internal aggregate limit may be deemed to be an error and compensable depending on the particular circumstances. To the extent that client accounts already own securities that directly or indirectly contribute to certain ownership thresholds being exceeded, FMR may sell securities held in such accounts to bring account-level and/or aggregate ownership below the relevant threshold. If any such sales result in losses for client accounts, those client accounts may bear such losses depending on the particular circumstances. FMR is responsible for notifying, when appropriate, the affected client of an error. FMR generally will not notify clients about incidents deemed not to be errors and non-compensable errors, unless otherwise agreed with particular clients. All errors requiring reimbursement to a Fidelity affiliated mutual fund or ETF of $100,000 or more must be reported to the Compliance Committee (or other applicable Committee) of the fund’s or ETF’s Board of Trustees at its next scheduled meeting. When FMR determines that reimbursement is appropriate, the account will be compensated as determined in good faith by FMR. Resolution of errors includes, but is not limited to, permitting client accounts to retain gains or reimbursing client accounts for losses resulting from the error. The calculation of the amount of any loss will depend on the facts and circumstances of the error, and the methodology used by FMR may vary. Unless prohibited by applicable regulation or a specific agreement with the client, FMR will net a client’s gains and losses from the error or a series of related errors with the same root cause and compensate the client for the net loss. In general, compensation is expected 24  to be limited to direct monetary losses and will not include any amounts that FMR deems to be speculative or uncertain, nor will it cover investment losses not caused by the error. FMR may elect to establish an error account for the resolution of errors which could be used depending on the facts and circumstances. Investment Research Products and Brokerage Services Furnished by Research Providers and Brokers FMR and its affiliates have established policies and procedures relating to brokerage commission uses in compliance with Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act, the provisions of the 1940 Act, and various interpretations of the staff of the SEC thereunder, and with regard to FMR UK, where applicable, the revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive in the European Union, commonly referred to as “MiFID II”, as implemented in the United Kingdom through the Conduct of Business Sourcebook Rules of the UK Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”). For accounts managed outside the European Union or the United Kingdom, FMR or its affiliates executes portfolio securities transactions with brokers that provide products and services (as defined in Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act) ("Research and Brokerage Services") that assist them in fulfilling their investment management responsibilities in accordance with applicable law. Research and Brokerage Services that FMR or its affiliates have received during the last fiscal year include, when permissible under applicable law, but are not limited to, economic, industry, company, municipal, sovereign (U.S. and non-U.S.), legal, or political research reports; market color; company meeting facilitation; compilation of securities prices, earnings, dividends and similar data; quotation services, data, information and other services; analytical computer software and services; and investment recommendations. In addition to receiving these Research and Brokerage Services via written reports and computer-delivered services, such reports may also be provided by telephone and in video and in- person meetings with securities analysts, corporate and industry spokespersons, economists, academicians and government representatives and others with relevant professional expertise. FMR or its affiliates may request that brokers also provide Research and Brokerage Services in the form of a specific proprietary or third-party product or service. Some of these Research and Brokerage Services supplement FMR’s or its affiliates’ own research activities in providing investment advice to their clients. In addition, when permissible under applicable law, Research and Brokerage Services include those that assist in the execution, clearing and settlement of securities transactions as well as other incidental functions (including, but not limited to, communication services related to trade execution, order routing and algorithmic trading, post-trade matching, exchange of messages among brokers or dealers, custodians and institutions, and the use of electronic confirmation and affirmation of institutional trades). To the extent permitted by applicable law, from time to time, certain brokers who execute client transactions receive compensation in recognition of their Research and Brokerage Services that is in excess of the amount of compensation that other brokers might have charged. An economic incentive exists for FMR and/or its affiliates to select or recommend a broker-dealer based on their interest in receiving the Research and Brokerage Services, rather than on FMR’s or its affiliates’ clients’ interest in receiving most favorable execution. FMR’s or its affiliates’ expenses likely would be increased if they attempted to generate these additional Research and Brokerage Services through their own efforts or if they paid for these Research and Brokerage Services with their own resources. FMR and its affiliates manage the receipt of Research and Brokerage Services and the potential conflicts through their Commission Uses Program. The Commission Uses Program effectively “unbundles” commissions paid to brokers who provide Research and Brokerage Services, i.e., commissions consist of an execution commission, which covers the execution of the trade (including clearance and settlement), and a research charge, which is used to cover Research and Brokerage Services. Those brokers have client commission arrangements (each a “CCA”) in place with FMR and its affiliates (each of those brokers referred to as “CCA brokers”). In selecting brokers for executing transactions on behalf of clients of FMR and its affiliates, FMR instructs its trading desks to select brokers and execute portfolio transactions on behalf of their clients based on the brokers’ quality of execution and without any consideration of what Research and Brokerage Services the CCA broker provides. Commissions paid to a CCA broker include both an execution commission and a research charge, and while the CCA broker receives the entire commission, it retains the execution commission and either credits or transmits the research portion 25  (also known as “soft dollars”) to a CCA pool maintained by each CCA broker. Soft dollar credits (“credits”) accumulated in CCA pools are used to pay research expenses. In some cases, FMR or its affiliates request that a broker that is not a party to any particular transaction provide a specific proprietary or third-party product or service, which would be paid with credits from the CCA pool. The administration of Research and Brokerage Services is managed separately from the trading desks, and traders have no responsibility for administering the research program, including the payment for research. FMR and/or its affiliates, at times, use a third-party aggregator to facilitate payments to research providers. Where an aggregator is involved, the aggregator would maintain credits in an account that is segregated from the aggregator’s proprietary assets and the assets of its other clients (“segregated account”) and uses those credits to pay research providers as instructed by FMR or its affiliates. Furthermore, where permissible under applicable law, certain of the Research and Brokerage Services that FMR or its affiliates receive are furnished by brokers on their own initiative, either in connection with a particular transaction or as part of their overall services. Some of these Research and Brokerage Services are provided at no additional cost to FMR or its affiliates or might not have an explicit cost associated with them. In connection with the allocation of client brokerage, FMR and/or its affiliates make a good faith determination that the compensation paid to brokers and dealers is reasonable in relation to the value of the Research and Brokerage Services provided to FMR and/or its affiliates, viewed in terms of the particular transaction for the client or FMR’s or its affiliates’ overall responsibilities to that client or other clients for which FMR or its affiliates have investment discretion; however, each Research and Brokerage Service received in connection with a client’s brokerage does not benefit all clients and certain clients will receive the benefit of Research and Brokerage Services obtained with other clients’ commissions. As required under applicable laws or client policy, commissions generated by certain clients may only be used to obtain certain Research and Brokerage Services. As a result, certain client accounts will pay more proportionately for certain types of Research and Brokerage Services than others, while the overall amount of Research and Brokerage Services paid by each client continues to be allocated equitably. While FMR and its affiliates take into account the Research and Brokerage Services provided by a broker or dealer in determining whether compensation paid is reasonable, neither FMR, its affiliates, nor their respective clients incur an obligation to any broker, dealer, or third- party to pay any Research and Brokerage Services (or portion thereof) by generating a specific amount of compensation or otherwise. Typically, for accounts managed by FMR or its affiliates outside of the European Union or the United Kingdom, these Research and Brokerage Services assist FMR or its affiliates in terms of their overall investment responsibilities to a client or any other client accounts for which FMR or its affiliates have investment discretion. Certain client accounts use brokerage commissions to acquire Research and Brokerage Services that also benefit other client accounts managed by FMR or its affiliates, and not every client account uses the Research and Brokerage Services that have been acquired through that account’s commissions. For accounts that are managed within the United Kingdom, FMR UK uses research payment accounts (“RPAs”) to cover costs associated with external research that is consumed by those accounts in accordance with MiFID II and FCA regulations. With RPAs, clients pay for external research through a separate research charge that is generally assessed and collected alongside the execution commission. For accounts that use an RPA, FMR UK establishes a research budget. The budget is set by first grouping accounts by strategy (e.g., asset allocation, blend, growth, etc.), and then determining what external research is consumed to support the strategies and portfolio management services provided within the European Union or the United Kingdom. In this regard, research budgets are set by research needs and are not otherwise linked to the volume or value of transactions executed on behalf of the account. For accounts where portions are managed both within and outside the United Kingdom, external research is paid using both a CCA and an RPA. Determinations of what is eligible research and how costs are allocated are made in accordance with FMR’s and its affiliates’ policies