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ITEM 1: Cover Page
333 Bay Street, Suite 1140
Toronto, Ontario M5H 2R2
Canada
Main: (416) 342-5624
www.silverheights.com
Form ADV Part 2A
March 31, 2025
This Brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Silver
Heights Capital Management Inc. (“Silver Heights”). This Brochure will be provided to you at
the time you open your account with us or before we begin providing advice or trading services
to you and annually thereafter. If there is a significant change to the information contained in
this document, we will provide you with updated information in writing as soon as reasonably
possible. If you have any questions about the contents of this Brochure, please contact us at
1-416-342-5624 or at info@silverheights.com. The information in this Brochure has not been
approved or verified by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or
by any state securities authority.
Silver Heights is a registered investment adviser; however, registration does not imply any level
of skill or training.
Additional information about Silver Heights is also available on the SEC’s website at
www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.
ITEM 2: Material Changes
There have been no material changes made to this Form ADV Part 2A Brochure since the annual
updating amendment to this Brochure filed on March 28, 2024.
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ITEM 3:
Table of Contents
ITEM 1:
COVER PAGE ............................................................................................................... 1
ITEM 2: MATERIAL CHANGES .................................................................................................. 2
ITEM 3:
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. 3
ITEM 4:
ADVISORY BUSINESS .................................................................................................. 4
ITEM 5:
FEES AND COMPENSATION .......................................................................................... 4
ITEM 6:
PERFORMANCE FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENT ............................................ 5
ITEM 7:
TYPES OF CLIENTS ...................................................................................................... 5
ITEM 8: METHODS OF ANALYSIS, INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISK OF LOSS ..................... 5
ITEM 9:
DISCIPLINARY INFORMATION .................................................................................... 11
ITEM 10: OTHER FINANCIAL INDUSTRY ACTIVITIES AND AFFILIATIONS .................................. 11
ITEM 11: CODE OF ETHICS, PARTICIPATION OR INTEREST IN CLIENT TRANSACTIONS AND
PERSONAL TRADING ................................................................................................. 11
ITEM 12: BROKERAGE PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 14
ITEM 13: REVIEW OF ACCOUNTS ............................................................................................. 15
ITEM 14: CLIENT REFERRALS AND OTHER COMPENSATION ..................................................... 15
ITEM 15: CUSTODY .................................................................................................................. 16
ITEM 16:
INVESTMENT DISCRETION ......................................................................................... 16
ITEM 17: VOTING CLIENT SECURITIES ..................................................................................... 16
ITEM 18: FINANCIAL INFORMATION ......................................................................................... 17
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ITEM 4: Advisory Business
Silver Heights Capital Management Inc. (“Silver Heights”, the “Firm” or “we”) is an investment
adviser with its principal place of business in Toronto, Ontario. The Firm was founded in 2006
by Lung-Ming Lam and Kevin Kuebler, each of whom own 50% of the Firm through their
personal holding companies.
A discretionary investment management firm focused on achieving superior, long-term risk-
adjusted returns through a value-oriented, high-conviction, absolute return (benchmark agnostic)
approach, Silver Heights employs bottom-up, fundamentally-driven investment research. The
Firm seeks to invest in high-quality businesses, only acquiring shares when prices are below our
estimate of the intrinsic value of the business. When such investment opportunities arise, Silver
Heights will take meaningful positions, building concentrated portfolios of stocks that can
ideally be held for the long term. Silver Heights is focused on capital preservation while
growing capital over time. We define risk as the risk of permanent capital impairment.
Silver Heights currently offers its discretionary investment management services on a segregated
account basis to private individuals, affluent families, single and multi-family offices and select
institutions. When managed on a segregated account basis, the client’s account is managed as a
discrete portfolio (“Separately Managed Account”) rather than as part of a pool. The Firm offers
a single equity investment philosophy and generally does not tailor this philosophy to the needs
of individual clients although Silver Heights, upon client request, will consider specific
investment restrictions. Silver Heights does not participate in wrap fee programs. Silver Heights
offers pooled funds in which certain clients (or non-clients) can invest, although no such pools
are available to U.S. Persons as of the date of this Brochure.
