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Murphy Pohlad Asset Management LLC
Form ADV Part 2A
January 30, 2026
Part 2A of Form ADV
Item 1. Cover Page
Murphy Pohlad Asset Management LLC
7480 Flying Cloud Drive, Suite 120
Eden Prairie MN 55344
Tel. No. 952-948-2300
www.murphyllc.com
January 30, 2026
This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of
Murphy Pohlad Asset Management LLC. If you have any questions about the contents
of this brochure, please contact us at 952-948-2300. The information in this brochure has
not been approved or verified by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission
(the “SEC”) or by any state securities authority.
Additional information about Murphy Pohlad Asset Management LLC is also available on
the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.
Murphy Pohlad Asset Management LLC is a registered investment adviser. Registration as an
investment adviser does not imply a certain level of skill or training. This brochure does not
constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities or investment
products, or an offer of, or agreement to provide, advisory services directly to any recipient of
this brochure.
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January 30, 2026
Item 2. Material Changes
In this Item, registered investment advisers are required to summarize in their annual update any
material changes made to Form ADV Part 2A since their last annual update. Although not
specifically covered elsewhere in our brochure, in this Item 2 we disclose that, in recognition that
the executive decision-making is managed by the partner group working together as a team, the
role of President was eliminated. On January 1, 2026, Aaron Banke resigned from his position as
President and will continue to serve as the firm’s Chief Compliance Officer, and Katherine
Praschak was appointed Chief Operating Officer. There were no other material changes to this
brochure since its last annual update on January 31, 2025, however this annual update includes
certain stylistic or clarifying changes intended to enhance the overall brochure.
Item 3. Table of Contents
Item 1.
Cover Page ..................................................................................................................... 1
Item 2. Material Changes ............................................................................................................ 2
Item 3.
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 2
Item 4.
Advisory Business ........................................................................................................... 3
Item 5.
Fees and Compensation ................................................................................................. 4
Item 6.
Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management ............................................ 5
Item 7.
Types of Clients ............................................................................................................... 5
Item 8. Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss ........................................ 6
Item 9.
Disciplinary Information ................................................................................................. 10
Item 10. Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations ......................................................... 10
Item 11. Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading . 10
Item 12. Brokerage Practices ...................................................................................................... 11
Item 13. Review of Accounts ....................................................................................................... 14
Item 14. Client Referrals and Other Compensation .................................................................... 14
Item 15. Custody ......................................................................................................................... 14
Item 16.
Investment Discretion .................................................................................................... 14
Item 17. Voting Client Securities ................................................................................................. 15
Item 18. Financial Information ..................................................................................................... 15
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January 30, 2026
Item 4. Advisory Business
A. Firm Description. Murphy Pohlad Asset Management LLC (referred to throughout this
brochure as “we”, “us”, the “firm”, and “our”) is a Minnesota limited liability company formed in
2000. Our owners are John Murphy, Tom Pohlad, Aaron Banke and Katherine Praschak.
B. Advisory Services. We provide the following services:
Investment Management; and
•
• Planning and Collaboration.
Investment Management. We provide investment advice to client portfolios that is tailored to
C.
the objectives of the client. These portfolios are managed under the guidance of an investment
policy statement that we develop and agree upon with the client. Depending upon the client’s
objectives, the portfolio is typically invested in common stocks, bonds, mutual funds, cash and
exchange traded funds (“ETFs”). As agreed with the client, we provide one or more of the
following investment management services with respect to the assets in the client’s account:
• Discretionary services: we will manage account assets on a discretionary basis, which
means we can buy and sell securities without prior consultation with the client, in
accordance with the account’s investment policy statement;
•
• Non-discretionary services: we will manage account assets on a non-discretionary basis,
which means we require client approval of all transactions before we will execute such
transactions, in accordance with the account’s investment policy statement; and
Investment recommendation services: we will provide advice with respect to account
assets in accordance with the investment policy statement, but the client is responsible
for determining whether to accept the advice and for any implementation of the advice.
