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Item 1- Cover Page
Silver Lake Advisory Partners, LLC
dba Silver Lake Advisory
Form ADV Part 2A – Disclosure Brochure
2089 Gulf of Mexico Dr., Unit 303
Longboat Key, FL 34228
941-259-2099
Fax: 801-214-1877
www.silverlakeadvisory.com
This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business
practices of Silver Lake Advisory Partners, LLC (SLA). If you have any
questions about the contents of this brochure, please contact Greg
Bangma, Chief Compliance Officer at 941-259-2099 or by email at
greg@silverlakeadvisory.com.
The information in this brochure has not been approved or verified by the
United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or by any state
securities authority.
SLA is a federally registered investment adviser. Registration of an
Investment Adviser does not imply any level of skill or training. The oral
and written communications of an Adviser provide you with information to
help you determine to hire or retain an Adviser.
Additional information about SLA is available on the SEC’s website at
www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. This site can be searched with a unique
identifying number known as a CRD number. The CRD number for SLA is
107625.
January 2026
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Item 2- Material Changes
A. Annual Update
Pursuant to current regulations, Clients will receive a summary of any material changes
to this and subsequent brochures within 120 days of the close of the firm’s fiscal year
which occurs at the end of the calendar year. Other updates can occur as needed
based on new information or material changes.
B. Material Changes
Since the last annual update of this brochure dated January 2026, the firm has made
the following material changes.
• Cover Page – The firm’s legal name was changed to Silver Lake Advisory
Partners, LLC.
• Cover Page and Item 2– The firm changed its contact phone number to 941-259-
2099.
•
Item 4 - The firm is now organized as a Limited Liability Company in the State of
Florida.
C. Full Brochure Available
Currently, our Brochure is available on the SEC website at www.advisorinfo.sec.gov
and may also be requested by contacting Greg Bangma at 941-259-2099 and/or
greg@silverlakeadvisory.com.
Additional information about SLA is also available via the SEC’s website
www.advisorinfo.sec.gov. This site can be searched with a unique identifying
number known as a CRD number. The CRD number for SLA is 107625.
Item 3- Table of Contents
Item 1- Cover Page …………………………………………………………………………….i
Item 2-Material Changes ……………………………………………………………………..ii
A. Annual Update ..………………………………………………………………………....ii
B. Material Changes ………………………...................................................................ii
C. Full Brochure Available
........................................ ...........................................................................................1i
Item 4- Advisory Business .............................................................................................1
A. Firm Description ................................................................................ ....................1
B. Types of Advisory Services ................................................................... ................1
C. Client Tailored Relationships ............................................................. ....................2
D. Wrap Fee Policies……………………………………………………………………….2
E. Retirement Plan Rollover Recommendations…….…………………………………..2
F. Assets Under Management.………………….…………………………………………3
Item 5- Fees and Compensation ................................................................... ...............4
A. Description............................................................................................... ..............4
B. Fee Billing and Payment ........................................................................... .............5
C. Additional Fees and Expenses……………………………………………..................5
D. Advance payment or pre-paid fees.........................................................................6
E. Other Fees............................................................................................................. 6
F. Termination.............................................................................................................6
Item 6- Performance-Based Fees ................................................................................. 7
Item 7- Types of Clients ................................................................................................ 7
A. SLA Clients.............................................................................................................7
B. Engaging the Services of SLA................................................................................7
C. Vulnerable Clients ...............................................................................................8
D. Account Minimums ............................................................................................... 8
Item 8- Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Types of Investments ..... 8
A. Methods of Analysis..............................................................................................8
B. Investment Strategies.......................................................................................... 9
Item 8 - Risk of Loss.....................................................................................................10
A. Investing Involves Risk.......................................................................................10
B. Risks Associated with Investment Strategies.....................................................12
C. Risks Associated with Methods of Analysis.......................................................12
D. Risks Associated with Specific Securities..........................................................13
Item 9- Disciplinary Information ................................................................................. 16
Item 10- Other Financial Industry Activities, Affiliations, and Conflicts of
Interest…………………………………………………………………………………………16
Item 11- Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and
Personal Trading.............. ………………………………………………………………….17
A. Code of Ethics.......................................................................................................17
B. Participation or Interest in Client Transactions .................................................... 18
C. Privacy Notice for Investment Advisory Clients....................................................18
Item 12- Brokerage Practices ..................................................................................... 19
A. Schwab as Custodian...........................................................................................19
B. Research/Soft Dollar Benefits...............................................................................20
C. Brokerage for Client Referrals..............................................................................20
D. Client Directed Brokerage………..........................................................................20
E. Order Allocation and Aggregation…………………………………………………….21
F. Trading Error Policies………………………………………………………………….21
Item 13- Review of Accounts ...................................................................................... 21
A. Periodic Reviews ................................................................................................ 22
B. Additional Reviews .............................................................................................. 22
C. Reports to Clients ............................................................................................... 22
Item 14- Client Referrals and Other Compensation .................................................. 22
Item 15- Custody ......................................................................................................... 22
Item 16- Investment Discretion .................................................................................. 23
Item 17-Voting Client Securities and Class Action Lawsuits .................................. 23
A. Proxies................................................................................................................23
Item 18 - Financial Information…………………………………………………………….25
A. Prepayment of Fees .......................................................................................... 25
B. Financial Condition. .......................................................................................... 25
Item 4- Advisory Business
A. Firm Description
SLA is a Florida Limited Liability Company. SLA was previously owned and operated by
Ronna Cohen, JD, MBA, from the State of Utah. Ronna Cohen first became a
Connecticut Registered Investment Advisor in 1992. In 1997, Ronna Cohen had assets
the exceeded the federal minimum and became a federally Registered Investment
Advisor. On October 9, 2018, Ronna Cohen, JD, MBA, doing business as Silver Lake
Advisory, became Silver Lake Advisory, LLC.
As of January 1, 2026, the firm changed its name to Silver Lake Advisory Partners, LLC
with its home office in the state of Florida.
As of January 1, 2026, Greg Bangma is the Chief Compliance Officer and 50% owner of
SLA.
As of January 1, 2026, Nancy Elliott is 50% owner of SLA.
The purpose of the firm is to invest client funds and manage those funds. Throughout
this disclosure brochure the company is referred to as “SLA”.
Ronna Cohen, Greg Bangma, Nancy Elliott and Dara Rosen Cohen are all investment
advisor representatives and access persons.
B. Types of Advisory Services
SLA offers personalized investment management services for our clients that is in the
best interest of the client. Account management is guided by our client’s risk tolerance;
income needs, tax status, and investment objectives. Through on-going, personal
discussions, SLA will manage a customized portfolio. SLA will allocate the client’s
assets among various investments based on the client’s risk tolerance and income
needs.
SLA manages investment portfolios comprised of various types of securities such as
stocks, corporate and municipal bonds, exchange-traded funds, mutual funds and
government securities. Money Market Funds are also used.