As of the date of this Brochure, Silver Heights renders advisory services primarily to clients
outside of the United States. Consistent with prior SEC precedent, the substantive provisions of
the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”) generally will not
apply to Silver Heights’ relationships with its non-U.S. clients, except to the extent required by
applicable law.
As of December 31, 2024, Silver Heights managed US$673.4 million in assets, all on a
discretionary basis. This was converted to USD from CAD at 0.6941.
ITEM 5:
Fees and Compensation
Management Fee
Silver Heights charges a management fee of 1.5% per annum in consideration for the advisory
services provided to its clients. Management fees are payable monthly, in arrears, based on the
month-end market value of the Separately Managed Account. Fees are pro-rated on a daily basis
for certain cash flows and for the month an account is opened or terminated. Management fees
are deducted directly from each client’s Separately Managed Account. We reserve the right to
negotiate fees.
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Other Fees and Expenses
In addition to the management fee described above, clients generally will incur other direct third-
party trading and account related expenses, which will include brokerage commissions, custodial
charges, costs associated with foreign exchange transactions and other transaction costs and
taxes and duties in connection with the implementation of their investment management strategy.
For additional information regarding brokerage commissions and other related transaction costs
and expenses, please refer to Item 12 – “Brokerage Practices”.
ITEM 6:
Performance Fees and Side-by-Side Management
Silver Heights currently does not charge performance-based fees.
ITEM 7:
Types of Clients
Silver Heights provides discretionary investment management to private individuals, affluent
families, single-and multi-family offices, pooled investment vehicles (other than investment
companies and business development companies) and select institutions. Silver Heights’
minimum account size for U.S. accounts is $5 million. It is at Silver Heights’ discretion whether
to negotiate minimum account sizes on a case-by-case basis.
ITEM 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Risk of Loss
Investment Strategy
Silver Heights’ investment objective is to achieve superior, risk-adjusted returns while
preserving our clients’ capital and growing it over time. Silver Heights’ approach to achieving
this objective is to find high-quality companies in which we believe we can meaningfully invest
for the long term, purchased at prices that we believe provide a margin-of-safety.
Silver Heights is focused on taking long positions in the equity securities of publicly-traded
companies, with a focus on North America, but reserves discretion to invest in equities of issuers
in other geographic regions, as well as in other types of securities and derivative instruments, or
to pursue alternative or supplemental investment strategies (e.g., long-short equities) where
deemed appropriate and consistent with its investment mandate. Silver Heights’ investment
activities involve risk of loss that you should be prepared to bear.
Idea Generation and Investment Research
Silver Heights employs a bottom-up, fundamentally-driven, disciplined research process to find
potential investment opportunities. Investment ideas come from multiple sources: we are avid
readers and consumers of information (including journals, trade publications, annual reports,
research reports, blogs, etc.); we attend conferences and company meetings and meet senior
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company management. We have industry contacts and our own extensive business network
which is often fertile ground for potential investment ideas. In seeking attractive investment
opportunities, we look for high-quality companies that we believe demonstrate some or many of
the following characteristics:
Sustainable competitive advantage
High free cash flow
High returns on invested capital
Strong balance sheet
Good growth prospects
High insider ownership
High-integrity management who are skilled capital allocators and well-aligned with
shareholders
Appropriate executive compensation structures that provide the proper incentives
We have developed a “wish-list” of high-quality companies that we like and follow. We do
extensive research and due diligence on these companies, have management meetings and/or
tours of business operations when appropriate and build proprietary financial models.
Companies in our portfolio are regularly monitored and compared against companies on our
wish list to assess potential alternative investments.
Company Valuation and Assessment
Silver Heights reviews historical financial information (typically 10+ years, when available, and
if deemed appropriate). We estimate the “intrinsic value” of companies by valuing businesses
using a discounted cash flow methodology.
We strive to buy shares at a discounted price that provides us with the potential to earn an
adequate risk-adjusted return over the long term. We will only purchase a company’s shares
when we can do so at a discount to our estimate of intrinsic value.