and procedures. Costs for research consumed by accounts that use an RPA are allocated among the accounts within defined strategies pro rata based on the assets under management for each account. The research charge paid on behalf of any one account that uses an RPA varies over time. FMR UK is responsible for managing the RPA and may delegate its administration to a third-party administrator for the facilitation of the purchase of external research and payments to research providers. RPA assets are maintained in accounts at a third-party depository institution, held in the name of FMR UK. FMR UK provides the adviser to certain accounts, and upon request, a summary of: (i) the providers paid from the RPA; (ii) the total amount they were paid over a defined period; (iii) the 26  benefits and services received by FMR UK; and (iv) how the total amount spent from the RPA compares to the research budget set for that period, noting any rebate or carryover if residual funds remain in the RPA. Impacted accounts, like those accounts that participate in CCA pools, at times, will make payments to a broker that include both an execution commission and a research charge, but unlike CCAs (for which research charges may be retained by the CCA broker and credited to the CCA, as described above), the broker will receive separate payments for the execution commission and the research charge and will promptly remit the research charge to the RPA. Assets in the RPA are used to satisfy external research costs consumed by the accounts. If the costs of paying for external research exceed the amount initially agreed in relation to accounts in a given strategy, the adviser may continue to charge those accounts beyond the initially agreed amount in accordance with MiFID II, continue to acquire external research for the accounts using its own resources (referred to as “hard dollars”), or cease to purchase external research for those accounts until the next annual research budget. If research charges for specific accounts remain in the RPA at the end of a period, they may be rolled over to the next period to offset next year’s research charges for those accounts or rebated to those accounts. Accounts managed by FMR UK that trade only fixed income securities will not participate in RPAs because fixed income securities trade based on spreads rather than commissions, and thus unbundling the execution commission and research charge is impractical. Therefore, FMR UK and its affiliates have established policies and procedures to ensure that external research that is paid for through RPAs is not made available to FMR UK portfolio managers that manage fixed income accounts in any manner inconsistent with MiFID II and FCA regulations. Although FMR or its affiliates do not use client commissions to pay for products or services that do not qualify as Research and Brokerage Services or eligible external research under MiFID II and FCA regulations, where allowed by applicable law, they, at times, will use commission dollars to obtain certain products or services that are not used exclusively in FMR’s or its affiliates’ investment decision- making process (“mixed-use products or services”). In those circumstances, FMR or its affiliates will make a good faith effort to evaluate the various benefits and uses to which they intend to put the mixed- use product or service, and will pay for that portion of the mixed-use product or service that does not qualify as Research and Brokerage Services with hard dollars. FMR and/or its affiliates have arrangements with certain third-party research providers and brokers through whom FMR and/or its affiliates effect client trades, whereby FMR and/or its affiliates pay with account commissions or hard dollars for all or a portion of the cost of research products and services purchased from such research providers or brokers. FMR’s and its affiliates’ potential determination to pay for research products and services separately is wholly voluntary on FMR’s or its affiliates’ part and may be extended to additional brokers or discontinued with any broker participating in this arrangement. If FMR has engaged a sub-adviser to an FMR account or a portion of an FMR account, subject to applicable law, the sub-adviser’s policies will apply to trading for that account. Those policies may differ from FMR’s policies. Other Considerations and Brokerage Arrangements Commission Recapture and Broker Restrictions Within the Commission Uses Program, FMR or its affiliates may also enter into arrangements under which a CCA Broker and/or aggregator executing portfolio transactions for a client agrees to refund a portion of the commissions paid by the client (“commission recapture”). Not all brokers with whom the client account trades have been asked to participate in brokerage commission recapture. FMR or its affiliates recommend that clients do not request them to direct client portfolio transactions to specific brokers. Clients may nonetheless make such requests, subject to FMR’s or its affiliates’ attempt to seek quality execution and provided that the broker is an approved counterparty of FMR or its affiliates. Clients should be aware that if they require FMR or its affiliates to direct portfolio transactions to specific brokers, or if clients restrict trading with specific brokers (for example, because of affiliations) 27  (a) FMR or its affiliates may be unable to achieve most favorable execution of such directed or restricted broker transactions; (b) the client may pay higher brokerage commissions on such directed or restricted broker transactions because FMR or its affiliates may be unable to aggregate such transactions with other orders; and (c) the client may receive less favorable prices on such directed or restricted broker transactions. Transactions with