D. Planning and Collaboration. We provide clients with financial analysis, reporting and advice
to support proactive decision making and management strategies. These services include one or
more of the following:
• Portfolio accounting and reporting that integrates all of a client’s investment assets to
summarize portfolio balance, concentration and risk;
• Cash flow analysis that integrates sources and uses of the client’s cash flow and details
the impact of portfolio distributions on portfolio sustainability;
• Planning and analysis relating to exercising incentive stock options, management of
deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock purchase plans and distributions
from compensation plans;
• Planning and implementing retirement plan distribution strategies which integrate with
cash flow, portfolio sustainability and income tax objectives;
• Analyzing concentrated investments in company stock and developing strategies to
reduce the risk of the concentration;
• Providing the client’s Certified Public Accounting firm with portfolio tax information
including income, capital gains, required minimum distributions and charitable gifting to
support income tax planning and compliance;
• Providing the client’s estate planning advisors with portfolio reporting, cost basis
information, entity and asset ownership information; and
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• Evaluating the use of low cost basis investments to fund charitable gifts to maximize tax
efficiency.
C. Tailored Advice. We provide tailored investment advisory services to all client accounts.
A written investment policy statement, including asset allocation goals, is prepared for each
client. Clients may impose restrictions regarding the type and amount of securities to be bought
or sold for their account.
D. Wrap Fee Programs. We do not participate in any wrap fee programs.
E. Amount of Assets Managed. As of December 31, 2025, we manage $ 639,667,922 of
assets on a discretionary basis and $ 48,030 on a non-discretionary basis.
Item 5. Fees and Compensation
A. Advisory Fees. For investment management services, we typically charge an investment
advisory fee determined as a percentage of market value of assets under management. Our
basic fee schedule is as follows:
Assets Under Management
On the first $5,000,000 of assets
On those assets in excess of $5,000,000
Annual Fee
0.90%
0.70%
We may, in our sole discretion, aggregate assets in related accounts for purposes of the fee
break points in the schedule above. Our investment advisory fee is determined on a client-by-
client basis.
The investment advisory fees we charge can vary significantly from client to client, and may be
higher or lower than those indicated in the basic fee schedule above, depending on a number of
factors, including the amount of assets under management, the nature of the assets, the type of
analysis required to manage the account, the level of service required by the client, the time that
the client began their relationship with us, and other factors. At times, a client’s negotiated
investment advisory fee will involve different fee rates for different asset classes within the
client’s account. In such cases, we have an incentive to allocate the client’s investments to
asset classes that are charged higher fee rates. These advisory fees are the only compensation
our firm receives. As part of their overall compensation, we typically pay our advisors an
amount reflecting a percentage of the advisory fees generated by the clients with which they
work. Advisors compensated by a percentage of advisory fees have an incentive to increase
assets in the accounts with which they work. Advisors seeking to increase assets in a client’s
account could also be incentivized to invest a client in riskier assets to grow the value of assets
upon which an investment advisory fee is calculated. We have developed policies and
procedures designed to address and mitigate the conflicts of interest that arise from an advisor’s
compensation structure.
We reserve the right in the future to charge a minimum fee if the asset-based fee schedule
above would result in a disproportionately small fee. Any such minimum annual fee expressed
as a percentage of assets under management may be substantially higher than the fee
schedule shown above and the client may be able to obtain similar investment management
services elsewhere for a lower fee.
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We have in the past entered into negotiated fixed fee arrangements with a few clients. The
amount of the fixed fee depends on the amount of assets under management, the nature of the
assets, the type of analysis required to manage the account, the level of service required by the
client and other factors.
B. Payment of Fees. We generally deduct fees directly from client accounts, but will bill clients
upon request. Our fee is payable at the end of each calendar quarter based upon the value of
assets in the client’s account as of the close of business on the last business day of the quarter
or, upon termination of the account, as of the close of business on the last business day on
which the account remains open. If the account was opened or is closed during a quarter, the
client pays a prorated fee based on the period of time during the quarter that the account was
open. We also reserve the right to charge a prorated fee with respect to any material deposit or
withdrawal of assets during any quarter. The fixed fee is payable quarterly in arrears.
C. Other Fees or Expenses. If assets in the client’s account are invested in mutual funds
(including money market funds), exchange-traded funds, unit investment trusts, annuities or
similar investment vehicles, the client’s account will bear its proportionate share of the fees and
expenses of such investment vehicles, as well as any applicable sales loads (although we
expect that most transactions in mutual fund shares will be free from sales loads), in addition to
the fees payable to us. Clients whose accounts are invested in such investment vehicles will
therefore pay two levels of advisory fees on such assets - one through the vehicle to its
investment adviser and one to us. The client will also incur transactional fees charged by a
broker-dealer or other intermediary in connection with making investments in mutual funds and
other investment vehicles. In some cases, the client may be able to avoid transaction fees by
effecting transactions in mutual fund shares directly with the fund. Further information regarding
our brokerage practices is found in Item 12 of this brochure. Each client is responsible for any
fees charged or expenses allocated by the client-selected custodian for their account.