Portfolio Construction
Silver Heights identifies a number of companies for potential investment and waits for their
share price to trade at a level which we believe offers us a sufficient margin-of-safety. We take a
disciplined approach to building portfolios for our clients: capital is deployed on a company-by-
company basis depending on what is “buyable” at the time a client’s capital is available for
deployment. We consider a security to be “buyable” if it meets our minimum quality standards,
and the combination of our assessment of its quality and the potential purchase price results in
what we believe to be an acceptable forward-looking, risk-adjusted return potential. We build
concentrated portfolios (a mature Separately Managed Account will typically hold 10 – 20
stocks). The stocks are not equally weighted, with higher weightings given to what we believe
are better-quality and more attractively-priced companies. Portfolios may hold significant
amounts of cash which generate minimal earnings. In building a concentrated portfolio, we also
seek to take into account intra-portfolio correlations and liquidity considerations.
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We monitor investments to determine whether we continue to believe that: 1) the businesses are
performing as expected, and 2) the price-to-value equation remains attractive. We monitor client
portfolios regularly and consider the change in valuation of the securities in the portfolio to
determine whether to trim a position, increase a position, or add a new name, all with a view to
enhancing the reward-to-risk ratio when conditions change.
Sell Discipline
Just as Silver Heights is disciplined in buying shares of companies, Silver Heights is careful in
making sell decisions. Reasons that shares could be sold include (but are not limited to):
A fundamental adverse change in the business
Overvaluation versus Silver Heights’ estimated intrinsic value of the company
Availability of a perceived superior alternative investment opportunity (i.e., a better
reward-to-risk profile)
Certain Risk Factors
“Long-Only” Investment Style. Although Silver Heights can modify its investment program in
response to market conditions, it is nonetheless anticipated that client portfolios generally will
invest on a “long-only” basis in a limited number of stocks selected by Silver Heights. This is in
contrast to certain alternative investment programs that can also sell certain stocks short and/or
establish a “market neutral” position (having neither a long nor a short bias), which will carry
different investment risks and benefits than a long-only program. As a result of Silver Heights’
long bias, clients could be more exposed to losses than a long/short or market neutral program in
times of general market downturns and when prices of equity securities are declining.
Fundamental Analysis. Silver Heights seeks to measure the intrinsic value of the securities that
it purchases for its clients by considering various economic and financial factors from a variety
of sources to determine if the security is underpriced or overpriced. In contrast to technical
analysis and other alternative analytical methodologies, fundamental analysis does not attempt to
anticipate broad market movements or trends, and focuses instead on seeking to ascertain the
intrinsic value of specific securities and to identify mispricings that we believe indicate attractive
investment opportunities. However, this presents potential risks, as fundamental analysis
involves uncertainties, and is subject to error. Stock prices reflect what buyers are willing to pay
and sellers are willing to accept, which will not always reflect the intrinsic value of the issuer.
As a result, even when the fundamental analysis is sound, the price of a security could rise or fall
as a result of overall market movements, sentiment, and macro-economic and other factors,
although the fundamental economic and financial factors considered in evaluating its intrinsic
value would suggest that the stock’s price should rise.
Concentration Risk. Silver Heights expects its client portfolios to be concentrated, holding
investments in a limited number of underlying securities (typically 10 – 20 core positions in a
mature account). Due to this concentration, a change to the market value of any individual
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security will have a greater impact on the value of a client’s portfolio than if the client’s portfolio
were less concentrated.
Equity Securities. Silver Heights will trade primarily in equity securities on behalf of its clients.
Common stock and similar equity securities generally represent the most junior position in an
issuer’s capital structure and, as such, generally entitle holders to an interest in the assets of the
issuer, if any, remaining after all more senior claims to such assets have been satisfied. Holders
of common stock generally are entitled to dividends only if, and to the extent, declared by the
governing body of the issuer out of income or other assets available after making interest,
dividend and any other required payments on more senior securities of the issuer. The value of
equity securities tends to fluctuate in response to specific situations for each company, industry
market conditions and general economic environments. The securities of smaller companies can
involve more risk, their prices could be subject to more volatility and they can be less liquid
(and, therefore, less capable of being monetized for the benefit of clients at a desirable time or
price) than larger companies.