SLA does offer financial planning services to current and potential clients with no
separate fees. Understanding a client’s financial picture and working with clients to
manage their personal finances is part of our comprehensive investment management
service. All relationships with SLA require a signed contract, whether investment
management or financial planning or both.
SLA does not offer tax advice but will work closely with clients’ accountants.
SLA does not offer legal advice but will work closely with client’s attorneys.
SLA does not participate in wrap fee programs.
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C. Client Tailored Services
SLA offers investment advisory services which can be tailored to meet the specific needs
of each client. To provide appropriately individualized services, SLA will work with the
client to obtain information regarding the client’s financial circumstances, investment
objectives, overall financial condition, income and tax status, personal and business
assets, risk profile and other information regarding the client’s financial and investment
needs.
SLA will periodically review with clients their financial circumstances, investment
objectives and risk profiles. For SLA to provide effective advisory services, it is critical
that clients provide accurate and complete information to SLA and inform SLA anytime
such information needs to be updated or anytime there is a change in their financial
circumstances, investment objectives and/or risk profile.
Clients may impose reasonable restrictions on investing in certain securities, types of
securities, or sectors. Some restrictions may not be accommodated when utilizing
Exchange Traded Funds or Mutual Funds. In addition, a restriction request may not be
honored if it is fundamentally inconsistent with SLA’s investment philosophy, runs counter
to the client’s investment objectives, or would prevent SLA from properly servicing client
accounts.
D. SLA does not participate in wrap fee programs or provide portfolio management
services to wrap fee programs.
E. Retirement Plan Rollover Recommendations
Retirement Plan Rollover Recommendations – SLA is a “fiduciary” within the meaning of
Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and/or the Internal
Revenue Code (“IRC”) as applicable. SLA is a fiduciary when SLA provides investment
advice about a retirement plan account or individual retirement account (“IRA”)
including:
whether to maintain investments and/or proceeds in an existing retirement plan
account
roll over such investment/proceeds from an existing retirement plan account to
an IRA
make a distribution from an existing retirement plan account
acting in the client’s best interest and not putting SLA’s interest ahead of the
client
Under this special rule’s provisions, SLA will, as a fiduciary to a retirement plan account
or IRA under ERISA/IRC, do the following:
•
•
•
Meet a professional standard of prudent and loyal care when making
investment recommendations
Never put the financial interests of SLA ahead of the client when making
recommendations
Avoid misleading statements about conflicts of interest, fees, and
investments
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•
•
•
Follow policies and procedures designed to ensure that SLA gives advice
that is in the client’s best interest
Charge no more than is reasonable for the services of SLA
Provide client information about conflicts of interest
To the extent SLA recommends a rollover of a client’s account from a current retirement
plan account to an IRA managed by SLA, SLA and its IARs have a conflict of interest.
SLA can earn increased investment advisory fees by recommending that a client roll
over their account at the retirement plan to an IRA managed by SLA. SLA will earn
fewer investment advisory fees if funds are not rolled over from the retirement plan to an
IRA managed by SLA.
Thus, SLA has an economic incentive to recommend a rollover of funds from a
retirement plan to an IRA. This is a conflict of interest because SLA’s recommendation
that an IRA account be opened and be managed by SLA can be based on economic
incentive and not based exclusively on whether or not moving the IRA to SLA is in the
client’s best interest.
SLA has taken steps to manage this conflict of interest. SLA has adopted an impartial
conduct standard whereby IARs will (i) provide investment advice to a retirement plan
participant regarding a rollover of funds from the retirement plan in accordance with
SLA’s fiduciary status, (ii) not recommend any proprietary investments which would
result in SLA receiving unreasonable compensation, (iii) not allow any third party
payments that would result in any material conflicts of interest related to recommending
the rollover of funds from the retirement plan to an IRA, (iv) fully disclose compensation
to be paid by client on an on-going basis and (v) refrain from making any materially
misleading statements regarding such rollover.
When providing advice to regarding a retirement plan account or IRA, IARs will act with
the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a
prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the
conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims, based on the investment
objectives, risk, tolerance, financial circumstances, and a client’s needs, without regard
to the financial or other interests of SLA or its IARs.
F. Assets under Management
As of November 24, 2025, SLA had $325,334,211 in client assets managed on a
discretionary basis. All accounts are held at Charles Schwab Institutional Services, a
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division of Charles Schwab & Co, a registered broker-dealer and member of SIPC
(“Schwab”).
Item 5- Fees and Compensation
A. Description
SLA is compensated solely by fees paid by its clients and does not accept commissions
or compensation from any other source. Fees are based on a percentage of assets
under management pursuant to the following schedule:
1.0% of equity assets up to $5 million in assets, except for charitable organizations.
0.8% for equity assets over $5 million, except for charitable organizations.
0.6% of equity assets up to $5 million in assets for charitable organizations.
0.45% of assets over $5 million in assets for charitable organizations.
0.50% of mutual funds and exchange traded funds
0.35% of fixed income which may be a mix of corporate bonds and municipal bonds
0.00% of cash, money market funds, and treasuries
100% of compensation is from investment supervisory services. 0% from financial
planning services.
Fees are negotiable. SLA may modify fees in SLA’s sole discretion, on a client by client
basis. Such modifications may be a discount or waiver from the published schedule. Such
modifications may include discounts or waivers offered on different asset classes such as
equities vs. fixed income vs. exchange traded funds. These modifications can be based
on the investment advisor representative providing the services, the total amount of
assets under management, the complexity of the client’s situation, the composition of the
client’s account (i.e., equities vs. fixed income vs. exchange traded funds vs. mutual
funds), pre-existing holdings, potential for additional deposits, the relationship of the client
with the investment advisor representative, and other factors.
Fee waivers or discounts may be offered to family members and friends of access people,
investment advisor representatives, and associated persons of SLA which are not
available to all clients. Certain pre-existing clients of SLA may have grandfathered
services, and fee schedules which were available at the time such pre-existing clients
entered into investment advisory relationships with SLA which may not be currently
available to clients.
SLA combines and aggregates related household accounts for fee calculation and
minimum annual fee purposes. For these reasons, fees may vary among clients who may
be in similar circumstances, and they may be lower than the published schedule. Details
of the investment advisory fee charged are fully described in the advisory agreement
entered into with each client.
Fees are fully disclosed on each quarterly invoice. Clients are reminded to contact SLA if
they have any questions or concerns.
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B. Fee Billing and Payment
Investment management fees are billed quarterly, in arrears, meaning that SLA invoices
clients after the three-month billing period has ended. Payment in full is expected upon
invoice presentation. Fees can be paid as follows:
1. Fees are usually deducted from an account designated by the client to
facilitate billing. The client must consent in advance in writing to direct debiting of the
selected account. Management fees debited during the calendar year are stated on
1099’s as provided by Schwab.
2. Fees can be debited directly from retirement accounts. The client must
consent in advance in writing to direct debiting of the selected retirement account. We
encourage clients to discuss any tax implications with their accountant.
3. Some clients prefer to be billed directly and pay by check with no debits from
an account.