Certain Brokers FMR or its affiliates place trades with certain brokers, including NFS and Kezar Trading, LLC, with whom they are under common control or otherwise affiliated, provided FMR or its affiliates determine that these affiliates' trade -execution abilities and costs are comparable to those of non-affiliated, qualified brokerage firms, and that such transactions be executed in accordance with applicable rules under the 1940 Act and procedures adopted by the Boards of Trustees or Directors (as applicable) of FMR’s clients in the Fidelity group of funds or FMR’s affiliates’ other clients and subject to other applicable law. Where FMR has engaged a sub-adviser for a fund or other client account, the sub- adviser will, at times, subject to applicable regulatory limitations, also place portfolio transactions with FMR’s affiliated broker-dealers. In addition, from time to time, FMR or its affiliates place client trades with brokers that use NFS or FCC as a clearing agent. Client trades placed by FMR or its affiliates are also executed through other alternative trading systems or exchanges in which FMR or its affiliates have an interest, such as Level ATS. Transactions Among Clients FMR or its affiliates execute transactions between mutual funds and other accounts they manage (either on an advisory or sub-advisory basis), as well as with certain other clients managed by their affiliates. Such transactions for clients in the Fidelity group of funds will be executed in accordance with applicable rules under the 1940 Act, the Advisers Act and procedures adopted by the Boards of Trustees or Directors (as applicable) of FMR’s or FMR’s affiliates’ clients in the Fidelity group of funds or other clients of FMR or its affiliates. FMR or its affiliates also execute transactions between other mutual fund and non-mutual fund clients, and such transactions will be executed in accordance with applicable rules under the Advisers Act and procedures adopted thereunder. When FMR or its affiliates engage in adviser cross transactions, where FMR or its affiliates directly effect an agency transaction between advisory clients without involving a broker, FMR or its affiliates will receive no compensation (other than its advisory fee), directly or indirectly, for the transaction. Non-U.S. Securities Transactions To facilitate trade settlement and related activities in non-U.S. securities transactions, FMR or its affiliates effect spot foreign currency transactions with foreign currency dealers. In certain circumstances, due to local law and regulation, logistical or operational challenges, or the process for settling securities transactions in certain markets (e.g., short settlement periods), spot currency transactions are effected on behalf of clients by parties other than FMR or its affiliates, including clients’ custodian banks (working through sub-custodians or agents in the relevant non-U.S. jurisdiction) or broker-dealers that executed the related securities transaction. Trade Allocation Policies Bunched Trades It is generally FMR’s or its affiliates’ practice, when appropriate, to combine or "bunch" orders of various accounts, including those of its clients, its affiliates’ clients, and, in certain instances, proprietary accounts for order entry and execution. Bunched orders are executed through one or more brokers. The allotment of trades among brokers is based on a variety of factors, which include price, order size, the time of order, the security and market activity. A bunched trade executed with a particular broker is generally allocated pro-rata among the accounts that are participating in the bunched trade until any account has been filled. After any account has been filled, the trade is allocated pro-rata among any remaining accounts. Each broker’s execution of a bunched order will, at times, be at a price different 28  than another broker’s bunched order execution price for the same security. Additionally, as a result of accommodating the differing arrangements regarding the payment for research that is required by MiFID II, clients in a bunched trade will, at times, not pay a pro rata share of all costs associated with that bunched trade. Allocation of Trades FMR and its affiliates have established allocation policies to ensure allocations are fair and equitable over time and appropriate given clients’ differing investment objectives and other considerations. When, in FMR’s or its affiliates’ opinion, the supply/demand is insufficient under the circumstances to satisfy all outstanding orders, across all securities types the amount executed generally is distributed among participating accounts based on account net asset size (for purchases) and security position size (for sales), or otherwise according to the allocation policies. FMR’s and its affiliates’ trade allocation policies identify circumstances under which it is appropriate to modify or deviate from the general allocation criteria and describe the alternate procedures. For allocations based on net assets, the trade allocation policies for each of the equity, fixed income, and high income divisions define the method of calculating net assets to be used within that division depending on particular circumstances. The trade allocation policies define net assets generally by reference to each account’s assets managed by each of the equity, fixed income, or high income divisions, and then by reference to certain security and account types. Furthermore, the calculation of net assets may vary depending on the portfolio type, and specialized portfolios may calculate net assets differently than other accounts. Specialized portfolios, which are portfolios with a limited or concentrated investment universe, may have 100% of their net assets taken into account when investing in securities that