Liquidity Risk. Silver Heights can invest in less-liquid securities for which limited trading takes
place, which includes (among others) securities of small- to micro-cap companies, public
companies whose shares are quoted on the “pink sheets” and traded over-the-counter, and
privately-placed securities for which there might be no public market at the time of purchase.
The time required to sell or acquire these less-liquid securities will generally be longer than the
time required to sell or acquire more liquid securities, making it more difficult to effect
transactions in such securities at desired times and/or prices. Market values of less-liquid
securities are potentially subject to greater volatility than the market values of more-liquid
securities. In some cases, the disposition of the securities will be dependent upon a subsequent
event, such as their listing by the issuer or a major liquidity event (e.g., a sale of the issuer). In
addition, Silver Heights might not be able to obtain the same quality and amount of research and
public information regarding the finances and operations of the issuers of such securities, which
could negatively impact Silver Heights’ ability to assess the intrinsic value of such securities.
Accordingly, investments in less liquid securities can expose clients to additional risk when
compared to investments in the equities of larger public companies.
International Securities and Currency Risk. Silver Heights currently invests primarily in Canada
and the U.S., but could determine to invest in the securities of issuers located in other
jurisdictions where we believe an attractive investment opportunity exists. Non-U.S.
investments are usually denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In addition to the
factors which would normally impact the value of these investments if they were denominated in
U.S. dollars, the values of these investments are also subject to changes in the currency exchange
rates. The impact of changes in the currency exchange rates on the values of these investments,
and on the value of a client’s portfolio, could be significant. Although Silver Heights can
determine to utilize derivative instruments to hedge against currency fluctuations in a particular
case, we are not required to do so, typically have not done so, and there can be no assurance that
such hedging transactions, if undertaken, will be effective.
Convertible Securities. Silver Heights can invest on behalf of clients in convertible securities.
Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that can
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be converted into or exchanged for a specified amount of common stock of the same, or a
different, issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible
security entitles the holder to receive interest that is generally paid or accrued on debt or a
dividend that is paid or accrued on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is
redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities generally (i) have higher yields than
common stocks, but lower yields than comparable non-convertible securities, (ii) are less subject
to fluctuation in value than the underlying common stock due to their fixed-income
characteristics and (iii) provide the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the
underlying common stock increases. The value of a convertible security is a function of its
“investment value” (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of
comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its “conversion
value” (the security’s worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). A
convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its investment value by the extent to
which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a
fixed-income security. Generally, the amount of the premium decreases as the convertible
security approaches maturity. Some convertible securities are subject to redemption at the option
of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument. If a
convertible security held by a client is called for redemption, the client will be required to permit
the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third
party. Any of these actions could have an adverse effect on the client’s portfolio.
Market Risk. Silver Heights’ opinions will sometimes differ from the views of the broader
market and its investment decisions for clients will be based on its opinions. The value of a
client’s portfolio is directly related to the market value of the securities in their portfolio. The
market value of the securities will fluctuate with, among other factors: the financial performance
of the issuer of the securities; the predominant views of the business and/or its prospects; general
economic conditions; conditions in debt, equity, other securities or commodities markets;
currency rates; political, economic or social developments; or instability in the relevant capital
markets. Over the short to medium term, the value of the client’s portfolio could experience very
significant volatility.
Individual securities, as well as the overall portfolio, could experience a very significant decline
in value. In addition, if Silver Heights’ expectations on the pricing of a security are not
ultimately realized, clients could fail to realize profits on their investments in such securities, and
could be exposed to significant losses.
Market Conditions. The capital markets have experienced great volatility and financial turmoil
at certain times. Moreover, governmental measures undertaken in response to such turmoil
(whether regulatory or financial in nature) have in certain circumstances had a negative effect on
market conditions. General fluctuations in the market prices of investments and economic
conditions will likely affect the value of the clients’ portfolios. Instability in the markets and
economic conditions generally (including a slow-down in economic growth and/or changes in
interest rates or foreign exchange rates) would likely also increase the risks inherent in a client’s
investment portfolio and could have a negative impact on the performance of the investments.
The clients’ investment portfolios also can be affected by deterioration in the capital markets and
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by market events. Volatility and illiquidity in the financial sector could in certain circumstances
have an adverse effect on the performance of client investments.