D. Advance Payments. Our clients do not pay our fees in advance.
E. Other Compensation. Our firm and our employees do not accept compensation for the
sale of securities or other investment products.
Item 6. Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management
Our firm and its employees do not accept performance-based fees. As a result, we have no
conflicts of interest between accounts that pay asset-based fees and accounts that pay
performance-based fees.
Item 7. Types of Clients
We generally provide investment advice to individuals, trusts, estates, charitable organizations,
corporations and certain other business entities. The minimum account size required is $2.0
million, subject to waiver at our discretion in individual cases. For example, we may, in our sole
discretion, aggregate assets in related accounts for purposes of minimum account size.
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Item 8. Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss
A. Methods of Analysis and Investment Strategies.
(1) Methods. We study investment securities and markets in the following manner:
• We analyze individual company financial statements, earnings reports and annual
reports. We make judgments on the character of management teams, the strength of a
company’s ongoing competitive advantages, and the level of excess cash flow
generated by the business. We pay particular attention to the valuation of the business
compared to its cash flow and earnings.
• We study and compare interest rates available from different types of issuers such as
governments and companies. We regularly compare these interest rates against
expected levels of inflation and develop judgments on the relative attractiveness of
different types of fixed income investments.
• We examine mutual fund investment portfolios and historical performance to develop
judgments on which mutual funds are suitable for use in client portfolios. This analysis
includes understanding the fund’s investment strategy, the longevity of the fund’s
investment adviser, the fund’s expense level and a determination of how the fund might
add balance and diversification to a client portfolio.
• We analyze valuations of the equity markets by comparing current prices to historical
price levels and yields on government debt securities. We also review current investor
sentiment towards investing in common stocks and U.S. Treasury securities.
(2) Strategies. The most important element of our investment strategies is to tailor the
investment portfolio to the objectives and risk tolerance of the client. The investment strategies
we utilize in managing portfolios and seeking to achieve a client’s objective generally involve our
equity strategy and/or our fixed income strategy. Before executing an investment advisory
agreement, we work with the prospective client to determine the role that the portfolio is
expected to perform. This discussion often includes reviewing the prospective client’s cash flow
considerations, estimates of portfolio withdrawal rates, balancing existing investment or industry
concentrations and any specific financial objective defined by the prospective client. We also
discuss the prospective client’s prior investment experiences and determine if the prospective
client has any preferences regarding particular types of investments. Based on these
discussions, we provide the prospective client with a proposed investment policy statement that
includes a recommended portfolio structure.
Depending upon client objectives and preferences, the structure of client portfolios ranges from
(a) broadly diversified and balanced investments to (b) focused portfolios consisting of, for
example, 30 to 35 individual common stocks.
Our primary objective is to achieve the client’s objectives while taking the lowest amount of
investment risk to achieve that objective. Our investment strategies for achieving the client’s
portfolio objectives while minimizing risks include:
• Purchasing investments at valuations which we believe offer favorable investment return
potential compared to the underlying risks of the investment;
• Maintaining balance and diversification in portfolios consistent with client objectives; and
• Minimizing trading and changes in the portfolio to minimize costs and disruption.
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Our investment strategy with individually owned common stocks is to own high-quality
companies, managed by leaders that we respect, at a price that we believe provides a path to a
favorable investment return. We seek out companies that exhibit strong market positions
supported by an ongoing competitive advantage. Financial attributes of such a company could
include, for example, a strong balance sheet and business operations, which could potentially
generate high levels of cash flow after funding capital expenditures and any acquisition activity.
Our investment strategy with fixed income securities is to preserve the investment principal of
the fixed income capital while generating current income in the form of interest. In most interest
rate environments, we will manage the fixed income component of a portfolio by building bond
ladders comprised of bonds which mature on a regular basis. If we believe that intermediate
and long-term interest rates do not offer favorable investment return potential, we will generally
either (a) build shorter term bond ladders or (b) invest the fixed income capital in short duration
investments, including cash.
