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FIRM BROCHURE
UNIO CAPITAL LLC
103 Carnegie Center, Suite 102
Princeton, NJ 08540
uniocapital.com
March 27, 2025
This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business
practices of Unio Capital LLC (the “Adviser”). If you have any questions
about the contents of this brochure, please feel free to contact us by e-
mail at ir@uniocapital.com or by mail at 213 Carnegie Center, #3543,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540. The information in this brochure has not
been approved or verified by the United States Securities and Exchange
Commission (“SEC”) or by any state securities authority. This brochure
should be reviewed in its entirety.
The Adviser is an investment adviser registered with the SEC under the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”).
Registration does not imply a certain level of skill or training.
Additional information about the Adviser also is available on the SEC’s
website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov.
(Item 1 – Cover Page)
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Item 2 – Material Changes
The Adviser routinely makes changes that it does not view as material in order to
maintain consistency with current offerings and practice or in response to evolving industry practices
and that improve and clarify the descriptions of its business practice and compliance policies and
procedures in its brochure.
This brochure (the “Brochure”) dated March 27, 2025, serves as an update to our
brochure dated March 26, 2024 (the “Prior Brochure”). This item of the Brochure identifies any material
changes that have occurred since the last annual update, which was dated March 26, 2024.
Item 5: Updated Unio’s investment management fees.
•
Please note the above summary does not reflect all of the changes that have been made
to this Brochure since the Prior Brochure. Recipients are encouraged to read the Brochure carefully in its
entirety.
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Item 3 – Table of Contents
Section
Page
Item 1 – Cover Page ······················································································································································· 1
Item 2 – Material Changes ············································································································································· 2
Item 3 – Table of Contents ············································································································································ 3
Item 4 – Advisory Business ············································································································································ 4
Item 5 – Fees and Compensation ································································································································ 10
Item 6 – Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management ············································································ 13
Item 7 – Types of Clients ············································································································································· 14
Item 8 – Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies, and Risk of Loss ······································································ 15
Item 9 – Disciplinary Information ································································································································ 25
Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations ····················································································· 26
Item 11 – Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading ······························· 27
Item 12 – Brokerage Practices ····································································································································· 29
Item 13 – Review of Accounts ····································································································································· 31
Item 14 – Client Referrals and Other Compensation··································································································· 32
Item 15 – Custody ························································································································································ 33
Item 16 – Investment Discretion ································································································································· 34
Item 17 – Voting Client Securities································································································································ 35
Item 18 – Financial Information ·································································································································· 36
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Item 4 – Advisory Business
A. General Description of Advisory Firm
The Adviser, Unio Capital LLC, is a Delaware limited liability company that was formed in
March 2012. It is owned by its members and controlled by John Allison (the “Principal Owner”). The
board of managers of the Adviser has ultimate responsibility for its management, operations, and
investment decisions.
B. Description of Advisory Services
1. Advisory Services
The Adviser provides discretionary investment advisory services to (1) a private fund,
Unio All-Seasons Fund LLC (the “Fund”), and (2) a variety of clients on a separately managed account
(“Managed Account”) basis.
Fund
The Adviser serves as the investment manager and provides discretionary investment
supervisory services to the Fund. The Adviser’s services are provided to the Fund pursuant to the terms
of an investment management agreement between the Adviser and the Fund, which is managed in
accordance with the applicable investment strategy described below in Item 8 and the methodology
described in its confidential private placement memorandum and related offering documents (the
“Offering Documents”). The terms applicable to investors in the Fund are detailed in the Fund’s
confidential Offering Documents, which are provided to prospective investors. The Fund does not offer
interests to the public. Fund interests are offered only in private placements to qualified investors.
Managed Accounts
Clients establish Managed Accounts with the Adviser by depositing funds or securities
into separate accounts maintained by qualified independent custodians and granting the Adviser
discretionary authority to invest such funds pursuant to each client's investment management
agreement (“IMA”) and other account documentation with the Adviser. Clients may terminate an IMA
subject to the applicable notice provisions.
This Brochure generally includes information about the Adviser and its relationships with
its clients and affiliates. While much of this Brochure applies to all of those clients and affiliates, there is
information included in this document that only applies to specific clients or affiliates, as the context
permits.
Investment Strategies and Types of Investments
2.
The descriptions set forth in this Brochure of specific advisory services that the Adviser
offers to clients and investment strategies pursued and investments made by the Adviser on behalf of its
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clients should not be understood to limit in any way the Adviser’s investment activities. The Adviser may
offer any advisory services, engage in any investment strategy and make any investment, including any
not described in this Brochure, that the Adviser considers appropriate, subject to each client’s investment
objectives and guidelines. The investment strategies the Adviser pursues are speculative and entail
substantial risks. Clients should be prepared to bear a substantial loss of capital. There can be no
assurance that the investment objectives of any client will be achieved.
Fund
In seeking to achieve the Fund’s objectives, the Adviser may use any investment
capitalized companies. As a group, the equity securities the Fund
‐
strategy, long or short, in the global marketplace that it believes will enhance overall performance,
particularly over the long term, and, except as described in the Fund’s Offering Documents, there are no
restrictions on the securities or other financial instruments that may be used by the Fund. The Fund
invests and reinvests its assets primarily within a broad range of publicly traded securities, including,
without limitation, in all sectors of U.S. and non-U.S. equities, real estate investment trusts, options,
exchange-traded funds, American Depository Receipts, debt securities, which include, but are not
limited to, corporate bonds, as well as U.S. Treasuries, and any other types of securities that provide
exposure to various other assets, as determined by the Adviser. The Fund invests in the equity of
companies generally considered to be mega- and large-capitalization companies as well as those
considered to be small or medium
invests in tend to be highly liquid. The Fund may invest in investment opportunities across geographic
regions but typically focuses on developed markets.
The Fund has no overarching strategy or asset allocation model that specifies what
percentage of its portfolio should be invested in each investment category. The Fund may hold cash or
invest in cash equivalents for short-term investments. The cash equivalents in which the Fund may
invest include but are not limited to: obligations of the U.S. Government, its agencies or
instrumentalities (U.S. Government Securities; U.S. Treasury Bills); commercial paper; and repurchase
agreements, money market mutual funds, and certificates of deposit and bankers’ acceptances issued
by domestic branches of U.S. banks that are members of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The
Fund’s allocation among different investment categories is a function of their potential risk and reward
compared with available opportunities in the marketplace. Accordingly, if the Adviser believes that there
is not sufficiently good value in any securities suitable for investment of the Fund’s capital, all such
capital may be held in cash and cash equivalents on an ongoing basis.
To effect the Fund’s investment program, the Adviser intends to concentrate the Fund’s
assets in a relatively limited number of investments because the Adviser believes that (1) there are a
limited number of sufficiently attractive investments available in the marketplace at any one time, and
(2) investing in a relatively modest number of attractive investments about which it has detailed
knowledge provides a better opportunity to deliver superior risk-adjusted returns when compared with
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a large diversified portfolio of investments it can know less well. As a result, the Adviser intends to invest
the substantial majority of the Fund’s capital in no more than twenty-five (25) core investments.
Managed Accounts
Managed Accounts are invested pursuant to a discretionary model investment strategy,
typically the Unio Concentrated Equity strategy. For certain clients, the Adviser may provide one or
more variants of this strategy, which may cover a broader or different range of potential investment
opportunities and securities.