As a new client, no fee is billed for the first billing period. The second billing period is
billed at 1/3 the calculated rate. The third billing period is billed at 2/3 the calculated
rate. The fourth billing period and subsequent bills will reflect the full calculated rate.
For fees debited from accounts, SLA will notify Schwab of the amount of the fee due
and payable to SLA pursuant to the advisory agreement with the Client. Schwab does
not validate or check SLA’s fees, its corresponding calculations or the assets on which
the fee is based. With the client’s written pre-approval, Schwab will deduct the fee from
the designated account.
Valuations for reporting and billing are based on the values reported by Schwab and
reconciled with our portfolio reporting software, Portfolio Center.
C. Additional Fees and Expenses
All fees paid to SLA for investment advisory services are separate and distinct from the
fees and expenses charged by mutual funds, exchange traded funds (“ETF’s”), and
money funds. These fees and expenses are described in each fund’s prospectus. These
fees will generally include a management fee, other fund expenses, and a possible
distribution fee. If a portfolio holds mutual funds, exchange traded funds, or money market
funds, the client may be paying two fees for the management of those assets, one to SLA
and one to the manager of the mutual fund, exchange traded fund, or money market fund.
Accordingly, the client should review both the fees charged by the funds and the fees
charged by SLA to fully understand the total amount of fees to be paid by the client and
to thereby evaluate the advisory services being provided.
Schwab does not charge for custodial services. Clients no longer incur transaction costs
with Schwab.
I. Equity trades
Trades are commission free.
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II. Exchange Traded Funds
Exchange Traded Funds participating in Schwab ETF OneSource that are
traded through electronic channels are commission-free.
III. Mutual Funds
Mutual Funds participating in Schwab Mutual Fund OneSource that are
traded through electronic channels are commission-free. SLA does not
transact in Mutual Funds that have either front-end or back-end
commissions.
IV. Fixed Income trades
Electronic transactions for Treasuries, Notes, Bonds and TIPS have no fee.
Municipal Bonds: A markup is included in the price with Schwab acting as
principal and keeping the difference.
Corporate Bonds: A markup is included in the price with Schwab acting as
principal and keeping the difference.
D. Advance payment or pre-paid fees
Clients do not pay any fees in advance and do not pre-pay fees. All investment advisory
fees are paid in arrears, that is, at the end of the quarter, not at the beginning of the
quarter.
E. Other Fees
SLA is compensated solely by fees paid by its clients and does not accept commissions
or compensation from the sale of securities, mutual funds, insurance products or any
other investment products.
Fees do not include the services of any accountants, attorneys, or pension
administrators. Accordingly, the fees of any additional professional engaged by the
client are between the client and the additional professional.
F. Termination
In the event of termination, fees for the quarter in which the termination occurs will not
accrue and will not be charged. The Advisory Agreement may be terminated by the
client or by SLA with notice, either written, electronic, or phone, given by either party to
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the other. Such termination shall be without the payment of any penalty.
Item 6- Performance-Based Fees
SLA does not charge any performance-based fees. Performance fees, if charged, would
be based on a share of capital gains on or capital appreciation of the assets of a client.
Item 7- Types of Clients
A. SLA Clients
SLA provides portfolio management services to individuals, high net worth individuals,
families, charitable institutions, foundations, endowments, and other business entities.
Clients have many different account types, such as individual, joint, IRA’s, ROTH’s,
Trusts, 401K’s, and more. With Schwab, SLA can accommodate most account types.
Many clients are at or near retirement with assets accumulated throughout their working
career, divorced with large settlements, or beneficiaries of an inheritance. For these
clients, SLA’s focus is primarily on generating income in portfolios to be available in the
present or in the future based on client needs.
SLA also has many second and third generation clients. SLA works closely with these
clients to help develop their goals, objectives, and risk tolerances.
SLA also handles small family foundations and endowment funds for charitable
organizations.
B. Engaging the Services of SLA
All clients wishing to engage SLA for investment advisory services are asked to sign the
investment advisory agreement as well as any other documents or questionnaires
provided by SLA. The investment advisory agreement describes the services and
responsibilities of SLA to the client. It also outlines SLA’s fee in detail. In addition, clients
must complete Schwab’s paperwork. Upon completion of all these documents, SLA will
be considered engaged by the client. Clients are reminded each quarter and are
responsible for ensuring that SLA is informed in a timely manner of changes in their
investment objectives and risk tolerance.
Clients seeking only financial planning services, though there are no fees, are asked to
sign an agreement outlining the relationship. If a financial planning client becomes an
investment management client, the client will be asked to sign the investment agreement.
SLA views protecting its clients' private information as a top priority and has instituted
physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to ensure that client information is private
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and secure. SLA does not disclose any nonpublic personal information about its clients
or former clients to any nonaffiliated third parties, except as permitted or required by law.
In the course of servicing a client's account, SLA may share some information with its
service providers, such as transfer agents, custodians, and broker-dealers. Information
shared with the client’s accountants, lawyers, other professionals, and family members
is done only with the express approval of the client.
SLA restricts internal access to nonpublic personal information about the client to only
access people who need that information in order to provide services to the client and to
perform administrative functions for SLA. As emphasized above, it has always been and
will always be SLA's policy never to sell information about current or former clients or their
accounts to anyone. SLA’s Privacy Notice is offered to clients annually.
C. Vulnerable Clients
When establishing a new investment advisory Client relationship or meeting with an
existing investment advisory Client, SLA offers Clients the opportunity to designate in
writing an individual who will serve as a Trusted Contact Person (“TCP”). This would
authorize SLA or Schwab to contact such Trusted Contact Person in the event of unusual
activity by the Client, any warning signs of elder abuse of Client and/or the inability to
contact such Client in a timely manner. For a new Client, designating a TCP is part of a
new account application. SLA encourages all Clients to designate a Trusted Contact
Person and update as appropriate. Such person will not be able to view account
information, execute transactions or inquire about account activity. Only the client has the
ability to add, update, or remove such person for the client’s account.
For client’s protection, in the event that SLA or Schwab suspects, now or in the future,
elder abuse, financial exploitation, or a cognitive issue, we may, at our sole discretion,
freeze a client’s account(s) until such time that the client’s guardian, attorney-in-fact,
other authorized representative, executor, or trustee, or trusted contact person has
been contacted to address this concern. During this time, no new recommendations or
portfolio rebalancing will occur.
D. Account Minimums
SLA does not have a minimum account size.
Item 8- Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies and Types of Investments
A. Methods of Analysis
The security analysis method employed by SLA is fundamental analysis, with a focus on
corporate cash flow and dividend growth. Fundamental analysis is a method of
evaluating securities by attempting to measure the intrinsic value of a stock.
Fundamental analysts study the overall economy and industry conditions, the financial
condition of a company, details regarding the company’s product line, and the experience
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and expertise of the company’s management. The resulting data is used to measure the
true value of the company’s stock compared to the current market value.