B. Material Risks.
The information contained in this brochure cannot disclose every potential risk associated with
an investment strategy, or all of the risks applicable to a particular security or investment.
Because we do not employ a standard investment strategy across all accounts, the material
risks attached to each tailored investment strategy will vary to the extent the strategy uses
different investment allocations or approaches. Each of the following risks is material to the
extent a client’s investment strategy uses such investment allocations or approaches.
Market Risk: the chance that investment prices overall will decline. Financial markets tend to
move in cycles, with periods of rising prices and periods of falling prices. The market value of
the instruments in which a portfolio invests goes up or down in response to the prospects of
individual companies; particular sectors or governments; political, regulatory, market and social
developments; and/or general economic conditions throughout the world due to increasingly
interconnected global economies and financial markets.
Equity and Common Stock Risks: our investment strategy involving equity securities is subject
to the risk of adverse market conditions for equity securities and their issuers. The market prices
of equity securities are generally subject to greater risk than prices of fixed income securities.
Although over time equity securities have historically demonstrated long-term increases in
value, their prices may fluctuate significantly in the short term as a result of changing market
conditions, interest rate fluctuations and various economic and political factors. Ownership in
individual common stocks may be subject to greater fluctuations in market values than other
asset classes and typically is subordinate to other forms of preferred equity or debt holders. If
an issuer is liquidated or enters into bankruptcy, the claims of owners of debt or preferred equity
take precedence over the claims of holders of common stock.
Fixed Income Risks: including: interest rate risk, which is the chance that bond prices overall will
decline because of rising interest rates; income risk, which is the chance that a strategy’s
income will decline because of falling interest rates; credit risk, which is the chance that a bond
issuer will fail to pay interest and principal in a timely manner, or that negative perceptions of the
issuer’s ability to make such payments will cause the price of that bond to decline; and call risk,
which is the chance that during periods of falling interest rates, issuers of callable bonds may
call (repay) securities with higher coupons or interest rates before their maturity dates. The
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strategy would then lose any price appreciation above the bond’s call price and would be forced
to reinvest the unanticipated proceeds at lower interest rates, resulting in a decline in the
strategy’s income.
Municipal Security Risks: municipal bonds are subject to the fixed income risks described
above as well as the following risks: legislative risk- the risk that a change in the tax code could
affect the value of tax-exempt interest income; and liquidity risk- the risk that investors may have
difficulty finding a buyer when they want to sell and may be forced to sell at a significant
discount to market value. Liquidity risk is greater for thinly traded securities such as lower-rated
bonds, bonds that were part of a small issue, bonds that have recently had their credit rating
downgraded or bonds sold by an infrequent issuer.
ETF Risk: shares of ETFs have many of the same risks as direct investments in common stocks
or bonds and their market value is expected to rise and fall as the value of the underlying
securities or index rises and falls.
Mutual Fund Risk: mutual funds are subject to the risks of investing in underlying securities or
other investments. Mutual fund shares can trade at a premium or discount to net asset value
and are subject to secondary market trading risks.
Money Market Funds Risk: an investment in a money market fund is neither insured nor
guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or any other government
agency. Money market funds could lose money. Although many money market funds classified
as government funds and retail funds seek to maintain a stable $1.00 per share, they cannot
guarantee they will do so. The price of other money market funds will fluctuate and when an
account sells shares, they could be worth more or less than originally paid.
Foreign Investment Risk: investments in foreign securities involve considerations and risks not
typically associated with investments in securities of domestic companies. These include, for
example, unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates, substantial changes in
governmental policies, political and economic instability and changes in relations between
nations. Foreign markets are not subject to the same regulation as domestic markets. In
addition, there is often less publicly available information about foreign markets and issuers than
about domestic markets and issuers.
Concentrated Portfolio Risk: to the extent a strategy invests in a limited number of stocks, it
may have more risk because changes in the value of a single security may have a more
significant effect, either negative or positive, on the strategy’s performance.
Asset Allocation Risk: asset allocation may have a more significant effect on account value
when one of the more heavily weighted asset classes is performing more poorly than the others.
Diversification and strategic asset allocation do not assure profit or protect against loss in
declining markets.
Legal and Regulatory Risk: there is a risk that new or revised laws or regulations, new or revised
interpretations of existing law, or changes in the enforcement of existing laws or regulations
could adversely affect a client’s portfolio.