The Adviser does not provide financial planning services. Clients and their consultants
determine that one of the Adviser’s strategies is appropriate for their circumstances. The Adviser does
not advise clients on their overall financial plan, but solely advises clients as to the portion of their assets
for which the Adviser has been given discretionary management, in accordance with its investment
strategy. Further, the Adviser does not take into consideration clients’ assets or investments outside of
those assigned to its management or its recommendation. The decision to engage the Adviser’s services
is that of the client and/or the client’s investment adviser or consultant, and therefore it is up to each
client and/or investment adviser or consultant to determine whether the Adviser’s investment strategy
is appropriate for the client’s specific situation upon considering the Adviser’s strategy and its
implementation, and the associated investment risks. Clients are responsible for informing the Adviser
of any changes to their investment objectives, individual needs, and/or restrictions. The Adviser does
not assume any responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided by the client.
In seeking to achieve each Managed Account’s objectives, the Adviser may use any
investment strategy that it believes will enhance overall performance, particularly over the long term
and, except as described in each client's IMA, there are no restrictions on the securities or other
financial instruments that may be used by the Adviser. Generally, the Adviser prefers investments in
high quality US and foreign companies whose securities are publicly traded on US exchanges.
Investments in US companies are typically equity securities traded in the US. US American Depository
Receipts may also be owned. The price of American Depository Receipts may materially differ from the
price of the same company’s shares trades on a local exchange. Equity securities include, but are not
limited to, common stocks, preferred stocks, securities convertible into common stocks, rights, and
warrants.
The Adviser has no overarching strategy or asset allocation model that specifies what
percentage of a Managed Account’s portfolio should be invested in each investment category. The
Adviser may hold cash or cash equivalents in a Managed Account for various reasons including as a
residual of model weightings, for account cash management purposes, or as a temporary defensive
investment position, or when, in its opinion, market conditions limit investment opportunities meeting
the standards it has established for investments. The Adviser may assume a temporary defensive
position by investing all or a portion of a Managed Account’s assets in cash, cash equivalents, money
market instruments, or securities of other no-load mutual funds. If the Adviser invests in shares of a
mutual fund, clients will bear the advisory and other fees of the mutual fund.
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The Adviser generally limits Managed Account portfolios to a relatively concentrated
group of investments because the Adviser believes that (1) there are a limited number of sufficiently
attractive investments available in the marketplace at any one time, and (2) investing in a relatively
modest number of attractive investments about which it has detailed knowledge provides a better
opportunity to deliver superior risk-adjusted returns when compared with a large diversified portfolio of
investments it can know less well. As a result, The Adviser intends to invest the substantial majority of
each portfolio’s capital in no more than twenty-five (25) core investments.
C. Availability of Customized Services for Managed Accounts.
Though client accounts are managed independently, the Adviser uses a similar
investment approach for substantially all Managed Accounts invested in each particular strategy. The
Adviser manages portfolios to a model with the intention that all Managed Account portfolios invested
in a particular strategy have largely the same securities with roughly similar weightings with the aim of
minimizing dispersion and providing similar investment results across accounts over time.
However, not all Managed Accounts will match the relevant model investment strategy
at all times. The inception date of a Managed Account may cause significant differences from the
relevant model investment strategy and the differences could last for a considerable period of time.
There is no set time in which a new Managed Account will match the model portfolio and there are a
number of factors that could result in the holdings or weightings in a Managed Account materially
differing from the holdings or weightings in the model portfolio, which include, but are not limited to:
i.
A Managed Account differing from the model investment strategy while the Adviser is
executing investment changes to a model investment strategy;
ii.
Timing of contributions, distributions, and/or new account opening while the Adviser is
executing changes to a model;
A Managed Account holding “legacy securities” not in the model portfolio;
iii.
iv.
A client imposing, and the Adviser accepting, a reasonable restriction on one or more
security held in an account;
v.
Size of the account and its relative ability to purchase certain securities in certain
weightings.
As a fully discretionary investment manager, the Adviser’s investment results depend on
its exercising full discretion over its strategies. Client-imposed restrictions can cause an account to differ
from the model investment strategy, which will affect investment performance. A client may impose
reasonable restrictions on the management of its account, including restricting the purchase of
particular securities or types of securities, provided that the Adviser accepts such restrictions and it
believes the restrictions can be accommodated operationally and the portfolio can be managed
consistent with those restrictions. The determination as to what is a reasonable restriction is solely the
Adviser’s. Investment guidelines and restrictions must be provided to the Adviser in writing. The Adviser
case basis while reserving the right to accept or reject them in
considers client restrictions on a case
by
‐
‐
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its sole discretion. The Adviser generally accepts client restrictions that are deemed reasonable in light
of the strategy, internal investment guidelines, and operational setup; and rejects client restrictions that
are deemed detrimental to the implementation of the investment strategy, that significantly deviate
from the Adviser’s internal guidelines, or that it finds operationally burdensome. To the extent that a
client imposes a restriction that would impact the Adviser’s ability to implement its strategy for that
account, the Adviser reserves the right to reject, refuse to manage, or liquidate the account. Clients are
responsible for notifying the Adviser of any changes to their restrictions.
When the Adviser provides its investment strategy with respect to less than all of the
client’s investable assets under its purview, the objectives, risk, time horizon, and similar factors used to
inform the Adviser’s model strategy will be those that apply to that portion of the client’s investable
assets for which the Adviser’s strategy is applied. Factors applying to client assets outside of the model
strategy may, and very likely will, be different. As a result, the investment performance of client assets
following the fully discretionary model strategy will be different from the investment performance of
client assets not following that strategy. In the same way, the investment performance of client assets in
an account with a mix of the Adviser’s strategy and other securities outside that strategy will be
different from the performance that would have been produced if the Adviser’s strategy alone had been
applied to the account.
It is important to note that as the Adviser may advise clients with respect to the same or
similar securities, there may be timing differences related to the transmission of advice to clients and a
subsequent determination of whether to act on that advice. The Adviser may execute trades for clients
in advance of it communicating with other clients (i.e., custodian issues) about those trades. As a result,
these clients may receive prices that are less favorable than prices obtained for other clients. In other
cases, the Adviser may decide to separate advice for types of clients (the Fund vs Managed Accounts).
These client accounts may also not track the Adviser’s model investment strategy.
This section is not exhaustive of all possible reasons why a Managed Account may not
match the relevant model investment strategy.
⁂
The Adviser generally does not participate in class-actions.
The Adviser does not participate in wrap-fee programs.
All accounts are managed on a discretionary basis. As of December 31, 2024, the Adviser
had approximately $315,428,036 in regulatory assets under management. The Adviser does not manage
assets on a non-discretionary basis.
This Brochure does not constitute an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy any
securities. The securities of the Fund are offered and sold on a private placement basis under exemptions
promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933 and other applicable state, federal, or non-U.S. laws.
Significant suitability requirements apply to prospective investors in the Fund. Persons reviewing this
8
Brochure should not construe this as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy the securities of
the Fund described herein. Any such offer or solicitation will be made only by means of a confidential
private placement memorandum.
9
Item 5 – Fees and Compensation
Detailed below is a brief summary of certain fees and expenses paid by clients. Investors
and prospective investors in the Fund should review the Fund's Offering Documents and other
constituent materials for an additional discussion of fees and expenses with respect to the Fund.
In addition, certain investors in the Fund also pay performance-based compensation to
the manager of the Fund, UASF LLC (the “Manager”), a Delaware limited liability company and an
affiliate of the Adviser.
Clients whose accounts predate this disclosure document may be subject to pre-existing
fee arrangements which may differ from the below schedule. Clients the Adviser may advise in the
future may bear different fees than those described herein.