In conducting security analysis, SLA may utilize the following sources of information:
financial newspapers and magazines, research materials prepared by others, corporate
rating services, annual reports, and all other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission, company press releases, and company earnings calls. SLA may also utilize
other sources of information such as Morningstar, Value Line, periodicals and journals,
as well as company-generated data to perform security analysis.
Investment advice may be offered on any investments held by a client at the start of the
advisory relationship. Recommendations for new investments will typically be limited to
domestic and foreign equity securities, corporate debt securities, commercial paper,
municipal and United States government securities, mutual funds, Exchange Traded
Funds, and real estate investment trusts (REITS).
SLA does not transact in any insurance products.
B. Investment Strategies
investment objectives, risk
tolerance and
SLA will use all or some of the following strategies in managing client accounts, provided
that such strategies are appropriate to the needs of the client and consistent with the
client’s
time horizons, among other
considerations:
Long-Term Purchases
Securities are purchased with the expectation that the value of those securities will grow
over a relatively long period of time, generally greater than one year.
Short-Term Purchases
Securities are rarely purchased with the expectation that they will be sold within a
relatively short period of time, generally less than one year. Frequent trading can affect
investment performance, particularly through increased brokerage and other transaction
costs and taxes.
Option Writing
Option Writing is used occasionally for specific trading purposes such as when a client
has a very large position in one stock. SLA may use options to reduce the position size
with both tax and capital gains considerations. An option is the right, but not the obligation,
to buy or sell a particular security at a specified price before the expiration date of the
option. When an investor sells (writes) an option, he or she must deliver to the buyer a
specified number of shares if the buyer exercises the option. The seller pays the buyer a
premium (the market price of the option at a particular time) in exchange for writing the
option.
Other Strategies
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From time to time, SLA may recommend specific trading strategies to take advantage of
income tax planning opportunities. Such strategies may include end of the year swaps or
sales to recognize gain or losses for income tax purposes, as client’s situations dictate.
Recommendations for short-term needs will generally be limited to cash equivalents such
as money market funds. SLA emphasizes, however, that its strategy is primarily long-
term in nature.
Risk of Loss
A. Investing Involves Risk
Investing in securities involves risk of loss that each client should be prepared to bear.
The value of a client’s investment may be affected by one or more of the following risks,
any of which could cause a client’s portfolio return, the price of the portfolio’s shares or
the portfolio’s yield to fluctuate:
• Market Risk. The value of portfolio assets can fluctuate as the stock or bond market
fluctuates. The value of investments may decline, sometimes rapidly and
unpredictably, simply because of economic changes or other events that affect
large portions of the market.
•
• Management Risk. A client’s portfolio is subject to management risk because it is
actively managed by SLA’s investment professionals. SLA will apply its investment
techniques and risk analysis in making investment decisions for a client’s portfolio,
but there is no guarantee that these techniques and SLA’s judgment will produce
the intended results.
Interest Rate Risk. Changes in interest rates can affect the value of a portfolio’s
investments. For Fixed Income Securities, when interest rates rise, the value of
investments in fixed-income securities tend to fall and this decrease in value may
not be offset by higher income from new investments. Interest rate risk is generally
greater for fixed-income securities with longer maturities or durations.
• For high dividend stocks, when interest rates rise, fixed income investing may be
more appealing than equities with dividends, causing stocks such as utilities or real
estate investment trusts to fall and decrease in value.
• Credit Risk. An issuer or guarantor of a fixed-income security, or the counterparty
to a derivatives or other contract, may be unable or unwilling to make timely
payments of interest or principal, or to otherwise honor its obligations. The issuer
or guarantor may default causing a loss of the full principal amount of a security.
The degree of risk for a particular security may be reflected in its credit rating.
There is the possibility that the credit rating of a fixed-income security may be
downgraded after purchase, which may adversely affect the value of the security.
Investments in fixed-income securities with lower ratings tend to have a higher
probability that an issuer will default or fail to meet its payment obligations.
• Allocation Risk. The allocation of investments among different asset classes
may have a significant effect on portfolio value when one of these asset
classes is performing more poorly than the others. As investments will be
periodically reallocated, there will be transaction costs which may be, over time,
significant. In addition, there is a risk that certain asset allocation decisions may
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not achieve the desired results and, as a result, a client’s portfolio may incur
losses.
• Foreign (Non-U.S.) Risk. A portfolio’s investments in securities of non-U.S. issuers
may involve more risk than those of U.S. issuers. It may be more difficult to have
timely and complete information and disclosure on foreign securities. These
securities may fluctuate more widely in price and may be less liquid due to adverse
market, economic, political, regulatory or other factors.
• Emerging Markets Risk. Securities of companies in emerging markets may be
more volatile than those of companies in developed markets. By definition,
markets, economies and government institutions are generally less developed in
emerging market countries. Investment in securities of companies in emerging
markets may entail special risks relating to the potential for social instability and
the risks of expropriation, nationalization or confiscation. Investors may also face
the imposition of restrictions on foreign investment or the repatriation of capital and
a lack of hedging instruments.
• Currency Risk. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may negatively affect the
value of a company’s international operations or import/export operations, thereby
reducing its returns.
• Derivatives Risk. Certain strategies involve the use of derivatives to create market
exposure. Derivatives may be illiquid, difficult to price and leveraged so that small
changes may produce disproportionate losses for a client’s portfolio and may be
subject to counterparty risk to a greater degree than more traditional investments.
Because of their complex nature, some derivatives may not perform as intended.
As a result, a portfolio may not realize the anticipated benefits from a derivative it
holds or it may realize losses. Derivative transactions may create investment
leverage, which may increase a portfolio’s volatility and may require the portfolio
to liquidate portfolio securities when it may not be advantageous to do so.
• Capitalization Risk. Investments in small- and mid-capitalization companies may
be more volatile than investments in large-capitalization companies. Investments
in small-capitalization companies may have additional risks because these
companies have limited product lines, markets or financial resources.
• Liquidity Risk. Liquidity risk exists when particular investments are difficult to
purchase or sell, possibly preventing SLA from selling out of such illiquid securities
at an advantageous price. Derivatives and securities involving substantial market
and credit risk also tend to involve greater liquidity risk.
•
Issuer Specific Risk. The value of an equity security or debt obligation may decline
in response to developments affecting the specific issuer of the security or
obligation, even if the overall industry or economy is unaffected. These
developments may comprise a variety of factors, including, but not limited to,
management issues or other corporate disruption, political factors adversely
affecting governmental issuers, a decline in revenues or profitability, an increase
in costs, or an adverse effect on the issuer’s competitive position.
• Concentrated Portfolios Risk. Certain investment strategies focus on particular
asset classes, countries, regions, industries, sectors or types of investments.
Concentrated portfolios are an aggressive and highly volatile approach to trading
and investing. Concentrated portfolios hold fewer different stocks than a
diversified portfolio and are much more likely to experience sudden dramatic
prices swings. In addition, the rise or drop in price of any given holding is likely
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to have a larger impact on portfolio performance than a more broadly diversified
portfolio.
• Legal or Legislative Risk. Legislative changes or court rulings may impact the
value of investments or the securities’ claim on the issuer’s assets and finances.