Management Risk: to the extent a strategy is actively managed, such strategy is subject to risk
that we will not successfully execute the strategy described even after applying its investment
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techniques and risk analysis. There can be no guarantee that our decisions will produce the
intended result, and there can be no assurance that an investment strategy will succeed.
Cybersecurity Risk: as the use of technology and the Internet has become more prevalent in the
course of business, our firm has become more susceptible to operational, financial and
information security risks resulting from cyber security breaches or other cyber-attacks. Cyber
incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events and include, but are not
limited to, gaining unauthorized access to electronic systems (e.g., through “hacking” or
malicious software coding) for purposes of misappropriating assets, sensitive information (e.g.,
personally identifiable information (“PII”) or trading information), corrupting data, or causing
operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require
gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts
to make network services unavailable to intended users).
Cyber incidents affecting our firm or, any of our service providers, have the ability to cause
disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, interference
with the ability to calculate account values, impediments to trading, the inability to transact
business, destruction to equipment and systems, violations of applicable privacy and other laws,
regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs. In
addition, substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any cyber incidents in the future.
Similar adverse consequences could result from cyber incidents involving counterparties with
which our firm engages in transactions, governmental and other regulatory authorities,
exchange and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies
and other financial institutions (including financial intermediaries and service providers for our
clients) and other parties.
Although our firm has established internal risk management security protocols reasonably
designed to prevent or detect, identify and respond to and recover from cybersecurity incidents,
there are inherent limitations in such protocols including the possibility that certain threats and
vulnerabilities have not been identified or made public due to the evolving nature of
cybersecurity threats. As such, there is a possibility that our firm has not adequately prepared
for or identified certain risks. Furthermore, although our firm conducts initial and ongoing due
diligence of its third-party service providers, it cannot directly control any cyber security plans
and systems put in place by such service providers.
Compliance with Laws & Regulations: Governmental authorities are continuing to consider
appropriate measures to implement know-your-customer and anti-money laundering laws
(customarily known as “KYC” and “AML”, respectively), and it is unclear what additional steps
we may be required to take. In response to increased regulatory concerns with respect to the
sources of funds used in investments and other activities, we may require prospective and
existing clients to provide initial or additional documentation verifying, among other things, such
client’s identity, including the identity of such client’s owners, stockholders or stakeholders, and
the source and type of funds used to make purchases for a client’s portfolio. It also is possible
that, in connection with the establishment of anti-money laundering procedures or for other
reasons, certain legislation or other regulation may require that we share information with
governmental and regulatory authorities with respect to clients. We reserve the right to require
and produce such information as is necessary to comply with any request for information by
courts, tribunals, central banks, exchanges, or governmental or regulatory authorities.
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C. Primarily Recommended Securities. We recommend primarily the following types of
securities:
Individual common stocks;
•
• Mutual funds;
• Fixed income investments such as certificates of deposit, municipal bonds and U.S.
Treasury securities; and
• ETFs.
Such securities are generally subject to the risks disclosed above in connection with our
investment strategies.
Item 9. Disciplinary Information
Registered investment advisers are required to disclose all material facts regarding any legal or
disciplinary events that would be material to the client’s evaluation of their firm or the integrity of
their management. We have no information applicable to this Item.
Item 10. Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations
None. We do not recommend or select other investment advisers for our clients. Mutual fund
and ETF investments selected for client accounts will typically each have their own investment
adviser that manages the fund’s underlying portfolio of investments, but we do not recommend
or select the adviser for these products.
Item 11. Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal
Trading
We have adopted a Code of Ethics (the “Code”) which sets forth the standards of business,
fiduciary and ethical conduct required of all employees. The Code, which includes our policies
relating to compliance with laws and regulations, conflicts of interest, confidentiality, the receipt
of gifts and entertainment, personal trading and reporting, and insider trading, is intended to
assist employees in carrying out their duties as fiduciaries to clients. Employees must report
any violations of the Code to the Chief Compliance Officer. The Code also provides for a range
of sanctions that may be applied to employees who violate the Code.
We permit our employees to engage in the trading of securities for their personal accounts.