Fund
For its investment advisory services to the Fund, the Adviser receives a management fee
based on the value of the Fund on the last day of each calendar quarter (March 31, June 30, September
30, and December 31). The fee is paid quarterly in advance at the rate of 1.00% annually (0.25%
quarterly). Fees are deducted by the custodian of the Fund and remitted to the Adviser. Except as
otherwise provided in the Offering Documents, investors have the right to request partial or total
withdrawals from their capital accounts as of the last business day of each calendar month or at such
other times as the Manager determines in its sole discretion, provided that notice of such withdrawal is
received by the Fund’s administrator at least sixty (60) days prior to such relevant withdrawal date. Any
balance of the fee reimbursable to an investor is calculated by the number of days in the quarter
remaining after the completion of the notice period as a percentage of the total days in that quarter
multiplied by the fee paid at the beginning of the quarter.
Investors in the Fund may pay other fees such as custodial fees or cash management
fees paid directly to those providing the service. Investors in the Fund will incur brokerage and related
transactions costs (see Item 12) for the purchase and sale of their securities in the Fund. To the extent
that the Fund purchases hedges by going short, or leverages, investors will pay interest on short or
leveraged positions either in currencies or in securities representing market indices. If the Fund
purchases securities such as ETFs to effect its short strategies, investors would pay a fee to the sponsor
of those securities. In all the aforementioned cases, investors pay fees to parties other than the Fund or
its affiliates.
The Manager, the Adviser, and/or their affiliates will advance the organizational costs of
the Fund and are entitled to reimbursement from the Fund for all amounts expended by them on behalf
of the Fund in connection with the organization of the Fund. Such organizational costs and expenses will
be treated in accordance with the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), although the
Manager may elect to modify its treatment of costs and expenses in accordance with the needs of the
Fund, including, without limitation, the amortization of organizational costs and expenses over a sixty
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(60) month period. To the extent this results in a qualified audit opinion, the Manager may elect to
expense such costs as incurred. In the event that the Fund amortizes its expenses and terminates before
such expenses are fully amortized, the unamortized portion of the organizational expenses will be
debited against Fund capital at that time, thereby decreasing amounts otherwise available for
distribution to investors.
Effective October 1, 2017, the Fund is not subject to any expense cap. The Fund shall be
responsible for its ongoing costs and expenses associated with its administration and operation
(excluding the management fee). Such costs include, but are not limited to, government fees, if any,
research expenses, fund administration, brokerage commissions, valuation agents, telephone calls,
investment-related consultants and other service providers expenses, investment-related travel costs,
expenses incurred with respect to the preparation, duplication and distribution to investors and
prospective investors offering documents, its pro rata share of master fund costs (if any), annual reports
and other financial information, insurance premiums of the Fund, the Manager and/or the Adviser
(including insurance premiums with respect to any of their principals, partners, officers and directors),
printing costs, and all tax, accounting (and audit) and legal fees, and similar ongoing operational
expenses of the Fund. The capital accounts of all investors will be charged accordingly. Fees and
expenses that are identifiable with a particular class of interests (if any) may, in the Manager’s sole
discretion, be charged against that class in computing its net asset value.
The Manager, the Adviser, and any affiliates retained by them may be reimbursed for
certain expenses incurred on behalf of the Fund. Such reimbursable expenses shall not include any
expense attributable to its provision of office personnel, space required for the performance of their
services, maintenance of books and records, and other general and overhead operating expenses.
The Manager may receive a performance-based fee from certain investors in the Fund.
Such performance-based fee is a percentage of the excess of the net capital appreciation, in excess of a
“hurdle,” allocated to the capital account of certain Fund investors for the relevant period and are
typically subject to a high water mark or recoupment of a loss recovery account. The performance-based
fees are typically determined and charged on an annual basis but will be determined and charged for
shorter periods under certain circumstances (such as, upon withdrawals from the Fund). Performance-
based fees are paid to the Manager directly from the assets of the Fund. Investors in any pooled
investment fund that the Adviser may advise in the future may bear different fees than those described
herein.
Managed Accounts
Clients that the Adviser may advise in the future may bear different fees than those
described herein.
For its investment advisory services to Managed Accounts, the Adviser receives an
asset-based management fee for account assets on the last day of each calendar quarter (March 31,
June 30, September 30, and December 31). The management fee is paid quarterly in advance at the rate
of 0.3125% of the value of each Managed Account, equal to an annual rate of 1.25%, provided Managed
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Account assets are above $500,000 (as may be reduced at the Adviser’s sole discretion). As outlined in
the Adviser’s IMA with each respective client, Managed Accounts below the $500,000 will generally pay
a higher management fee rate, typically 0.375% per quarter (equal to an annual rate of 1.50%).
Management fees are charged based on the total market value of the assets in the
Managed Account including net unrealized appreciation or depreciation of investments and cash, cash
equivalents and accrued interest on the last day of the quarter or other frequency as set forth in the
IMA between the Adviser and the client.
The Adviser will submit to a client’s custodian a bill for management fees each quarter,
and the custodian will deduct the Adviser’s management fees from those individual clients’ custodial
accounts.
In general, if the Adviser serves for less than the whole of any quarter, as specified in its
IMA with each respective client, it may return to the client the unearned balance of any prepaid
quarterly fees contingent on the client satisfying its obligations, which may include but are not limited
to: (i) providing written notice to the Adviser, and (ii) paying fees due, including for the entirety of the
notice period (regardless of whether Client elected to remove assets from the Managed Account prior to
the end of the notice period).
Clients may pay other fees such as custodial fees or cash management fees paid directly
to those providing the service. Clients will incur brokerage and related transactions costs (see Item 12)
for the purchase and sale of their securities. To the extent the Adviser purchases securities such as ETFs,
clients will pay a fee to the sponsor of those securities. In all the aforementioned cases, clients pay fees
to parties other than the Adviser.
⁂
The Adviser, at its discretion, may offer different management fee and performance-
based compensation schedules to clients (including investors in the Fund) based on a variety of factors,
including, among other things, the nature of investments and length of relationship with the Adviser or
related persons. In addition, the Adviser, its partners and related entities, and their respective partners,
directors, and employees may invest in the Fund without being subject to any management fees or
performance-based compensation. At its sole discretion, Manager may (i) modify or waive the basic
management fee for each Managed Account.
Except for the sale of units in the Fund, the Adviser and its supervisory personnel do not
sell securities or other investment products. And neither the Adviser nor any of its supervised persons
accepts compensation (e.g., brokerage commissions) for the sale of securities or other investment
products.
See Item 12 of this Brochure for additional information regarding the Adviser’s
brokerage practices.
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Item 6 – Performance-Based Fees and Side-By-Side Management
As stated in Item 5 above, the Adviser and the Manager may receive performance-based
fees or allocations from certain clients. These payments are subject to Section 205(a)(1) of the Advisers
Act in accordance with the available exemptions thereunder, including the exemption set forth in Rule
205-3.
Performance-based fees, in general, may create an incentive for the Adviser or its
supervised persons to make investments that are riskier and more speculative than would be the case in
the absence of a performance-based fee.
The Adviser manages multiple clients with similar investment strategies on a side-by
side basis. As a result, the Adviser, its principal(s), and/or affiliate(s) may have conflicts of interest in: (i)
allocating their time and activity among the multiple clients; (ii) allocating investments among the
multiple clients; and (iii) effecting transactions among the multiple clients, including ones in which the
Adviser, its principal(s), and/or affiliate(s) may have a greater financial interest. These conflicts of
interest may create an incentive for the Adviser to favor a client in which the Adviser, its principal(s),
and/or affiliate(s) have a greater financial interest with respect to allocation of time and activity, limited
investment opportunities, or investments that the Adviser regards as more attractive or better
performing investments.