B. Risks Associated with Investment Strategies
Long Term Purchases: Using a long-term purchase strategy generally assumes the
financial markets will go up in the long-term which may not be the case. There is also
the risk that the segment of the market that or particular investments will decrease in
value even if the overall financial markets advance. Purchasing investments long-term
may create an opportunity cost such as “locking-up” assets that may be better utilized in
the short-term in other investments.
Short-Term Purchases: Using a short-term purchase strategy generally assumes that
the performance of the financial markets can be accurately predicted over the short-
term. The risk associated with a short-term purchase strategy is that there are many
factors that may affect market performance in the short-term including interest rate
fluctuations, cyclical earnings, etc. Such factors may have a smaller impact over the
longer-term. In addition, short-term trading may incur a disproportionately higher
amount of transaction costs and tax costs compared to long-term trading.
Option Writing: SLA does not use options in the normal course of investment
management. Options may be used when liquidating a large equity position. For
example, a client may have retired or left employment from a publicly traded company
and has a large stock position that should be diversified. Covered call options can
assist in a programmed liquidation and puts can provide some protection if the stock
drops in price.
There are numerous risks associated with transactions in options on securities. As the
writer of covered call options, the client forgoes, during the option’s life, the opportunity
to profit from increases in the market value of the underlying security or the index above
the sum of the option premium received and the exercise price of the call, but has
retained the risk of loss, minus the option premium received, should the price of the
underlying security decline.
C. Risks Associated with Methods of Analysis
The analysis of securities requires subjective assessments and decision-making by
experienced investment professionals, however, there is always the risk of an error in
judgment.
SLA’s securities analysis method relies on the assumption that the companies whose
securities the firm purchases and sells, the rating agencies that review these securities,
and other publicly available sources of information about these securities, are providing
accurate and unbiased data. While SLA is alert to indications that data may be incorrect,
there is always the risk that the firm’s analysis may be compromised by inaccurate or
misleading information.
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Fundamental analysis, when used in isolation, has several risks:
•
Information obtained may be incorrect and the analysis may not provide an
accurate estimate of earnings, revenue or cash flow for a company. If securities
prices adjust rapidly to new information, utilizing fundamental analysis may not
result in favorable performance.
• The data used may be out of date.
•
It may ignore the influence of random events such as oil spills, product defects
being exposed, acts of God and so on.
• The market may fail to reach expectations of perceived value.
D. Risks Associated with Specific Securities
Common Stocks
The major risks associated with investing in common stocks relate to the quality of the
company’s management, the company’s ability to manage costs, efficiency in their
delivery of their manufacturing products or services. Other factors may be management
of litigation risk, management of leverage and the issuer’s ability to create shareholder
value by increasing the value of the company’s stock price.
Preferred Stocks
Preferred stocks have dividends that generally are a set amount. Unlike requirements to
pay interest on certain types of debt securities, the company that issues preferred stock
may not be required to pay a dividend and may stop paying the dividend at any time.
Preferred stock may also be subject to mandatory redemption provisions and an issuer
may repurchase these securities at prices that are below the price at which they were
purchased by the investor. Under these circumstances, a client account holding such
preferred securities could lose money.
Fixed-Income Securities
Different forms of fixed-income instruments, such as bonds, money market funds, and
certificates of deposit may be affected by various forms of risk, including:
•
Interest Rate Risk. The risk that the value of the fixed income holding will decrease
because of an increase in interest rates.
• Liquidity Risk. This is the risk of the inability to readily buy or sell an investment for
a price close to the true underlying value of the asset due to a lack of buyers or
sellers. While certain types of fixed income securities are generally liquid, there
are risks which may occur such as when few are buying or selling an issue and the
price may be higher or lower than expected. With low volume, such fixed income
security may not be able to be sold or bought at an expected price. Conversely,
when trading volume is high, there is also the risk of not being able to purchase a
particular issue at the desired price.
• Credit Risk. The potential risk is that an issuer would be unable to pay scheduled
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interest or repay principal at maturity. Credit risk may also occur when an issuer’s
ability to make payments of principal and interest when due is interrupted. This
may result in a negative impact on all forms of debt instruments.
• Reinvestment Risk. If fixed income investments mature or are called when interest
rates are declining, investors may have to reinvest income or principal at a lower
interest rate.
• Duration Risk. Duration is a measure of a bond’s volatility, expressed in years to
be repaid by its internal cash flow. Bonds with longer durations carry more risk and
have higher price volatility than bonds with shorter durations.
Municipal Bonds
In addition to the risks set forth under “Fixed Income Securities” above, municipal bonds
are susceptible to events in the government entity that issued the bond or the security
posted for the bond. These events may include economic or political policy changes,
changes in law, tax base erosion, state constitutional limits on tax increases, budget
deficits or other financial difficulties and changes in the credit rating assigned to municipal
issues.
Exchange Traded Funds
ETFs are subject to risks similar to those of stocks. Investment returns will fluctuate and
are subject to market volatility, so that when shares are sold they may be worth more or
less than their original cost. ETF shares are bought and sold at market price, not Net
Asset Value. There is also the risk that a manager may deviate from the stated investment
mandate or strategy of the ETF which could make the holdings less suitable for a client’s
portfolio. ETFs may also carry additional expenses based on their share of operating
expenses and certain brokerage fees, which may result in the potential duplication of
certain fees. In addition, while many ETFs are known for their potential tax efficiency and
higher “qualified dividend income” (QDI) percentages, there are assets classes within
these ETFs or holding periods that may not be tax efficient. Shorter holding periods, as
well as commodities and currencies that may be part of an ETFs portfolio, may be
considered “non-qualified” under certain tax code provisions.
Equity Funds
The major risks associated with investing in equity mutual funds is similar to the risks
associated with investing directly in equity securities, including market risk, which is the
risk that investment returns will fluctuate and are subject to market volatility, so that an
investor’s shares, when redeemed or sold, may be worth more or less than their original
cost. Other risks include the quality and experience of the portfolio management team
and its ability to create fund value by investing in securities that have positive growth, the
amount of individual company diversification, the type and amount of industry
diversification and the type and amount of sector diversification within specific industries.
In addition, there is the risk that a manager may deviate from the stated investment
mandate or strategy of the mutual fund which could make the holdings less suitable for a
client’s portfolio. Also, mutual funds may be tax inefficient and therefore investors may
pay capital gains taxes on fund investments while not having yet sold their shares in the
fund. Mutual funds may also carry additional expenses based on their share of operating
expenses and certain brokerage fees, which may result in the potential duplication of
certain fees.
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Fixed-Income Funds
In addition to the risks associated with investing in equity mutual funds, fixed-income
mutual funds also the same risks as set forth under “Fixed-Income Securities” listed
above.