Such trading presents potential and actual conflicts of interest when the securities traded are
the same as securities we trade for client accounts. For example, if an employee desires to
purchase a security also held in a client account, but does not want to pay current market value
for the security, the employee could potentially sell the security out of the client accounts and
drive the market price down before making the personal investment. Similar manipulative
behavior could occur if the employee desires to sell a personal security holding, but buys it in
client accounts first in an effort to drive up the price before the employee sells.
Our Code contains various provisions that prohibit this sort of conduct, including a requirement
that employees put client interests first and avoid actual and potential conflicts of interest when
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transacting in securities for their own accounts. Our Code also requires employees to obtain
the approval of many types of securities transactions from our Chief Compliance Officer before
engaging in such transactions. Where an employee wishes to engage in a personal securities
transaction in a security that a client’s account is also trading on the same day, if approved, the
employee trade is generally aggregated with our client’s trade and will receive the same
average price as and share in the transaction costs on a pro rata basis with our client’s account.
This seeks to prevent the employee from benefitting from the client trades by trading separately.
Our Code also generally prohibits trading a security in a client account that was traded in an
employee’s personal account within the past five business days, subject to certain exceptions
including when such a trade is in the best interests of the client account and the employee
account will not benefit from the client transaction.
A copy of our Code is available to clients or prospective clients upon request. If you wish to
receive a copy of the Code, please contact us at the address or telephone provided at Item 1.
Item 12. Brokerage Practices
A. Selecting Broker-Dealers.
(1) Directed Brokerage. With the possible exception of transactions in municipal securities, as
described below, we do not have discretion to determine the broker-dealer used or the
commission rates paid for a client’s investment transactions. Each client either maintains or
establishes an account with a broker-dealer of the client’s choosing, and this broker-dealer acts
as the custodian of the client’s assets. For accounts over which we have investment discretion,
the client also instructs us to execute all transactions, with the possible exception of
transactions in municipal securities as described below, through or with the custodial broker-
dealer.
It is the client’s responsibility to negotiate commission rates with the custodial broker-dealer,
although, if the client selects Charles Schwab & Co. (“Schwab”) to serve as its custodial broker-
dealer, the client may benefit from the commission rates Schwab makes available to our clients.
For an arrangement where either we or the client direct us to execute transactions through a
specified broker-dealer (directed brokerage arrangements), we may not be able to achieve most
favorable execution of client transactions. Directing brokerage may cost our clients more
money. For example, it may result in higher commissions, greater spreads or less favorable net
prices than if we selected the broker-dealers to execute transactions. Also, a client may pay
higher brokerage commissions because the client may not be able to aggregate orders to
reduce transaction costs. Not all advisers require their clients to direct brokerage.
We may from time to time recommend a custodial broker-dealer to a client if the client requests
us to do so. In such cases, we typically recommend Schwab, both because of its execution
capabilities, and because we believe it makes competitive commission rates available to our
clients.
(2) Research and Other Soft Dollar Benefits. Most of our clients use Schwab as their custodial
broker-dealer. As a result of clients directing us to execute trades through Schwab, Schwab
makes certain research available to us as it does to other investment advisers with clients
similarly custodied at Schwab. We do not request such research and do not use the research
made available. We do not pay for this available research when we recommend Schwab or any
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other broker-dealer to clients or direct the execution of client transactions to Schwab (which we
are instructed to do by clients), and this research is not a factor we consider when making
broker-dealer recommendations or directing client transactions.
(3) Municipal Security Transactions. We may determine the broker-dealer used for transactions
in municipal securities. Clients must first make appropriate arrangements with their custodial
broker-dealer to allow us to make such determinations (e.g. enter into an authorizing
amendment to the client’s custodial broker-dealer agreement). Our primary consideration in
selecting a broker-dealer for this purpose is the broker-dealer’s ability to provide the most
favorable price and execution. In making this determination, we consider price, responsiveness
and the quality of the broker-dealer’s services.
If a client’s custodial broker-dealer charges incremental fees in connection with these
arrangements (e.g., for accommodating the arrangement), we are unable to determine or
negotiate such fees.
Where a client does not provide us with the ability to select broker-dealers to execute
transactions in municipal securities, but instead directs us to execute such transactions through
the client’s custodial broker-dealer, we will treat the client direction as a decision by the client to
retain the brokerage discretion that may have otherwise been afforded to us in connection with
such transactions. In these situations, clients may forego the possible benefits of providing us
with brokerage discretion for this limited purpose. These benefits may include, for example, the
negotiation of volume discounts or the execution of “bunched” trades as discussed below. In
addition, discretionary transactions in municipal securities may be executed by us in advance of
directed transactions in such securities. Thus, a client directing that transactions in municipal
securities be effected with its custodial broker-dealer should consider whether, under its
direction, markups, markdowns and other commission-rate equivalents, and other transaction
costs and benefits, will be comparable to those otherwise obtainable.