To address these conflicts of interest, the Adviser has implemented policies and
procedures to ensure that all clients receive equitable and fair treatment over time with respect to the
allocation of investment opportunities. These policies and procedures require the Adviser to at all times
allocate investments among the clients in a manner which it believes to be fair and equitable and
prohibit the Adviser from basing an allocation decision on any of the following, or similar, reasons: (i) to
generate higher fees paid by one client over another, or to produce greater fees to the Adviser or any of
its affiliates; (ii) to develop a relationship with an existing or potential investor in a client; (iii) to
compensate an investor in a client for past services or benefits rendered to the Adviser or any employee
of the Adviser; or (iv) to induce future services or benefits to be rendered to the Adviser or any
employee of the Adviser.
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Item 7 – Types of Clients
The Adviser provides investment advice to the Fund and Managed Account clients such
as individuals, high-net-worth individuals, trusts, estates, institutions, and other business entities among
others, as noted in Item 4 above, and may advise different types of clients in the future.
Fund
The Adviser provides investment advice directly to the Fund and not individually to the
investors of the Fund. In addition, investors in the Fund should generally be (i) “accredited investors”
within the meaning of the rules and regulations promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the “Securities Act”), or qualify as other types of investors under applicable U.S. or non-U.S.
securities laws, and/or (ii) “qualified purchasers” or “knowledgeable employees” of the Adviser or its
affiliates within the meaning of the rules and regulations promulgated under the Investment Company
Act of 1940, as amended (the “Company Act”), and meet other eligibility criteria established by the
Manager.
Generally, the minimum initial amount for an investment in the Fund is $1,000,000,
subject to the discretion of the Manager. The Fund’s investors may consist of one or more of the
following: individuals; pension and profit-sharing plans; financial institutions (including funds of funds);
trusts; university endowments; charitable organizations; and corporations or other business entities.
The Adviser will not be engaged as an investment adviser to advise prospective investors as to the
appropriateness of investing in the Fund.
Managed Accounts
Generally, there is a $5,000,000 minimum for Managed Accounts provided, however,
the Adviser may, at any time, waive such minimums in its sole discretion and accept a lesser amount.
Certain legacy client accounts have lower account sizes. Further, business considerations may in certain
cases lead to exceptions to this policy. For example, the Adviser may group, in its discretion, certain
Managed Accounts for the purposes of achieving the minimum account size.
⁂
From the time the Adviser's SEC registration became effective, investors in the Fund and
Managed Account clients that compensate it based on performance must be “qualified clients” as
defined in Rule 205-3 under the Advisers Act or be grandfathered pursuant to SEC rulemaking.
14
Item 8 – Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies, and Risk of Loss
The Adviser is a concentrated, fundamental, long-term investor in the public markets,
whose approach to analyzing potential investment opportunities is predicated on incisive primary
research and deep understanding of underlying business economics.
In general, the Adviser’s investment objective across all strategies is to seek maximum,
long-term capital appreciation commensurate with reasonable risk. The Adviser defines risk as the
probability of a permanent loss of capital, rather than price volatility.
A. Methods of Analysis and Investment Strategies
The methods of analysis and investment strategies the Adviser pursues entail substantial
risks, and no assurance can be given that the investment objective of any client or investor will be
achieved. The information contained in this disclosure document cannot disclose every potential risk
associated with every model investment strategy, or all of the risks applicable to a particular client
account. Rather, it is a general description of the nature and risks of the model investment strategies and
securities purchased, sold and/or traded in client accounts. In addition, investors in the Fund should
carefully review the Offering Documents and related materials for additional information about risks
associated with its strategy.
The Adviser’s investment process across all strategies consists of a combination of
bottom-up fundamental research and a systematic valuation methodology that links security analysis to
macroeconomic analysis. In general, the Adviser does not attempt to “time” the market or predict
overall macroeconomic trends. Instead, it focuses on owning quality companies with strong
managements whose long-term fundamentals it believes to be underestimated and inefficiently valued
by the markets. The Adviser’s investment strategies seek to strike a balance between reducing risk and
enhancing returns over the long-term. The Adviser’s strategies draw from the same universe of
investment ideas and the same fundamental and valuation methodology for evaluating those ideas. The
Adviser believes this approach allows for the continuous and thorough evaluation of all accounts and all
holdings. In general, the Adviser’s investment time horizon is multi-year.
The Adviser operates with one investment philosophy for its long holdings across its
principal investment strategies. Its investment strategies are generally driven by a research-intensive,
fundamental bottom-up process and draw upon the work of a centralized research team that reviews
and analyzes quantitative, qualitative, and other data and applies the team’s country and industry
knowledge while also taking into consideration macroeconomic and market conditions.
The Adviser invests primarily in what it believes to be quality companies with strong
business franchises, relatively low business risk, and proven cash-flow generation. It seeks investments
in companies whose long-term earnings power is underestimated and represent good values.
Although the Adviser has adopted informal guidelines on diversification, those
guidelines are subject to change by the Adviser, and there are no limits on the Adviser’s investment
15
discretion that require diversification by issuer, industry, or market or that impose position size
limitations. At any given time, it is therefore possible that the Adviser’s portfolios will be concentrated in
a particular market or industry, or in a limited number or type of securities. The same securities may be
owned, bought, and sold at the same or different times in multiple strategies but for different reasons.
B. Material Risks
The following risk factors do not purport to be a complete list or explanation of the risks
involved in an investment in the clients advised by the Adviser. These risk factors include only those risks
the Adviser believes to be material, significant, or unusual and relate to particular significant investment
strategies or methods of analysis employed by the Adviser. Additional risks and uncertainties not
currently known to the Adviser or that the Adviser currently believes to be immaterial may also
materially and adversely affect the Adviser’s investment strategies and the value of investments in the
clients. Please refer to the Fund’s Offering Documents for a more complete description of the risk factors
applicable to an investment in the Fund. Prospective clients and investors should read this entire Form
ADV and all accompanying materials provided by the Adviser and consult with their own advisors before
deciding whether to invest in the strategies. In addition, as the strategies develop and change over time,
an investment in the strategies may be subject to additional and different risk factors.
Depending on the investment strategy and the type of financial instruments used at any
given time to implement that strategy, advisory clients and investors in the Fund may face the following
material investment risks:
Risk of Loss. Investing in equities by its nature involves risk and clients and investors
should only invest if they are aware of and willing to bear risk. Any investment activity, including
investing in securities, involves risk of loss that clients should be prepared to bear. All investments carry
the risk of loss, including complete loss, and there is no guarantee that any investment strategy will
meet its investment or risk management objectives. Any past success of a particular investment strategy
or methodology does not imply or guarantee future success. Although the Adviser attempts to manage
these risks through careful research, ongoing monitoring of investments, and appropriate hedging
techniques (where permissible), there can be no assurance that the securities and other instruments
purchased that are the focus of its strategies will increase in value or that portfolios will not incur
significant losses.