Cybersecurity Risk and Identity Theft. Silver Heights, its clients and service providers and other
market participants increasingly depend on complex information technology and
communications systems to conduct business functions. These systems are subject to a number
of different threats or risks that could adversely affect Silver Heights and its clients, despite the
efforts of the Firm and its service providers to adopt technologies, processes and practices
intended to mitigate these risks and protect the security of their computer systems, software,
networks and other technology assets, as well as the confidentiality, integrity and availability of
information belonging to the Firm and its clients. For example, unauthorized third parties could
attempt to improperly access, modify, disrupt the operations of, or prevent access to, the systems
of Silver Heights, its clients, their service providers, counterparties or data within these
systems. Third parties could also attempt to fraudulently induce employees, customers, third-
party service providers or other users of such systems to disclose sensitive information to gain
access to confidential data. In addition, these systems are susceptible to damage or interruption
from computer viruses, network failures, computer and telecommunication failures, infiltration
by unauthorized persons and security breaches, usage errors by their respective professionals,
power outages and catastrophic events such as fires, tornadoes, floods, hurricanes and
earthquakes.
Although Silver Heights has implemented various measures to manage risks relating to these
types of events, these systems could still become compromised, become inoperable for extended
periods of time or cease to function properly. A successful penetration or circumvention of the
security of such systems could result in the loss or theft of data or assets, the inability to access
electronic systems, loss or theft of proprietary information or client or corporate data, physical
damage to a computer or network system or costs associated with system repairs. Such incidents
could cause the Firm to incur regulatory penalties or reputational damage, and the Firm or its
clients to incur additional costs or financial losses.
Business Impacts and Interruptions. War, terrorism, natural disasters, geopolitical events and
uncertainties, public health issues and other business interruptions have caused and could cause
damage or disruption to the global economy, and thus could have a material adverse effect on the
Firm and its clients’ investments. The Firm’s business operations are subject to interruption by,
among others, natural disasters, whether as a result of fire, power shortages, terrorist attacks and
other hostile acts, public health issues and other events beyond its control. Such events could
result in market interruptions, employee absences or make it difficult or impossible for the Firm
to trade or communicate with clients. Should major public health issues, including pandemics,
arise, the Firm could be adversely affected. Such events can result in effects including material
uncertainty, significant volatility, inability to operate and risks at the level of the broad economy,
the financial system, the issuers of the securities in clients’ portfolios, and for Silver Heights. In
the event of such a business interruption, the Firm and its clients’ portfolios could incur
significant losses.
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ITEM 9: Disciplinary Information
Silver Heights is required to disclose all material facts regarding any legal or disciplinary events
that would be material to a client’s evaluation of Silver Heights or the integrity of its
management. Silver Heights has no such information to report.
ITEM 10: Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations
Silver Heights is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC. In addition, Silver Heights
conducts business in various Canadian jurisdictions under three different registration categories:
Portfolio Manager – This governs the business of managing individual segregated
investment accounts.
Investment Fund Manager – This governs the management of any pooled funds. The
firm does not manage any pooled fund that is considered a United States person.
Exempt Market Dealer – This allows us, under various prospectus exemptions, to sell
units of our pooled funds directly to investors. The firm does not offer pooled funds in
the United States.
Silver Heights does not have any other financial industry activities or affiliations to report,
outside of the businesses described herein.
ITEM 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or interest in Client Transactions and
Personal Trading
Code of Ethics
Pursuant to Advisers Act Rule 204A-1, Silver Heights has adopted a written code of ethics
(“Code of Ethics” or the “Code”) that sets forth standards of conduct expected of supervised
persons and addresses conflicts that can arise from personal trading.
The Code of Ethics requires all supervised persons to place client interests ahead of the Firm’s
interests, to avoid taking advantage of his or her position and to maintain full compliance with
the federal securities laws. Employees acknowledge their understanding and acceptance of this
Code of Ethics upon joining Silver Heights and annually thereafter. Employees who violate the
Code can be subject to remedial actions, including, but not limited to, profit disgorgement, fines,
censure, suspension or dismissal. Employees are also required to promptly report any violations
of the Code of which they become aware. A copy of the Code of Ethics will be provided to
clients upon request by contacting 1-416-342-5624 or at info@silverheights.com.