B. Aggregated Orders. Given the highly individualized nature of the investment services we
provide, securities transactions for client accounts are generally effected separately for each
account. However, sometimes a decision is made to simultaneously purchase or sell the same
security for a number of clients using the same broker-dealer. In such a case, trades in the
same security for clients using the same broker-dealer will be aggregated or “bunched” in a
single order in an effort to seek best execution at the best price available. If a bunched order is
filled at several prices (which may occur in more than one transaction), each client participating
in the order will receive the average price, which could be higher or lower than the actual price
that would otherwise be paid by the client in the absence of bunching. The transaction costs
incurred in the transaction will be shared proportionately based on each client’s participation in
the transaction.
When placing an aggregated or “bunched” order, we will prepare a written statement regarding
the allocation of the order among our clients, and the executed order will then be allocated
according to the written statement. If the aggregated order is not filled in its entirety, the partially
filled order will be allocated pro rata based on the written statement. If, after placing the order,
the allocation must be changed for certain reasons (e.g., a client withdraws cash from an
account scheduled to participate in the order), such change in allocation will be recorded in
writing and approved by our Chief Compliance Officer.
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Form ADV Part 2A
January 30, 2026
As most of our clients use Schwab as their custodial broker-dealer, the opportunity to bunch
trades for clients using alternative brokerage arrangements is extremely limited. Clients using
alternative brokerage arrangements should therefore understand that they may lose the
possible advantage that clients using Schwab as their custodial broker-dealer, or clients
providing us with brokerage discretion with respect to transactions in municipal securities, may
derive from the bunching of orders for several clients in a single transaction for the purchase or
sale of a particular security.
In executing equity trades across multiple brokers, we will rotate the order in which such trades
are placed or may use some other approach in an effort to ensure that accounts are not
systematically favored and that all accounts are treated fairly and equitably over time. Given the
nature of the securities typically traded in client portfolios and the size of the orders executed,
we do not believe that accounts traded after other accounts will receive less favorable pricing,
although it is possible.
With respect to municipal bonds, it is often impractical to allocate a bond purchase across all
eligible accounts as each account’s needs differ and block sizes are often too small. In such
cases, we have discretion to determine allocations based on the considerations described
below. In most instances, it is possible for us to allocate among accounts to meet the best fit
and need. Factors we typically consider in such allocations include: specific needs, amount of
cash available, current maturity structure of account, and whether the account was allocated
bonds in recent purchases. As a result of this approach, not all eligible accounts will participate
in every available opportunity. It is our policy to allocate purchases in a manner designed to be
fair and equitable to all clients.
C. Trade Error Policy. Occasionally, a trading error may occur in a client’s account, e.g., the
wrong security may be bought or sold. We seek to keep these errors to a minimum. However,
if we do discover a trading error, our policy is to immediately contact the broker-dealer to
provide notice of the error and to correct it. If feasible, the trade should be canceled. If the
trade error correction results in a net loss to the client, and we were responsible for the trade
error, our policy is to reimburse the client, except as set forth below with respect to accounts
custodied at Schwab. If correcting an error results in a gain in a client’s account, it is our policy
that the client will keep any such gain unless (i) the same error involved other client accounts
that should have received the gain, (ii) it is not permissible for the client to retain the gain, or (iii)
we confer with the client and the client chooses to forego the gain (e.g., due to tax reasons). If
a client chooses not to keep a gain, we will take measures to ensure we do not benefit from the
gain, such as donating the gain to charity. As a general matter, to the extent related trade
errors result in both gains and losses in a client’s account, they will be netted for the purpose of
determining the amount of overall loss or gain.
With respect to clients custodied at Schwab that do not retain a gain resulting from correcting a
trade error, Schwab will donate the amount of any gain $100 or over to charity and keeps gains
under $100. If the correction results in a loss of less than $100, Schwab will absorb the loss to
avoid its own additional expense and burden of processing small errors. We reimburse losses
of $100 or greater. Schwab’s policy therefore relieves us of the financial obligation to reimburse
losses of less than $100 with respect to clients custodied at Schwab.