Economic Risk. Although the global economy has improved since 2008, the effects of the
global financial crisis continue and economic growth has been slow and uneven. The negative impact
and uncertainty due to the sovereign debt crisis in Europe has impacted and may continue to impact the
global economic recovery. In addition, the war in Ukraine which began in 2022 has opened a new set of
geopolitical risks including, but not limited to, the potential for Russian default on its FX denominated
debt due to economic sanctions, higher inflation, shortages of materials, higher commodities prices,
cybersecurity attacks on infrastructure and private business, and growing political instability in Europe
and elsewhere in the world. The risk that Russia and Ukraine escalate hostilities further adds to the
economic uncertainties and the potential for spill over into the global economy via several channels
16
including through the financial system. These events and possible continuing market turbulence may
have an adverse effect on the Adviser’s model investment strategy and any and all client accounts. In
response to the global financial crisis, the US government, the Federal Reserve, and other governments
and other foreign central banks took steps to support financial markets. However, risks to growth
persist: the growing size of the federal budget deficit and national debt, and the threat of inflation. A
number of countries have experienced, and continue to experience, severe economic and financial
difficulties. Many non-governmental issuers, and even certain governments, have defaulted on, or been
forced to restructure, their debts; many other issuers have faced difficulties obtaining credit or
refinancing existing obligations; financial institutions have in many cases required government or central
bank support, have needed to raise capital, and/or have been impaired in their ability to extend credit;
and financial markets in Europe, Asia and elsewhere have experienced extreme volatility and declines in
asset values and liquidity. There is continued concern about national-level support for the euro and the
accompanying coordination of fiscal and wage policy among European Economic and Monetary Union
(“EMU”) member countries. There are also many risks with respect to “Brexit,” the United Kingdom’s
withdrawal from the European Union. The first is the psychological impact on consumers and investors
created by the uncertainty of the situation. The second concern is the actual economic impact of the
withdrawal from the Union. There is also the risk that other nations might withdraw from the EU. This
list is not exhaustive of all possible risks associated with Brexit. A return of unfavorable economic
conditions could impair the Adviser’s ability to execute on its model investment strategy and in client
accounts. Therefore, such issues could lead to losses on investment opportunities for the strategy and
any client account and otherwise could prevent the Adviser from successfully executing its investment
strategies or require its strategies or any client account to dispose of investments at a loss while such
adverse conditions prevail.
Market Risk and Liquidity. General economic and market conditions, such as interest
rates, availability of credit, inflation rates, commodity prices, economic uncertainty, changes in laws,
trade barriers, currency fluctuations and controls, and national and international political circumstances
can materially affect a client’s account. For example, any of these factors may affect price volatility and
the liquidity of instruments held in a client’s account. Even an instrument that generally is, or recently
was, liquid may unexpectedly and suddenly become illiquid. Such volatility of illiquidity could result in
substantial losses.
Long-Term. The success of a client’s long-term investment strategy depends upon the
Adviser’s ability to identify and purchase securities that are undervalued and hold such investments so
as to maximize value on a long-term basis. In pursuing any long-term strategy, the Adviser, on behalf of
its clients, may forego value in the short-term or temporary investments in order to be able to avail
clients of additional and/or longer-term opportunities in the future. Consequently, clients may not
capture maximum available value in the short-term.
Equity Instruments. Investments in equity securities generally involve a high degree of
risk. Stock prices are volatile and change daily, and market movements are difficult to predict.
Movements in stock prices and markets may result from various factors, including those affecting
individual companies, sectors, or industries. Such movements may be temporary or last for extended
17
periods. The price of an individual stock may fall or fail to appreciate, even in a rising stock market. A
client could lose money due to a sudden or gradual decline in a stock’s price or due to an overall decline
in the stock markets generally.
Growth Stocks. In particular, “growth” stocks can have relatively high valuations, which,
among other things, may result in the prices of growth stocks being more sensitive to changes in current
or expected earnings than prices of other stocks. Accordingly, investing in growth stocks can be more
risky than investing in a company with more modest growth expectations.
Management. The Adviser’s judgments regarding the attractiveness, value, or potential
appreciation of a particular asset class or investment instrument may be incorrect and there is no
guarantee that any asset class or instrument will perform as it expects. The Adviser may fail to
implement a strategy as intended or may not identify all risks associated with a strategy or a shift in
strategy, all of which may cause substantial losses. In addition, the Adviser’s ability to manage client
assets is largely dependent on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. Competition in the
financial services industry for qualified employees is intense. The Adviser’s continued ability to manage
client assets effectively depends on its ability to retain and motivate its employees. Moreover, there is
no prohibition on its employees or principals resigning or retiring.
Small- and Mid-Capitalization Companies. Typically, the Adviser’s portfolios are
composed of large-capitalization companies. However, depending on the investment strategies the
Adviser uses to manage a client’s account, it may invest a portion of the client’s account in smaller and
less established companies (i.e., small-capitalization and mid-capitalization companies). These smaller
companies may present greater opportunities for capital appreciation, but typically are more volatile
and involve greater risk than companies that are larger and more established. Such smaller companies
may have limited product lines, markets, or financial resources and their securities may trade less
frequently and in more limited volumes than the securities of larger, more mature companies. As a
result, the prices of the securities of such smaller companies may fluctuate to a greater degree than the
prices of the securities of other issuers and these companies may be more likely to fail, which could
result in substantial losses.
Institutional Risk. The institutions, including brokerage firms and banks with which the
Adviser’s advised accounts directly or indirectly do business, or to which securities are entrusted for
custodial and prime brokerage purposes, may encounter financial difficulties, fail or otherwise become
unable to meet their obligations and may become subject to legal, regulatory, reputational, and other
unforeseen risks that could have a material adverse effect on the activities and operations of its
accounts. Prime brokers engaged by its accounts may experience financial difficulties, and its accounts
might therefore be exposed to similar or other financial problems resulting from the insolvency or
financial difficulties of one or more of its accounts’ prime brokers. The accounts may, from time to time,
purchase, sell, or lend securities through either a U.S. prime broker and have assets held at accounts of
such prime broker or its non-U.S. affiliate. If the account’s assets are held at a U.S. prime broker, in the
event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of such prime broker, even if assets are segregated, the account is
subject to the risk that it will not receive a complete return of those assets. Under SEC rules, the prime
18
broker must segregate “fully paid” customer securities and “excess margin securities” for the benefit of
customers. In addition, pursuant to the SEC reserve formula, the prime broker must place customer
funds in a segregated account for the benefit of customers to assure that there will be sufficient assets
to satisfy all customer claims. Nonetheless, except with respect to physical securities held in the
account’s name, the account will not have a right to the return of specific assets but rather will generally
have a claim based on the net equity in its account. Not all activities or transactions conducted with the
prime broker are subject to these customer protection rules.
Dependence on Employees of the Adviser. The success of each of the Adviser’s strategies
depends in substantial part on the skill and expertise of the portfolio managers and other professionals
employed by the Adviser. There can be no assurance that its portfolio managers and such other
professionals will continue to be employed by it throughout the life of a specific strategy. The loss of a
portfolio manager and other professionals could have a material adverse effect on the account(s) that
they cover.
Potential Conflicts of Interest. The Adviser manages different investment strategies
which present the possibility of overlapping investments, and thus the potential for conflicts of interest.
If any matter arises that the Adviser determines in its good faith judgment constitutes an actual conflict
of interest between accounts, it may take such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent or
reduce the conflict. Please see Item 11 below for further discussion of possible conflicts of interest.
Concentration of Investments. Investments are expected to be concentrated in relatively
few companies, industries, or markets. Such non-diversification would make a client more susceptible to
risks associated with a single economic, political, or regulatory occurrence than a more diversified
portfolio might. Such client could be subject to significant losses if it holds a relatively large position in a
single company, industry, market, geographical area, country, or a particular type of investment that
declines in value, and the losses could increase even further if investments cannot be liquidated without
adverse market reaction or are otherwise adversely affected by changes in market conditions or
circumstances.
Non-U.S. Investments. The Adviser may invest client accounts in instruments issued by
non-U.S. companies and governments, including those in developing nations and emerging markets.