meet their principal investment strategy, whereas accounts with a broader investment mandate trading the same security when aggregated with a specialized portfolio may receive an allocation as low as 1% of their net assets. These policies also apply to initial and secondary offering and to private security investments. Trade allocations are also impacted by various regulatory requirements depending on where the trade is executed and what types of accounts are included in the trade. In such circumstances, some accounts, at times, will be prioritized over others when supply/demand is insufficient. With limited exceptions, the trading systems contain rules that allocate trades on an automated basis in accordance with these policies. Generally, any exceptions to FMR’s and its affiliates’ policies (i.e., special allocations) must be approved by senior trading and compliance personnel and documented. Multi-Asset Class Portfolios When a multi-asset class portfolio is managed by one division and trades on the desk of a different division, the percentage of net assets allocated to that multi-asset class portfolio will be based on the maximum percentage that portfolio may invest in securities that trade on that trading desk. Certain multi- asset class portfolios that have principal investment strategies or objectives that include securities across asset types (and thus have no limit on those investment types) will have 100% of their assets taken into account for allocation purposes when trading on the equity, fixed income, or high income trading desks, respectively. Further, certain portfolios that invest in equity securities as part of their principal investment strategies or objective that are not managed by the equity division would receive an asset measure based on the maximum amount that each portfolio could invest in securities that trade on the equity desk. Alternatives Allocation Methods Allocation methods other than those described herein are employed under certain circumstances, including for specialized strategies or alternative asset classes . For example, the equity trade allocation policy allows for certain accounts designed to have common investment and trading strategies (e.g., one portfolio modeled on another portfolio) to receive allocations that would facilitate keeping the portfolios’ holdings proportionately balanced. In addition, the fixed income trade allocation policy allows for several alternate allocation methods, in some cases only where the portfolio managers of all accounts involved in the allocation agree to the use of the alternate method(s)Examples may include 29  allocation based on the size of the accounts’ order, trade rotation, allocation of fungible securities on a series basis, and providing priority allocation for trades contingent on the execution of other trades. The fixed income trade allocation policy also provides for increased or priority allocations for accounts specializing in a particular type of security, such as single-state municipal bond and money market portfolios, U.S. Treasury-only money market portfolios, and taxable money market portfolios. Futures contracts, ETFs, private company securities, convertible securities, and foreign exchange spot and forward currency transactions are allocated based on order size for both purchases and sales. Minimum Allocations The trade allocation policies generally provide for minimum allocations based on market-defined minimum denominations, or otherwise allow increased or decreased allocations in the following circumstances: • • • to avoid a de minimis allocation to round to a trading round lot, or for high income securities, to complete a sale of all holdings to avoid residual holdings in an amount less than a basic unit of trading. Proprietary Accounts Client accounts receive priority of allocation over proprietary accounts. Accounts for which all the assets are those of FMR or its affiliates and are not otherwise used to seed new investment products or to meet potential claims of insurance policyholders are generally considered to be proprietary accounts. Accounts owned or managed for the benefit of individual employees of FMR or its affiliates or officers or trustees of various investment products are generally considered client accounts, subject to applicable law. Short Sales No prioritization is provided for short sale and “buy to cover” transactions. Such transactions are subject to the same general allocation criteria as non-short sale transactions. As a result, these transactions could experience significant delays in execution, which could materially impact the performance of accounts whose strategies rely on short sales. Sub-Advisers FMR engages sub-advisers for certain FMR accounts. Those accounts or portions of accounts will be subject to that sub-adviser’s trade allocation and associated trading policies, subject to applicable law. As a result, a client’s accounts or portions of accounts may be subject to differing trade allocation policies as described above. 