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Form ADV Part 2A
January 30, 2026
Item 13. Review of Accounts
A. Timing of Review. Our financial professionals / advisors regularly and continuously review
client accounts. The individual circumstances of each client account may warrant specific
reviews. The current asset mix of the account relative to the client’s asset allocation and
diversification targets is also reviewed in connection with periodic client meetings.
B. Reports to Clients. We communicate with our clients in a number of ways: meetings,
telephone calls, letters, email and portfolio reports. The frequency and mode of personal
contact are flexible and usually dependent on what is needed to ensure an effective working
relationship. Clients generally receive written monthly financial reports, which are comprised of
a portfolio appraisal detailing the securities owned, unit quantity, unit cost, total cost, price, and
month end total market value.
Item 14. Client Referrals and Other Compensation
A. Receipt of Economic Benefit from Non-client. We do not receive any economic benefit
(e.g. sales awards or other prizes) from non-clients for providing investment advice or advisory
services to our clients.
B. Payment for Client Referrals. We do not directly or indirectly compensate any person for
client referrals.
Item 15. Custody
We are deemed by the applicable SEC rules and guidance to have custody of client assets for
those accounts where we have the power to deduct our advisory fee directly from the account.
All such accounts are physically custodied by an independent third-party custodian. Such
custodians provide monthly or quarterly account statements to clients. Clients should carefully
review those statements and compare them with the account statements they receive from us.
Clients are encouraged to bring any discrepancies to our attention as soon as possible.
Item 16. Investment Discretion
We manage certain client assets or accounts on a discretionary basis. This means we have the
authority, as set forth in our advisory agreement, to make buy and sell decisions for the client’s
investment account without first getting client approval for each transaction.
Any investment discretion we exercise is subject to the provisions of the client’s account
documents, including any applicable investment guidelines or policy statements. Such
guidelines or statements address the types of investments we can make on the client’s behalf,
as well as investment objectives and asset allocation.
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Form ADV Part 2A
January 30, 2026
Item 17. Voting Client Securities
A. Authority to Vote Client Securities. With respect to securities held in discretionary and
non-discretionary accounts, clients authorize us to vote all proxies solicited by or with respect to
the issuers of securities in which assets of such accounts may be invested from time to time.
(1) Policies and Procedures. We have adopted “Proxy Voting Policies” pursuant to Rule
206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act, a copy of which is available to clients upon
request. Our policy is to vote any proxy or other beneficial interest in an equity security
prudently and solely in the best long-term economic interest of advisory clients and their
beneficiaries, considering all relevant factors and without undue influence from individuals or
groups who may have an economic interest in the outcome of a proxy vote.
All proxies are reviewed by our designated “Proxy Officer”. The Proxy Officer votes the proxies
according to our Proxy Voting Policies and consults a “Proxy Committee” regarding issues not
clearly covered by the Proxy Voting Policies. The Proxy Committee meets when necessary to
discuss and determine the votes for issues not clearly covered by our Proxy Voting Polices. In
addition, the Proxy Committee reviews, revises and updates the Proxy Voting Policies as
necessary and appropriate.
(2) Client-directed Voting. As further addressed below, clients may direct our voting of
securities when a material conflict of interest exists.
(3) Addressing Conflicts of Interests. We make best efforts to avoid material conflicts of
interest in the voting of proxies. However, where material conflicts of interest arise, we are
committed to resolving the conflict in the client’s best interest. In situations where we identify a
conflict of interest, we may disclose the conflict to the relevant client and obtain their consent
before voting; defer to the voting recommendation of the relevant advisory clients or an
independent third party provider of proxy services; send the proxy directly to the relevant
advisory clients for a voting decision; vote the proxy based on guidelines set forth in our Proxy
Voting Policies; or take such other action in good faith which protects the interests of our clients.
(4) Voting Information. Clients may obtain a record of our proxy votes free of charge by writing
to us at the address provided in Item 1.
Item 18. Financial Information
A. Prepayment of Fees. We do not require or solicit prepayment of client fees.
B. Financial Condition. We do not have any financial condition that is reasonably likely to
impair our ability to meet contractual commitments to our clients.
C. Bankruptcy Petitions. We have never been the subject of a bankruptcy petition.
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