Such investments involve a number of risks not usually associated with investing in securities of U.S.
companies or the U.S. government. Those risks include, among other things, trade balances and
imbalances and related economic policies, currency exchange rate fluctuations, imposition of exchange
control regulation, withholding taxes, limitations on the repatriation of funds or other assets to the U.S.,
possible nationalization of assets or industries, political difficulties and political instability, any of which
could lead to substantial losses.
American Depositary Receipts and Global Depositary Receipts. American Depositary
Receipts (“ADRs”) are receipts issued by a U.S. bank or trust company evidencing ownership of
underlying securities issued by non-U.S. issuers. ADRs may be listed on a national securities exchange or
may be traded in the over-the-counter market. Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”) are receipts issued
19
by either a U.S. or non-U.S. banking institution representing ownership in a non-U.S. company’s publicly
traded securities that are traded on non-U.S. stock exchanges or non-U.S. over-the-counter markets.
Holders of unsponsored ADRs or GDRs generally bear all the costs of such facilities. The depository of an
unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute investor communications received
from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through voting rights to the holders of depositary
receipts in respect of the deposited securities. Investments in ADRs and GDRs pose, to the extent not
hedged, currency exchange risks (including blockage, devaluation and non-exchangeability), as well as a
range of other potential risks relating to the underlying shares, which could include expropriation,
confiscatory taxation, imposition of withholding or other taxes on dividends, interest, capital gains,
other income or gross sale or disposition proceeds, political or social instability or diplomatic
developments that could affect investments in those countries, illiquidity, price volatility and market
manipulation. In addition, less information may be available regarding the underlying shares of ADRs
and GDRs, and non-U.S. companies may not be subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting
standards and requirements comparable to, or as uniform as, those of U.S. companies. Such risks may
have a material adverse effect on the performance of such investments and could result in substantial
losses.
Business and Regulatory Risks of Alternative Asset Managers. Legal, tax, and regulatory
changes could occur that may adversely affect the Adviser’s investment strategies. The legal, tax, and
regulatory environment for alternative investments is evolving, and changes in the regulation and
market perception of such funds, including changes to existing laws and regulations and increased
criticism of the private equity and alternative asset industry by some politicians, regulators, and market
commentators may adversely affect the ability of the Adviser’s accounts to pursue their investment
strategy, the Adviser’s ability to obtain leverage and financing, and the value of investments held by the
Adviser’s accounts. In recent years, market disruptions and the dramatic increase in the capital allocated
to alternative investment strategies have led to increased governmental as well as self-regulatory
scrutiny of the alternative investment fund industry in general, and certain legislation proposing greater
regulation of the industry periodically is considered by the governing bodies of both U.S. and non-U.S.
jurisdictions (including the European Union). It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes may be
instituted with respect to the regulations applicable to the Adviser, the accounts, the markets in which
the Adviser trades and invests, the investors in the Fund or the counterparties with whom the Adviser
does business, or what effect such legislation or regulations might have. There can be no assurance that
the Adviser, and the accounts will be able, for financial reasons or otherwise, to comply with future laws
and regulations, and any regulations that restrict the ability of the accounts to implement their
investment strategy could have a material adverse impact on the account’s portfolio. To the extent that
the account or the account’s investments are or may become subject to regulation by various agencies
in the United States, Europe (including the United Kingdom), or other countries, the costs of compliance
will be borne by the respective account. Finally, the SEC and other various U.S. federal, state, and local
agencies may conduct examinations and inquiries into, and bring enforcement and other proceedings
against the Adviser, and its accounts. The Adviser and its accounts may receive requests for information
or subpoenas from the SEC or other state, federal, and non-U.S. regulators (as well as from self-
regulatory organizations and exchanges) from time to time in connection with such inquiries and
20
proceedings and otherwise in the ordinary course of business. These requests may relate to a broad
range of matters, including specific practices of the Adviser and the securities in which the Adviser
invests on behalf of its clients or industry-wide practices. The costs of any such increased reporting,
registration, and compliance requirements may be borne by the accounts and may furthermore place
the accounts at a competitive disadvantage to the extent that the Adviser or portfolio companies are
required to disclose sensitive business information.
Short Selling. Short selling can involve greater risk than investments based on a long
position. A short sale of a security involves the risk of a theoretically unlimited increase in the market
price of the security, which could result in an inability to cover the short position and a theoretically
unlimited loss. There can be no absolute guarantee that securities and/or currencies necessary to cover
a short position will be available for purchase. Purchasing securities to close out a short position can
itself cause the price of the relevant securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating the loss.
There is also a risk that the securities borrowed in connection with a short sale must be
returned to the lender of such securities on short notice. If a request for the return of borrowed
securities occurs at a time when other short sellers of the securities are receiving similar requests, a
short squeeze can occur, and it may be necessary to replace borrowed securities previously sold short
with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in
excess of the proceeds received from originally selling the securities short.
Legal and Regulatory Environment. Changes in the regulation of investment advisers and
their trading and investing activities may have a material adverse effect on the Adviser’s ability to
pursue its investment strategy, impose additional costs on a client portfolio, and limit the anticipated
return on certain investments.
Cybersecurity and Identity Theft. Security breaches and other disruptions of information
and technology networks could compromise information and intellectual property and expose the
Adviser and its accounts to liability, reputational harm, and significant regulatory investigation and
remediation costs. In the ordinary course of business, the Adviser and its affiliates collect and store
sensitive data, including proprietary business information and intellectual property, and personal
information of employees, clients, investors, and other natural persons, in data centers and on third
party cloud services. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information are
critical to operations. Although the Adviser has implemented policies procedures, takes various
measures, and has made and will continue to make investments to ensure the integrity of its systems
and to safeguard against such failures or security breaches, there can be no assurance that these
policies, procedures, measures, and investments will provide complete protection. There is also the risk
that a security breach may not be detected for an extended period of time. Despite the Adviser’s
security measures, its information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by third
parties or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. In addition, the Adviser
and its employees may be the target of fraudulent emails or other targeted attempts to gain
unauthorized access to proprietary or sensitive information.
21
A significant actual or potential theft, loss, corruption, exposure, fraudulent use or
misuse of client, employee or other personal information or proprietary business data, whether by third
parties or as a result of employee malfeasance or otherwise, non-compliance with the Adviser’s
contractual or other legal obligations regarding such data or intellectual property or a violation of the
Adviser’s privacy and security policies with respect to such data could result in significant remediation
and other costs, fines, litigation, or regulatory actions. Such an event could additionally disrupt
operations and the services the Adviser provides to clients and investors, damage its reputation, result
in a loss of a competitive advantage, impact its ability to provide timely and accurate financial data and
cause a loss of confidence in its services and financial reporting, which could adversely affect its business
and the accounts to which it provides investment advisory services.
Systems and Operational Risks Generally. On a daily basis, the Adviser relies on
accounting, order management and other systems that are critical to its business activities. In addition,
its activities will be dependent upon systems operated by third parties, including market counterparties
and other service providers. The Adviser may not be in a position to verify the risks or reliability of such
third-party systems. Failures in its systems or in systems employed by third parties on which it relies
could result in mistakes made in the confirmation or settlement of transactions, or in transactions not
being properly booked, evaluated or accounted for. Such failures may also result in the disruption of the
Adviser’s business, which in turn, may lead to financial loss, liability to third parties, regulatory
intervention, or reputational damage. Any of the foregoing failures or disruptions could have a material
adverse effect on a client portfolio.