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Conflicts of Interest
Certain inherent conflicts of interest arise from the fact that Silver Heights will carry on
substantial investment activities for multiple clients simultaneously. Silver Heights engages in
investment transactions for certain of its clients which differ from investment transactions made
for other Silver Heights clients, even though their investment objectives are the same or similar.
This occurs for several reasons, such as different timing of client account opening or
funding/withdrawals, as well as differences in client account sizes, investment objectives and
guidelines, and various other differences among our clients and their respective accounts. Silver
Heights has a conflict of interest in rendering advice to a particular client where the financial
benefit from managing another client’s account is greater, which could provide an incentive to
favor such other account. The financial benefit from managing a client’s account is impacted by
factors including the account size, whether incentive compensation are incurred, and the fee
arrangement with the client. Silver Heights believes that the potential conflicts among client
accounts are mitigated by the nature of its investment program, as described above, which
generally focuses client investments on a relatively small number of liquid securities, as well as
its methodology for allocating investments among client accounts, as described below in Item 12
– “Brokerage Practices”.
Silver Heights compensates certain employees in the form of a commission for successfully
introducing clients to the adviser. The payment of commissions to employees to introduce
clients to the adviser creates a conflict of interest due to the incentive for these employees to put
their interests ahead of the interests of prospective clients. Silver Heights has implemented
policies that seek to mitigate the risk to clients’ interests. Employees compensated for successful
client introductions do not participate in investment decisions, they do not assess suitability of
investments for clients, and their compensation is earned and paid over a multi-year period. In
addition, client accounts may not be opened without the approval by supervisory staff of the firm
including the Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”).
Familial or other relationships of our personnel, such as a relative that serves on the Board of
Directors of a company that is an investment or potential investment for Silver Heights clients,
can create conflicts of interest for Silver Heights and its personnel. Silver Heights has policies
and procedures to deal with such conflicts as they arise, including scenarios where the Firm or an
individual with investment decision making authority comes into possession of material non-
public information.
In addition, Silver Heights’ founders and investment team invest and trade for their own
accounts, and invest a significant portion of their personal assets in the same securities held by
Silver Heights’ clients, which we believe provides our firm leadership with a strong alignment of
interests with our clients. However, as a result, potential conflicts of interest arise between
Silver Heights’ clients and Silver Heights or its principals or employees or affiliates with respect
to matters such as the allocation of investment opportunities, purchases and sales of securities in
connection with particular trading situations and allocation of personnel and resources. Trading
by principals and personnel of Silver Heights will be subject to Silver Heights’ Code of Ethics
and personal trading policy, which seeks to mitigate the conflicts described above by prioritizing
client transactions over transactions undertaken by Silver Heights, its principals and its
employees. Where employee accounts are managed by Silver Heights, transactions in these
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accounts are prioritized in the same manner as transactions for all other client accounts. In the
event of partially filled Initial Public Offerings (“IPOs”), accounts of founders and investment
team are not allocated a pro-rata share of partially filled IPOs before client trades are completely
filled.
Personal Securities Transactions
The Code of Ethics establishes guidelines for personal trading requirements, insider trading,
reporting of personal securities transactions, including certain pre-clearance and reporting
obligations. Under the Code of Ethics, Silver Heights’ employees are required to file certain
periodic reports (i.e., reports of security transactions for their own accounts or any account in
which they have a direct or indirect beneficial interest) with the CCO, as required by Advisers
Act Rule 204A-1. Silver Heights’ personal trading policies are designed to ensure that no client
is disadvantaged by the transactions executed by any employee and that no employees
misappropriate any benefit properly belonging to any client.
Insider Trading Policy
Silver Heights’ employees are prohibited from trading, either personally or on behalf of others,
in securities while in possession of material non-public information regarding securities or
communicating material non-public information to others. Silver Heights manages the potential
conflicts of interest inherent in employee trading by enforcement of its Code of Ethics.