Indexed Funds
Indexed Funds have the potential to be affected by “tracking error risk” which means a
deviation from a stated benchmark index. Since the core of a portfolio may attempt to
closely replicate a benchmark, the source of the tracking error (deviation) may come from
a “sample index” that may not closely align the benchmark. In addition, while many index
mutual funds are known for their potential tax efficiency and higher “qualified dividend
income” (QDI) percentages, there are assets classes within these funds or holding
periods that may not benefit. Shorter holding periods, as well as commodities and
currencies that may be part of a fund’s portfolio, may be considered “non-qualified” under
certain tax code provisions.
Options
There are numerous risks associated with transactions in options on securities or
securities indexes. A decision as to whether, when and how to use options involves the
exercise of skill and judgment, and even a well-conceived transaction may be
unsuccessful to some degree because of market behavior or unexpected events. In the
case of index options, the client incurs basis risk between the performance of the
underlying portfolio and the performance of the underlying index. For example, the
underlying portfolio may decline in value while the underlying index may increase in value,
resulting in a loss on the call option while the underlying portfolio declines as well.
Real Estate Related Securities
Investing in REIT’s includes, among others, the following risks: possible declines in the
value of real estate; risks related to general and local economic conditions, including
increases in the rate of inflation, possible lack of availability of mortgage funds,
overbuilding, extending vacancies of properties, increases in competition, property
taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, costs resulting from cleanup of,
and liability to third-parties for damages resulting from, environmental problems,
casualty and condemnation losses, uninsured damages from floods, earthquakes or
other natural disasters, limitations on and variations in rents and changes in interest
rates. Investing in REIT’s involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks
associated with investing in real estate in general. REITs are dependent upon the skills
of management, may not be diversified and are subject to cash flow dependency, default
by borrowers and self-liquidation.
Note that there may be other circumstances not described here that could adversely
affect a client’s investment and prevent their portfolio from reaching its objective.
Cash Funds and Money Market Funds
Cash in client accounts is held in Schwab cash funds, with the cash instantly available for
trades or for withdrawal. When deemed advisable, a portion of the client’s cash balance
may be held in Schwab money market funds. These balances must be sold and are
available the next day for transactions or withdrawal. When appropriate, short term bond
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funds or fixed income ETFs may be used as cash alternatives. These balances must also
be sold and would be available in three days for transactions or withdrawals.
To the extent that client assets are invested in cash funds or money market funds, there
are no commissions, but management fees are paid to Schwab’s own investment
managers, which are fully disclosed in each fund’s prospectus. Based on market
conditions, Schwab may waive their internal fees.
Item 9- Disciplinary Information
SLA is required to disclose all material facts regarding any legal or disciplinary events
that would be material to your evaluation of SLA or the integrity of SLA’s management.
Neither SLA nor any of its management persons have ever been disciplined by a
regulatory agency.
Item 10- Other Financial Industry Activities, Affiliations, and Conflicts of Interest
A. SLA is not registered, nor has an application pending to register, as a broker-dealer,
a registered representative of a broker-dealer, or anything related to commodities or
futures.
B. If a client is encouraged to add more assets to their account, this creates greater fees
for SLA. Fees are always reviewed with clients when assets are added to prevent any
misunderstanding or miscommunications.
C. Dara Rosen Cohen is an attorney, duly licensed in the State of Utah. If Dara Rosen
Cohen determines that a client needs legal services, the client may be referred to Dara
Rosen Cohen’s law practice. In addition, if legal clients of Dara Rosen Cohen need
advisory services, Dara Rosen Cohen acting in her separate capacity as an attorney, may
refer or recommend investment services available through SLA. Dara Rosen Cohen’s
legal clients have no obligation to use the services of SLA. Clients are not obligated in
any manner to use the services of a law firm recommended or owned by Dara Rosen
Cohen. No fees are shared.
D. SLA does not recommend or select other investment advisers for clients.
Item 11- Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal
Trading
A. Code of Ethics
SLA has adopted a Code of Ethics describing its high standard of business conduct, and
fiduciary duty to its clients. Accordingly, SLA expects all access people, Ronna Cohen,
Greg Bangma, Dara Cohen, and Nancy Elliott, to act with honesty, integrity and
professionalism and to adhere to all securities laws. All access people are required to
adhere to the Code of Ethics. At all times, all access people must (i) place client interests
ahead of SLA’s; (ii) engage in personal investing that is in full compliance with SLA’s
Code of Ethics; and (iii) avoid taking advantage of their position. Any individual not in
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observance of the above may be subject to termination.
The Code of Ethics includes provisions relating to the confidentiality of client
information, a prohibition on insider trading, a prohibition of rumor mongering,
restrictions on the acceptance of significant gifts and the reporting of certain gifts and
business entertainment items, and personal securities trading procedures, among other
things. All access persons of SLA are required to acknowledge the terms of the Code of
Ethics annually, or as amended.
All access persons of SLA may not use social media on behalf of, or in relation to, SLA
and may not mention SLA in any social media. This policy does not prohibit any of the
above individuals from utilizing social media for their own purposes outside of their
activities on behalf of SLA.
The Code of Ethics is designed to assure that the personal securities transactions,
activities and interests of possible employees and access persons of SLA will not
interfere with (i) making decisions in the best interest of advisory clients and (ii)
implementing such decisions while, at the same time, allowing employees and access
persons to invest for their own accounts.
The Chief Compliance Officer (“CCO”) reviews access person’s personal securities
transactions quarterly and their personal securities holdings annually.
SLA does not invest in initial public offerings, private placements, alternative
investments or crypto currency for its clients. All access persons are also prohibited
from investing in initial public offerings, private placements, or crypto currency unless
permission is granted from the Chief Compliance Officer.
It is SLA’s policy that the firm will not affect any principal or agency cross securities
transactions for client accounts. SLA will also not cross trades between client accounts.
Principal transactions are generally defined as transactions where an adviser, acting as
principal for its own account or the account of an affiliated broker-dealer, buys from or
sells any security to any advisory client. A principal transaction may also be deemed to
have occurred if a security is crossed between an affiliated hedge fund and another
client account. An agency cross transaction is defined as a transaction where a person
acts as an investment adviser in relation to a transaction in which the investment
adviser, or any person controlled by or under common control with the investment
adviser, acts as broker for both the advisory client and for another person on the other
side of the transaction. Agency cross transactions may arise where an adviser is dually
registered as a broker-dealer or has an affiliated broker-dealer. SLA is not dually
registered.
SLA and access people may buy or sell securities that are also held by Clients and may
participate in block trades alongside Clients. Access people may not trade their own
securities ahead of Client trades that are done on the same day. Access people must
wait three days after a block trade to buy or sell the same security. Access people must
comply with the provisions of the SLA’s Compliance Manual.
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Upon signing the Advisory Agreement, clients receive a copy of the firm's Code of
Ethics. Prospective clients may request a copy of the firm's Code of Ethics by contacting
Greg Bangma.
B. Participation or Interest in Client Transactions
SLA or individuals associated with SLA may buy or sell securities identical to or different
from those recommended to clients for their personal accounts. As this situation may
represent a conflict of interest, SLA has established the following restrictions in order to
ensure its fiduciary responsibilities:
1.