Catastrophe Risks. Clients may be subject to the risk of loss arising from direct or
indirect exposure to various catastrophic events, including the following: hurricanes, earthquakes and
other natural disasters (which may be caused, or enhanced in frequency and severity, by climate change
factors); war, terrorism and other armed conflicts; cyberterrorism; major or prolonged power outages or
network interruptions; and public health crises, including infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics and
pandemics. To the extent that any such event occurs and has a material effect on global financial
markets or specific markets or issuers in which clients invest (or has a material negative impact on the
operations of the Adviser or its service providers), the risks of loss can be substantial and could have a
material adverse effect on client investments therein. Furthermore, any such event may also adversely
impact the financial condition of one or more Fund investors, which could result in substantial
withdrawal requests by such investors as a result of their individual liquidity situations and irrespective
of Fund performance.
Climate Change-Related Risks. The environmental effects of climate change, including
rising temperatures, extreme weather, fires, flooding, erratic weather fluctuations, agricultural failures
and displacement and destabilization of human populations, could have materially adverse effects on
the securities held by the clients. The Adviser believes that such risks may increase over time, although
the time period over which these consequences might unfold is difficult to predict.
22
In addition to the physical, economic and geo-political risks associated with climate
change, there are transition risks. The willingness of certain governments, industries and businesses,
especially those that profit from, or have a reliance on, fossil fuels, to adapt to climate change or
transition to sustainable practices may also adversely affect the securities.
Regulatory changes and divestment movements tied to concerns about climate change
could adversely affect the value of certain industries whose activities or products are seen as
accelerating climate change, or ill-positioned in light of the economic and social demands imposed by
climate change. In recent years, certain investors have incorporated the business risks of climate change
and the adequacy of companies’ responses to climate change as part of their investment theses. These
shifts in investing priorities may result in adverse effects on the trading price of securities if investors
determine that the company has not made sufficient progress on climate change and environmental
sustainability matters whether or not climate change proves to be as severe as predicted or
preventable.
The values of securities whose performance is linked to assets and revenue streams that
are exposed to climate change risk, may readily be affected by both long-term, systemic effects of
climate change, as well as severe environmental events whose occurrence is inherently unpredictable.
Coronavirus and Public Health Emergency Risks. In December 2019, a novel and highly
contagious form of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) surfaced in Wuhan, China. As the disease spread around
the world, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. The outbreak of COVID-19 resulted in
numerous deaths, and temporarily affected adversely global commercial activity, and also contributed
to significant volatility in certain equity and debt markets. Many countries reacted by instituting
quarantines, prohibitions on travel, and the closure of offices, businesses, schools, retail stores, and
other public venues. Businesses also implemented similar precautionary measures. Such measures,
created significant disruption in supply chains and economic activity and had an adverse impact on
many industries. The impact of COVID-19 continues to be felt as countries struggle to contain the virus
and its variants. The short term and long term impact on the operations of the Adviser and its clients’
investments is difficult to predict. As COVID-19 continues to spread, the potential impacts, including a
global, regional, or other economic recession, are increasingly uncertain and difficult to assess.
Any public health emergency, including any outbreak of COVID-19 or other existing or
new epidemic diseases (including, without limitation, those similar to COVID-19, SARS, H1N1/09 flu, or
MERS), or the threat thereof, and the resulting financial and economic market uncertainty could have a
significant adverse impact on the Adviser, the pricing and fair value of its investments, and could
adversely affect the Adviser’s ability to fulfill its respective investment objectives.
The extent of the impact of any public health emergency on the operational and
financial performance of the Adviser and its investments will depend on many factors, including the
duration and scope of such public health emergency, the extent of any related travel advisories and
restrictions implemented, the development and distribution of treatments and vaccines, the impact of
such public health emergency on overall supply and demand, goods and services, investor liquidity,
23
consumer confidence, unemployment and levels of economic activity, and the extent of its disruption to
important global, regional and local supply chains and economic markets, all of which are highly
uncertain and cannot be predicted.
24
Item 9 – Disciplinary Information
The Adviser is required to disclose any legal or disciplinary events that are material to a
client's or prospective client's evaluation of its advisory business or the integrity of its management.
There are no legal or disciplinary events or facts that are material to a client’s or
prospective client’s evaluation of the Adviser’s advisory business or the integrity of its management, nor
have there ever been.
25
Item 10 – Other Financial Industry Activities and Affiliations
The Adviser and its management persons do not participate in other financial industry
activities. No management persons of the Adviser have relationships or arrangements with financial
industry participants that may be material to the Adviser’s advisory business or clients. The Adviser is
not registered, and does not have an application pending to register, as a broker-dealer or registered
representative of a broker-dealer
Neither the Adviser nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an
application pending to register, as a futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator,
commodity trading advisor, or an associated person of the Adviser.
The Adviser is responsible for all decisions regarding portfolio transactions of the Fund
and has full discretion over the management of the Fund’s investment activities. Employees and persons
acting on behalf of the Manager are subject to the supervision and control of the Adviser. Thus, the
Manager, all of its employees and the persons acting on its behalf would be “persons associated with”
the registered investment adviser so that the SEC could enforce the requirements of the Advisers Act on
the Manager.
The Adviser does not receive any compensation for the recommendation of other
investment advisers to its clients.
26
Item 11 – Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions and Personal Trading
The Adviser has adopted a written Code of Ethics (the “Code”) designed to address and
avoid potential conflicts of interest as required under Rule 204A-1 of the Advisers Act, and will provide a
copy to any client or prospective client upon request. The major areas that are covered in the Code of
Ethics are summarized below. The Code sets forth a standard of business conduct and compliance with
federal securities laws by all of the Adviser’s employees. The Code contains policies and procedures that
ensure that all personal securities trading by employees of the Adviser is conducted in such a manner as
to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest or any abuse of an individual’s position of trust and
responsibility. The Adviser prohibits personal trading on certain securities or instruments; requires pre-
clearance of purchases of an initial public offering (“IPO”) or a new private placement; requires periodic
reporting of employees’ personal securities transactions and holdings; and requires prompt internal
reporting of Code violations. As part of its Code, the Adviser has established procedures to prevent the
abuse of material, nonpublic information, which includes procedures for, among other things, the use
and maintenance of restricted trading lists. Clients and prospective clients may request a copy of the
Code by contacting the Adviser at the mailing address listed on the first page of this document. All
personnel have acknowledged and have agreed in writing to adhere to the Code of Ethics and to have
read and understood the Adviser’s compliance policies and Compliance Manual. All personnel are
required to make such acknowledgments and agreements on an annual basis. A signed attestation is
retained.
The Adviser may, from time to time, take a position in a security in which the Adviser or
one of its related persons, directly or indirectly, has an interest. For instance, it may be expected that
the assets of one or more Managed Accounts will be invested in securities of issuers in which the Fund
holds positions. In addition, the Fund’s assets may be invested in securities of issuers in which one or
more of the Managed Accounts hold positions. Given the likelihood of such an occurrence, clients will
not be notified of such occurrences. These practices may give rise to conflicts of interest.
The Adviser’s employees and persons associated with the Adviser are required to
adhere to the Code. Subject to satisfying this policy and applicable laws, officers, directors, and
employees of the Adviser and its affiliates may trade for their own accounts in securities which are
traded for the Adviser’s clients. The Code is designed to assure that the personal securities transactions,
activities, and interests of the employees of the Adviser will not interfere with (i) making decisions in the
best interest of advisory clients and (ii) implementing such decisions while, at the same time, allowing
employees to invest for their own accounts. Under the Code, certain classes of securities have been
designated as exempt transactions based upon a determination that these would not interfere
materially with the best interest of the Adviser’s clients. In addition, the Code requires pre-clearance of
certain transactions. Nonetheless, because the Code in some circumstances would permit employees to
invest in the same securities as clients, there is a possibility that employees might benefit from market
activity by a client in a security held by an employee. Employee trading is continually monitored under
the Code to reasonably prevent conflicts of interest between the Adviser and its clients. Any personal
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securities transactions traded outside of the Adviser must be pre-cleared with the Adviser’s Chief
Compliance Officer.