13. Review of Accounts Discretionary Advisory Services Portfolio management assignments are made based on several factors, including the relevant experience and ability of the managers, the complexity of the funds’ mandate and structure, the physical location of personnel, and similarities among funds assigned to a manager. Each portfolio manager regularly reviews the holdings in the funds or accounts for which he or she is responsible. Portfolio managers draw on a large research and trading staff of FMR or its affiliates for support. FMR's and its affiliates’ investment activities are organized on a group basis, with portfolio managers of similar accounts forming these groups. There are various groups directly related to portfolio management and other groups comprising FMR's or its affiliates’ fundamental research departments, each of which has Chief Investment Officers or Managing Directors of Research. Each Chief Investment 30  Officer and Managing Director of Research regularly receives detailed analysis of the funds and accounts in their oversight groups and conducts periodic fund and account reviews with each manager. When a Chief Investment Officer or Managing Director of Research also has portfolio management responsibilities, an equivalent or more senior investment professional of FMR with relevant investment experience conducts periodic reviews and regularly evaluates the investment performance of the subject portfolios. In addition, FMR’s Asset Management Compliance group monitors the funds’ and accounts’ trading activity for compliance with applicable regulations and other requirements. FMR and its affiliates generally apply investment guidelines consistent with any applicable policies as determined by FMR or its affiliates, which include default interpretative guidance for certain phrases or terminology in the absence of specific and/or explicit guidance from a client, in the case of a separate or sub-advised account, or in a collective investment vehicle’s investment guidelines. The Trustees of each investment company client review at least annually the activities of FMR’s responsible portfolio managers, and review on a regular basis the performance of the Fidelity Funds. FMR’s Treasurer’s Office monitors the operations of the Fidelity Funds on an ongoing basis. FMR also provides investment advisory services on a discretionary or non-discretionary basis to other entities, or clients of other entities, related or unrelated to FMR. These entities, or their clients, similarly review the activities of FMR’s portfolio managers and other investment professionals. Members of the Board of Trustees of each of FMR's or its affiliates’ investment company clients in the Fidelity group of funds are supplied periodic reports providing, among other items, comparative performance data, sales and redemptions of shares information, and certain brokerage commission reports. FMR generally supplies similar data in its capacity as a sub-adviser. Reports to other non-investment company clients are prepared as requested by such clients. In limited circumstances in response to client inquiries, FMR or its affiliates provide research related information with respect to securities held in the relevant client’s portfolio, in some instances on a delayed basis. For the Qualified Tuition Programs, the client's governing body is supplied periodic reports providing comparative performance, among other items, data, sales and redemptions of shares information. Audited annual reports are made available to the shareholders of each such client. 14. Client Referrals and Other Compensation FMR does not have client referral arrangements. 15. Custody FMR does not serve in a custodian role for Fidelity mutual funds or any other client account. FMR may be deemed to have custody of client assets because it or certain of its affiliates may have the ability to deduct FMR’s advisory fees directly from certain of its collective fund or private fund clients’ accounts and/or legal capacity to access certain collective fund or private fund clients’ accounts (even though an independent, qualified custodian has been appointed by such clients to serve as custodian). Additionally, FMR may be deemed to have custody of client assets because a related person of FMR maintains client funds or securities as a qualified custodian. Such clients will receive account statements from the qualified custodian that has been appointed to serve as custodian with respect to the clients’ accounts. Clients who receive these statements should review them carefully. 16. Investment Discretion FMR’s discretionary authority to manage accounts on behalf of its clients, and any limitations that are imposed on such authority, are described in the “Advisory Business” section herein. 31  FMR and its affiliates exercise discretionary authority on behalf of their mutual fund and ETF clients pursuant to management contracts and sub-advisory agreements (together, the “Advisory Contracts”). The Advisory Contracts are entered into in accordance with Section 15 of the 1940 Act, and approved and renewed by each fund’s Board of Trustees, including the Independent Trustees. In approving the Advisory Contracts, the Board of Trustees authorizes by resolution FMR’s and its affiliates’ ability to exercise discretionary authority, and the Advisory Contracts contain the terms and limitations, if any, with regard to the authority granted. In considering whether to approve or renew the Advisory Contracts for a fund, the Board of Trustees considers all factors it believes relevant, including (i) the nature, extent, and quality of the services to be provided to the fund and its shareholders (including the investment performance of the fund); (ii) the competitiveness of the fund's management fee and total expenses; (iii) the total costs of the services to be provided by and the profits to be realized by FMR or its affiliates from its relationship with the fund; (iv) potential “fallout benefits,” if any, FMR or its affiliates may receive as a result of their association with Fidelity’s mutual funds; and (v) whether economies of scale have been realized in respect of the management of the fund, whether the fund has appropriately benefited from any such economies of scale, and whether there is potential for realization of any further economies of scale. With respect to FMR’s or its affiliates’ non-registered investment company clients, FMR or its affiliates provide advisory services pursuant to management or sub-advisory agreements, the terms of which are negotiated with such clients. As with FMR’s or its affiliates’ mutual fund and ETF clients, the management and/or sub-advisory agreements contain the terms and limitations, if any, with regard to the authority granted. 