Principal, Agency Cross and Cross Transactions
As a matter of policy, Silver Heights does not knowingly cause client accounts to effect
transactions in which a client purchases securities from, or sells securities to, Silver Heights or
its principals or affiliates (i.e., principal trades). Silver Heights can effect transactions in which a
client purchases securities from, or sells securities to, another client (i.e., cross trades) where it
determines that such trades are in the interest of both clients and otherwise comply with the
Firm’s Code of Ethics, although it is anticipated that cross trades will not occur frequently. No
such trades shall be affected without pre-approval by the CCO.
Trade Errors
Although they are not expected to occur frequently, trading errors from time to time occur with
respect to client accounts. Such errors could include, but are not limited to, purchases or sales of
the incorrect security, an incorrect order size or order type (e.g., “buy” versus “sell”), execution
of orders that would contravene client instructions or guidelines, or other similar errors. Upon
identifying a trade error in respect of a client account, Silver Heights’ policy is to, where possible
and practical, promptly correct the error in a manner that places the client in the same position
they would have been in had the error not occurred. If the error resulted from Silver Heights’
gross negligence, then it will generally bear any losses associated with correcting the error, while
the client will generally retain any gains that result from the error or its correction.
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ITEM 12: Brokerage Practices
Silver Heights will generally recommend a custodian for its client accounts, but in its discretion,
can agree to a different custodian selected by the client.
Generally, unless otherwise agreed in a particular case, Silver Heights will be responsible for
selecting the executing brokers to be utilized for client account transactions, and clients will not
be permitted to direct Silver Heights’ selection of such brokers. Silver Heights selects broker-
dealers for trade execution with the best interest of its clients being the paramount consideration.
Silver Heights seeks to obtain execution of transactions in a manner that achieves the best
qualitative execution for clients while considering the full range and quality of a broker-dealer’s
services including, but not limited to, the quality of research received, access to issuers,
competitive commission costs, financial soundness and demonstrated execution capabilities.
Silver Heights directs transactions to broker-dealers with the understanding that the broker-
dealer could apply a portion of the commissions paid by clients towards research and other
brokerage-related products and services that benefit Silver Heights in the management of client
accounts. These products and services are part of the investment process and Silver Heights
believes that, as such, they will generally benefit all clients. As a general matter, Silver Heights
only uses client commissions to acquire research and brokerage services that are eligible as such
for purposes of the safe harbor under Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended. This safe harbor allows an investment adviser to pay for certain research and
brokerage services with commission dollars generated by client transactions.
Silver Heights receives a benefit from these research and brokerage services, particularly to the
extent it uses soft dollars to pay for research or other expenses for which it would otherwise be
required to pay. To the extent that Silver Heights receives the benefits of such services, a
potential conflict of interest exists between Silver Heights’ duty to seek best execution, and
Silver Heights’ desire to receive the potential benefits of these research and brokerage services.
This gives Silver Heights an incentive to select certain brokers to execute client transactions,
based upon the other research and brokerage products and services that they provide, rather than
based solely upon the price or quality of their execution services.
Although Silver Heights believes that its use of “soft dollars” to obtain research or brokerage
services benefits clients generally, in some cases a particular item that Silver Heights receives for
conducting transactions in a particular client account could benefit Silver Heights and/or other
accounts and the particular account whose trades allowed Silver Heights to acquire that item
might not benefit from it. Because Silver Heights views research and brokerage services as a
general benefit that assists Silver Heights in fulfilling its overall duty to clients, it does not
attempt to track or allocate the benefits of research or brokerage services it receives to the
commissions associated with a particular account or group of accounts. However, certain clients
could bear more of the cost of soft dollar arrangements than other clients.
In the last fiscal year, Silver Heights has acquired research reports including information on
individual companies, industries and the economy, discussions with research analysts, meetings
with corporate executives and attendance at industry conferences with the brokerage
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commissions generated by its clients. In connection with its utilization of these soft dollar
benefits, Silver Heights has made a good faith determination that the commissions payable to the
broker providing such benefits are reasonable in relation to the value of the services provided by
such brokers.
Silver Heights monitors trade execution and commissions paid on a regular basis to ensure that
commissions paid are reasonable in relation to the combined value of research and brokerage
services provided by the brokers-dealers. In addition, the CCO and a portfolio manager (“PM”)
meet semi-annually for a formal review of the commissions paid during the period.