It is the express policy of SLA that no access people may purchase or sell any
security three business days after block transaction(s) being implemented for
advisory accounts, and therefore, preventing any benefit from transactions placed
on behalf of advisory accounts. Transactions for access people can be done in
block trades with clients, thereby receiving the same pricing.
2. An access person of SLA shall not buy or sell securities for their personal
portfolio(s) unless the information is available to the investing public upon
reasonable inquiry. No access person of SLA shall prioritize their own interest to
that of any advisory client.
3. SLA maintains a list of all securities holdings for itself, and anyone associated with
SLA. These holdings are reviewed on a regular basis by Greg Bangma and Nancy
Elliott.
4. SLA emphasizes the unrestricted right of the client to decline to implement any
advice rendered.
5. SLA requires that all access persons must act in accordance with all applicable
federal & state regulations governing registered investment advisory practices.
C. Privacy Notice for Investment Advisory Clients
Effective November 13, 2000, the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted
Regulation S-P, Privacy of Consumer Financial Information. Pursuant to the Regulation:
We do not disclose nonpublic personal information about our clients or former clients to
third parties other than as described below.
We collect information about you, such as your name, address, social security number,
assets and income, from our discussions with you, from documents that you may deliver to us and
in the course of providing advisory services for you. We may use this information to provide
advisory services to you, to open an account for you, to process a transaction for your account or
otherwise in furtherance of our business. In order to service your account and effect your
transactions, we may provide your personal information to our affiliates and to firms that assist
us in servicing your account and have a need for such information, such as a broker or custodian.
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We have no joint marketing arrangements and therefore do not disclose information to
such third party providers and financial institutions. We do not provide information about you to
outside firms, organizations or individuals except to your attorneys, accountants, and other
professionals as authorized by you and government agencies as permitted by law.
We restrict access to nonpublic personal information about you to our employees who
need to know that information to provide services to you. We maintain physical, electronic and
procedural safeguards to guard your personal information.
Item 12- Brokerage Practices
A. Schwab as Custodian
SLA requires that clients establish brokerage accounts with Schwab, to maintain
custody of clients’ assets and to effect trades for their accounts. In evaluating
custodians, SLA took into consideration the full range of a broker-dealer’s services,
including among others, execution capability, zero cost commission rates, financial
strength and stability, responsiveness, value of research provided, and communication
with clients. SLA is independently owned and operated and not affiliated with Schwab.
At a minimum, clients receive a quarterly statement directly from Schwab either by direct
mail or by eDelivery, depending on the client’s preferences. Statements show all
transactions, positions, deposits, withdrawals, credits/debits and
investment
management fees. A monthly statement is delivered to the client if in that month, any of
the above activities occurs in an account. Most clients receive statements monthly. For
example, a small custodial account with little activity might receive statements quarterly.
Also in consideration is such broker-dealers’ provision or payment of the costs of research
and other investment management-related services, referred to as “soft dollars”, as
further discussed in the “Research/Soft Dollars Benefits” section immediately below.
SLA’s clients’ accounts are maintained in the custody of Schwab, which generally does
not charge separately for custody but is compensated by account holders through fees
captured from all Schwab money market funds. Clients receive competitive rates on all
money market investments.
SLA requires all transactions be placed with Schwab so as to take advantage of the client
services and rapid executions available. All transactions are on a fully disclosed agency
basis with zero cost transactions. No sub-advisors are used.
SLA does not participate in any fees paid to Schwab and does not receive any fees for
the opening or maintenance of client accounts at Schwab. The benefits available to SLA
and its clients are based on having at least $100,000,000 in total assets held at Schwab.
As of the date of this brochure, SLA has $325,334,211 held at Schwab.
SLA’s Chief Compliance Officer is responsible for continuously monitoring and evaluating
the performance and execution capabilities of Schwab to ensure consistent quality
executions.
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B. Research/Soft Dollar Benefits
There is no link between SLA’s use of Schwab and the investment advice it gives to its
clients. SLA may use Schwab’s research resources but is not limited to Schwab’s
offerings. As a user of Schwab, SLA has access to products and services that benefit
SLA because SLA does not have to produce or pay for the research, products and
services. Some of these other products and services assist SLA in managing and
administering clients’ accounts, including:
• Receipt of duplicate client confirmations and bundled duplicate statements
• Receipt of daily download of every transaction, deposit, withdrawal, dividend
payment, interest payment, and any other activity in every account
• Access to a trading desk serving Schwab Institutional participants exclusively
• Access to block trading which provides the ability to aggregate securities
transactions and then allocate the appropriate shares to client accounts
• Ability to have investment advisory fees deducted directly from client account
• Receipt of compliance publications and webinars
• Access to mutual funds which might have required significantly higher minimum
initial investments or are might be available only to institutional investors
Schwab Institutional also makes available to SLA other services intended to help SLA
manage and further develop its business enterprise. These services may include
information
consulting, publications and conferences on practice management,
technology, business succession, regulatory compliance and marketing. In addition,
Schwab Institutional may make available, arrange and/or pay for these types of services
rendered to SLA by independent third parties.
While as a fiduciary, SLA endeavors to act in its clients’ best interests, SLA’s
recommendation that clients maintain their assets in accounts at Schwab is based in part
on the benefit to SLA of the availability of some of the foregoing products and services
and not solely on the nature, cost or quality of custody and brokerage provided by Schwab
which is a conflict of interest. It also creates an incentive for SLA to recommend Schwab
based on SLA’s interests rather than its clients.
C. Brokerage for Client Referrals
SLA does not receive any client referrals from Schwab and does not participate in any
of Schwab’s marketing and sales programs.
D. Client Directed Brokerage
SLA does not establish client relationships if the client wishes to use a particular broker
other than Schwab for being the custodian and for executing transactions in their
accounts. SLA is not able to service effectively and efficiently any accounts outside of
Schwab.
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E. Order Allocation and Aggregation
It is the objective of SLA to provide a means of allocating trading and investment
opportunities between advisory clients on a fair and equitable basis and in compliance
with all applicable state and federal guidelines. With respect to clients’ accounts with
substantially similar investment objectives and policies, SLA may often seek to
purchase or sell a particular security in each account. SLA will aggregate orders only
when such aggregation is consistent with SLA’s duty to seek best execution and is
consistent with the investment objective of each client. No client account will be unfairly
favored over any other account. Each client that participates in an aggregated order
will participate based on the average execution price in that particular security. All
transaction costs will be allocated pro rata based on each client’s participation in the
transaction. All securities purchased or sold, whether the order is filled completely or
partially, will then be allocated pro rata based on the assets of each account.
Not all trades are done by block trade or aggregated. SLA may buy and sell securities
for client accounts at different times and in different amounts. Different client investment
objectives, available securities to buy or sell and other factors may make it, in the
judgment of SLA, more advantageous to not effectuate a block transaction or
aggregated trade. In the event a trade is not aggregated, clients may not receive the
same execution price on the purchase or sale of the particular security.