17. Voting Client Securities Discretionary Advisory Services When authorized by clients, FMR or its affiliates (“Fidelity”) generally cast votes on behalf of client accounts by proxy at shareholder meetings of issuers in which Fidelity invests client assets. Fidelity has established formal written proxy voting guidelines ("Proxy Voting Guidelines") and sustainable proxy voting guidelines with respect to certain sustainable investing strategies, including the funds listed on the exhibit to those guidelines ("Sustainable Proxy Voting Guidelines," and together with the Proxy Voting Guidelines, the “Guidelines,” unless otherwise noted). The Guidelines are designed to ensure that proxies on behalf of the Fidelity Funds or client accounts (to the extent authorized by clients) are voted in a manner consistent with the best interests of shareholders. Fidelity invests in the ordinary course of business and not with the intended effect of changing or influencing control of an issuer. Fidelity has also adopted the Guidelines as part of its proxy voting policies and procedures in accordance with Rule 206(4)-6 under the Advisers Act. Fidelity votes on behalf of the Fidelity Funds or client accounts (to the extent authorized by clients) in accordance with the Guidelines. The Boards of Trustees of the Fidelity Funds delegated to Fidelity the authority to vote shares owned by the Fidelity Funds in accordance with the Guidelines. In evaluating proxies, Fidelity considers factors that are financially material to individual companies and investing funds’ or client accounts’ investment objectives and strategies in support of maximizing long- term shareholder value. This includes considering the company’s approach to financial and operational, human, and natural capital and the impact of that approach on the potential future value of the business. Fidelity will vote on proposals not specifically addressed by the Guidelines based on an evaluation of a proposal's likelihood to enhance the long-term economic returns or profitability of the company or to maximize long-term shareholder value. Securities on Loan Securities on loan as of a record date cannot be voted. In certain circumstances, Fidelity may recall a security on loan before record date (for example, in a particular contested director election or a noteworthy merger or acquisition). Generally, however, securities out on loan remain on loan and are not voted because, for example, the income a fund or client account derives from the loan outweighs 32  the benefit the fund or client account receives from voting the security. In addition, Fidelity may not be able to recall and vote loaned securities if Fidelity is unaware of relevant information before record date or is otherwise unable to timely recall securities on loan. Compliance with Legal Obligations and Avoiding Conflicts of Interest Voting of shares is conducted in a manner consistent with Fidelity's fiduciary obligations to the funds and accounts, and all applicable laws and regulations. In other words, Fidelity votes in a manner consistent with the Guidelines and in the best interests of the funds/accounts and their shareholders, and without regard to any other Fidelity companies' business relationships. Fidelity takes its responsibility to vote shares in the best interests of the funds or accounts seriously and has implemented policies and procedures to address actual and potential conflicts of interest. Investment Proxy Research (“IPR”), which is part of the Fidelity Fund and Investment Operations department, is charged with administering the Guidelines as agent to facilitate the voting of proxies. IPR votes proxies without regard to any other Fidelity companies’ business relationships with that portfolio company. Like other Fidelity employees, IPR employees have a fiduciary duty to never place their own personal interest ahead of the interests of fund/account shareholders and are instructed to avoid actual and apparent conflicts of interest. In the event of a conflict of interest, Fidelity employees will follow the escalation process included in Fidelity's corporate policy on conflicts of interest. A complete set of the Guidelines, as well as information on how the Fidelity Funds’ proxies were voted, are available on www.fidelity.com/about-fidelity/proxy-voting-overview. In certain cases, clients have not provided FMR the authority to vote proxies. Such clients should obtain proxies from their custodian or other service provider. If FMR has engaged a sub-adviser, that sub-adviser votes proxies according to its own proxy voting guidelines and policies, which may differ from the Guidelines, for those Fidelity Funds or client accounts (or portions thereof) for which the sub-adviser has been granted such authority. Fidelity Institutional Custom SMA When granted authority in its sub-advisory agreement with FIWA, FMR will vote proxies for securities held in the Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs pursuant to the Guidelines. FMR may not vote proxies solicited by or with respect to the issuers of certain non-U.S. securities in which assets of Fidelity Institutional Custom SMAs are invested. Non-Discretionary Advisory Services FMR does not vote proxies for any accounts in connection with the provision of non-discretionary advisory services. 18. Financial Information FMR does not solicit prepayment of client fees. Furthermore, there are no financial conditions that are reasonably likely to impair FMR’s ability to meet any of its contractual commitments to its clients. 19. Requirements for State-Registered Advisers FMR is not registered with any state securities authority. 33