Silver Heights has no affiliated broker-dealers.
Silver Heights has established policies intended to fairly allocate investment opportunities across
client accounts, with the goal of ensuring that all clients are treated fairly and equitably over time
and that no client is systematically disadvantaged by the aggregation, placement, or allocation of
orders. Investment allocations are determined, at the relationship level, prior to submitting the
trade to a broker for execution. In certain circumstances, partial orders could be placed in
advance of allocation determination where we think that this is in the best interest of the clients.
Once an order is filled, the trades are processed into client accounts using the average price
obtained on the entire order. In situations where an order for multiple clients is only partially
filled, Silver Heights endeavours to distribute the securities purchased on a pro-rata basis among
clients. Where a strict pro-rata allocation is not practical, orders will be allocated on a basis
believed to be fair and equitable to clients over time.
ITEM 13: Review of Accounts
All accounts are monitored regularly by the applicable PM to determine whether to trim a
position, increase a position, or add a new name, all with a view to enhancing the reward-to-risk
ratio when conditions change. Silver Heights provides quarterly written reports to clients. These
reports include a portfolio valuation showing the holdings of the client’s Separately Managed
Account at the end of the quarter and, for clients of greater than one year, reporting of the
performance since inception. Clients also receive statements directly from their custodian and
are encouraged to compare these two statements for consistency and accuracy.
Silver Heights generally meets with clients annually to review the performance of their
investments, discuss portfolio holdings and to update client information (except in instances
where the client has indicated a preference for less frequent reporting).
ITEM 14: Client Referrals and Other Compensation
Silver Heights has an introduction agreement with Steven N. Friedman and a FINRA-regulated
broker-dealer (“the Broker”) that was terminated effective March 10, 2024. As of the end date of
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the compensation period under the agreement, March 10, 2025, there have been no successful
referrals, and no referral fees have been paid to the Broker under the agreement.
Silver Heights does not receive economic benefit from any third party for advisory services to
U.S. clients.
ITEM 15: Custody
Silver Heights generally is deemed to have custody of its U.S. clients’ funds and securities, for
purposes of Advisers Act Rule 206(4)-2 (“Custody Rule”), solely due to Silver Heights’ ability
to withdraw its management fee from client accounts. U.S. client funds and securities are
maintained by one or more qualified custodians as defined in the Custody Rule.
Clients receive at least quarterly statements from the qualified custodian that holds and maintains
the client’s investment assets.
Silver Heights urges each client to carefully review such statements and compare such official
custodial records to any account statements that Silver Heights provides such client. Silver
Heights’ statements will sometimes vary from custodial statements based on accounting
procedures, reporting dates or valuation methodologies of certain securities, but the client is
encouraged to call any discrepancies to Silver Heights’ attention.
ITEM 16:
Investment Discretion
Silver Heights manages client accounts on a discretionary basis, which means that Silver Heights
has the ability to determine the securities to be purchased or sold for each client account. This
authority is granted in written managed account agreements with each client. Silver Heights
exercises this discretion in a manner consistent with the client’s investment policy statement and
considering the investment objectives of each client. On occasion, clients provide specific
restrictions on transactions in individual securities or industries.
ITEM 17: Voting Client Securities
Clients authorize Silver Heights to exercise any voting rights attached to any of the securities in
the client accounts that Silver Heights is managing pursuant to the terms of the managed account
agreement entered into between Silver Heights and the client. Pursuant to Advisers Act Rule
206 (4)-6, the Firm has adopted policies and guidelines to ensure that proxies are voted in the
best interest of clients and to address conflicts of interest between the Firm and clients with
respect to voting their securities. This will generally mean voting proxies with a view to
enhancing the value of the shares or securities managed by Silver Heights. Clients do not direct
specific proxy votes for the securities held in their accounts.
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Clients can obtain a copy of Silver Heights’ complete proxy voting policies and procedures
and/or information about how Silver Heights voted any proxies on behalf of their account(s)
upon request by contacting 1-416-342-5624 or at info@silverheights.com.
ITEM 18: Financial Information
Silver Heights has no financial commitment that impairs its ability to meet contractual and
fiduciary commitments to clients, and has not been the subject of a bankruptcy proceeding.
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