F. Trading Error Policies
SLA’s trading policy and procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that trading
errors do not occur. However, should a trade error occur in an SLA client account, SLA
will correct the error in an expeditious manner. A trade error can be defined as a
deviation from the applicable standard of care in the placement, execution, or
settlement of a trade for a client account. Trade errors can include innocent errors and
negligent acts, such as trades for the wrong account, purchases or sales of the wrong
security, purchase instead of a sale, a sale instead of a purchase, and trades executed
on terms that are not consistent with the adviser’s intentions.
All trading errors are to be reported immediately to the Chief Compliance Officer, who
will determine how to resolve the trading error. SLA will bear the cost of correcting any
error caused by SLA’s failure to place trades correctly including reimbursing SLA clients
for direct losses. Any gain resulting from a trade error will generally accrue to the benefit
of the client, unless it violates client guidelines or legal restrictions.
Certain types of errors may require disclosure to SLA’s clients.
Item 13- Review of Accounts
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A. Periodic Reviews
The underlying securities within SLA’s accounts are continuously monitored. Portfolio
reviews are triggered by calendar year with a full review every quarter. Accounts are
reviewed in the context of each client's investment objectives and guidelines, ensuring
that the structure of the portfolio is coordinated with these objectives. Ronna Cohen and
Greg Bangma perform all client reviews.
B. Additional Reviews
More frequent reviews may be triggered by material changes in variables such as the
client's individual circumstances and wishes, or the market, political or economic
environment. The consolidated list of all holdings is monitored continually by Ronna
Cohen and Greg Bangma.
For SLA to provide effective advisory services, it is critical that clients provide accurate
and complete information to SLA and inform SLA anytime such information needs to be
updated. This may include changes in client’s financial circumstances, investment
objectives and/or risk profile.
If, because of a review, the reviewer concludes that changes in investments are
warranted, the reviewer has discretion to initiate changes.
C. Reports to Clients
At a minimum, clients receive a quarterly statement directly from Schwab showing all
transactions, positions and credits/debits into or out of the client’s account. Statements
sent after the end of the quarter will also reflect the advisory fee paid by the client to
SLA.
Clients also receive quarterly reports from SLA, showing their consolidated holdings and
income from their portfolios. Some clients prefer not to receive SLA reports.
Item 14- Client Referrals and Other Compensation
SLA does not receive, nor provide, compensation for referrals. SLA also does not receive
any economic benefit such as sales awards or other prizes for providing investment
advisory services to the firm’s clients. SLA does not use third party solicitors to generate
new clients and new business.
Item 15- Custody
SLA is deemed to have custody which is limited to deducting investment management
fees directly from client accounts. Management fee deduction authority is the sole
reason SLA has custody and therefore does not need to disclose custody in its Form
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ADV.
Clients receive account statements from Schwab. Clients should carefully review these
statements. The quarterly reports from SLA include a statement urging clients to
compare the account statements from Schwab with SLA’s reports. Any concerns should
be reported immediately to Greg Bangma.
Item 16 – Investment Discretion
SLA manages advisory accounts on a discretionary basis only. This means that SLA
does not require approval or authorization from clients to select investments. SLA
receives discretionary authority from the client at the outset of an advisory relationship
to select the identity and number of securities to be bought or sold. Such discretion is
exercised in a manner consistent with the investment objectives for the particular client.
When selecting securities and determining amounts, SLA observes any investment
policies, limitations and restrictions of the clients for which it advises.
Clients agree to having their accounts managed on a discretionary basis when signing
the Investment Advisory Agreement.
Item 17 – Voting Client Securities
A. Proxies
All clients directly receive and vote proxies or other solicitations, as indicated in writing
both in the Investment Advisory Agreement and on the Schwab new account applications.
At no time does SLA receive Client proxies, nor does it have the authority to vote client
proxies. Clients receive proxies or other solicitations directly from Schwab. Therefore,
although SLA may provide investment advisory services relative to client investment
assets, it is the client that maintains exclusive responsibility for: (1) directing the manner
in which proxies solicited by issuers of securities beneficially owned by the client shall be
voted and (2) making all elections relative to any mergers, acquisitions, tender offers,
bankruptcy proceeding or other type events pertaining to the client’s investment assets.
Clients can contact SLA if they have questions regarding a particular solicitation.
B. Class Action Lawsuits
Although SLA may have discretion over client accounts, it is not responsible for handling
client claims in class action lawsuits or similar settlements involving securities owned by
the client. Clients will receive the paperwork for such claims directly from the company in
question. Clients are encouraged to contact SLA to discuss any valid claims and assist
with the paperwork.
Business Continuity and Contingency Planning
If SLA experiences a business disruption that potentially results from power outages,
natural disasters, or other events, SLA has a business continuity program in place that
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provides uninterrupted service to clients or minimizes the disruption and allows for
continuation of client service within minutes in most cases.
The objectives are to:
• Provide for immediate, accurate and measured response to emergency
situations
• Minimize the impact upon the safety and well-being of firm personnel
• Protect against the loss or damage to organizational assets, records, and
information
• Provide clients with alternative site processing with a minimum of inconvenience
All electronic records are archived real time through Red Tail. Every six months, all
electronic records archived through Red Tail and re-archived at two locations. All
records of Client assets are also maintained by Schwab. A back up communication and
computer system is available at the primary meeting place, 2688 Grand Vista Way,
Cottonwood Heights, UT 84121, 801-733-9470. The primary site does have a backup
generator for any power outages that may occur for any length of time. Each access
person also has computer systems and communication systems. Each access person
has full access to all client information.
The secondary meeting place can be at any other access person’s office or any location
that provides secure computer and internet connection to access SLA’s encrypted
backup files.
Should a disruption occur at the primary site, Greg Bangma will notify other access
personnel, clients, Schwab, and proper regulatory authorities of the emergency and its
nature.
Should a disruption occur at the site of any of the other access people, Ronna Cohen
will be immediately notified and rely on the other access people to maintain, without
interruption, day-to-day business needs of SLA’s clients.
In the event that any access person, Ronna Cohen, Greg Bangma, Nancy Elliott, or
Dara Rosen Cohen is unable to perform everyday responsibilities due to death or
incapacitation, the other access people will duly inform each client. SLA will transfer
investment management oversight in a manner consistent with the wishes of the client.
In the event that Greg Bangma is unable to perform everyday responsibilities due to
death or incapacitation, SLA’s registration and licensing with the Securities and
Exchange Commission remains in place. Ronna Cohen, Nancy Elliott, and Dara Rosen
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Cohen will contact every client. Each client will then have the opportunity to decide to
continue to be a client of SLA. If the client chooses to terminate the relationship, SLA
will follow the termination protocol stated in Item 5, Section F.
Item 18 - Financial Information
A. Prepayment of Fees
SLA does not require, accept, or solicit prepayment of fees. Hence, SLA is not required
to include a balance sheet with this disclosure brochure.
B. Financial Condition
SLA has no financial commitment that impairs its ability to meet contractual and
fiduciary commitments to clients and has not been the subject of a bankruptcy
proceeding.
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