Please refer to Item 12 of this Brochure for a description of the Adviser’s trade
aggregation and allocation procedures.
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Item 12 – Brokerage Practices
Best Execution
The Adviser has complete discretion in selecting the broker that it uses for transactions
and the commission rates that clients pay such brokers. The Adviser’s overriding objective in effecting
portfolio transactions is to seek to obtain best execution for its clients’ securities transactions. It is not
necessary to select the broker offering the lowest commission rate. The Adviser may cause a client
account to pay a broker a commission in excess of that which another broker might have charged for
effecting the same transaction in recognition of the value of the brokerage and other services provided
by the broker; its knowledge of actual or apparent operational problems of any broker or dealer; the
broker's or dealer's execution services rendered on a continuing basis and in other transactions; the
reasonableness of spreads or commissions; and the research services and products furnished by the
broker or dealer, if any.
Allocations
The Adviser will at all times allocate investments among the accounts of its clients in a
manner which it believes to be fair and equitable. The Adviser generally trades with a broker using
widely available algorithmic trading functions that produce a certain trading outcome the Adviser seeks
such as, for example, receiving a volume weighted average price for the day in which a security is
bought or sold.
As a general practice and consistent with its managing accounts to a strategy model, the
Adviser aggregates orders and allocates them on a pro rata average-price basis to all accounts.
Uncompleted trades are allocated on the same basis to all accounts on the following day(s) in which
they are executed.
The Adviser may in its discretion aggregate orders for its clients; however, the Adviser is
not required to aggregate orders. For example, the Adviser may choose not to aggregate orders, if
portfolio management decisions for different clients are made separately, if aggregating would be
inconsistent with its advisory duties or, in certain cases, if determining to enter individual, separate
orders would not be inconsistent with its fiduciary duty. In certain circumstances, not aggregating client
orders may result in additional costs including one client having a less favorable execution than another
client.
Soft Dollars
During its last fiscal year, the Adviser did not direct any account transactions to a
particular broker-dealer in return for soft-dollar benefits. However, the Adviser may purchase from a
broker or allow a broker to pay for certain investment research and brokerage services. Although it does
not presently utilize soft dollars, in the event that the Adviser utilizes soft dollars, it will do so solely to
pay for products or services that qualify as “research and brokerage services” within the meaning of
Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
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The Adviser’s relationship with any such broker that provides soft dollar services may
influence the Adviser’s judgment and create conflicts of interest in allocating brokerage business
between firms that provide soft dollar services and firms that do not. The Adviser will have an incentive
to select or recommend a broker based on the Adviser’s interest in receiving soft dollar services rather
than clients’ interest in receiving the most favorable execution. These conflicts of interest are
particularly influential to the extent that the Adviser uses soft dollars to pay expenses it would
otherwise be required to pay itself.
The Adviser will address any such conflicts of interest by annually evaluating the trade
execution services that the Adviser receives, if any, from the brokers that it uses to execute trades for
clients. Such evaluation will include comparing those services to the services available from other
brokers. The Adviser will consider, among other things, alternative market makers and market centers,
the quality of execution services, the value of continuing with various soft dollar services and adding or
removing brokers, increasing or decreasing targets for each broker and the appropriate level of
commission rates.
Directed Brokerage
As a policy, the Adviser does not direct brokerage for client referrals nor does it seek
benefits from broker-dealers for client referrals.
The Adviser does not permit clients to direct brokerage.
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Item 13 – Review of Accounts
The Adviser generally monitors and reviews the Fund and Managed Accounts on an
ongoing basis for overall adherence to the Fund’s or each Managed Account’s investment objective and
strategies, as well as any guidelines or restrictions. Many factors could initiate a client account review
other than a periodic review, including (among other possible factors and to the degree applicable) the
decision to add or eliminate a particular investment, to balance gains and losses at the direction of the
client or Adviser, to raise cash for distribution to clients at their request, to invest new cash
contributions in a portfolio, or to alter the asset mix as market conditions dictate.
The Adviser provides monthly statements of account values to investors in the Fund.
The Adviser provides quarterly written reports to clients. From time to time, the Adviser may provide ad
hoc written reports to clients on topics typically related to market or specific security developments.
Annually, the Adviser assists the Fund in furnishing all investors with (i) audited written
financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles,
accompanied by the report of its independent certified public accountants, and (ii) tax information
necessary for the completion of tax returns.
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Item 14 – Client Referrals and Other Compensation
Fund
Currently, neither the Fund nor its related persons directly or indirectly compensate any
person who is not advisory personnel for investor referrals. If in the future the Fund enters into such
arrangements, this Brochure will be appropriately amended.
Managed Accounts
The Adviser may enter into arrangements and compensate unaffiliated solicitors for
client referral activities. These solicitation arrangements will be fully disclosed to affected clients and
will comply with the requirements of Rule 206(4)-1 under the Advisers Act, where applicable. Any
compensation associated with such solicitation arrangements will generally be borne directly by the
Adviser. For certain Managed Accounts, the Adviser currently utilizes solicitors, some of whom may
currently be clients of the Adviser. Solicitors, due to such compensation, have an incentive to
recommend the Adviser, resulting in a material conflict of interest.
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Item 15 – Custody
The Adviser is deemed under Rule 206(4)-2 of the Advisers Act to have custody of the
assets of the Fund as the Manager of the Fund is a related person of the Adviser.
Fund
The Fund is subject to an annual audit by an independent public accountant that is
registered with, and subject to regular inspection by, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board,
and the audited financial statements are distributed to each Fund investor. The audited financial
statements will be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and distributed
within 120 days of the Fund’s fiscal year end. Fund investors are urged to carefully review these financial
statements.
Managed Accounts
For Managed Accounts, the Adviser has custody as defined by Rule 206(4)-2 of the
Advisers Act only to the extent that it charges quarterly fees that it can deduct automatically from
accounts. Clients receive statements on at least a quarterly basis directly from the account custodians.
Clients are urged to carefully review these statements and should compare these statements to any
account information provided by the Adviser.
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Item 16 – Investment Discretion
The Adviser’s IMAs grant it discretionary investment authority over client accounts. See
Item 4 regarding client restrictions.
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Item 17 – Voting Client Securities
Fund
The Adviser is responsible for voting proxies on behalf of the Fund and it does not
permit clients to direct how it will vote on specific proxies. The Adviser may choose to abstain from the
exercise of voting rights. The Adviser’s basic principle in evaluating any proxy or corporate action is
whether a vote in favor is in the long-term interest of the company. In determining what is in the long-
term interest of a company, the Adviser takes into account among other matters whether management
has the requisite authority to carry out its mandate, whether management is appropriately accountable
for its actions, whether management has a sufficient grasp of the company’s required long-term
strategy, whether the company is being run and governed for the long-term health of its assets, people
and competitive position, and whether it is appropriately taking into account social, environment and
governance issues. The Adviser’s proxy voting policy is designed to ensure that if a material conflict of
interest is identified with connection with a particular proxy vote, that the vote is not improperly
influenced by the conflict. Conflicts of interest may arise from time to time in relation to proxy voting
requirements. The Adviser will consider whether proxies present any potential conflicts. If a material
conflict of interest arises, the Adviser will determine what is in the best interests of the client(s) and may
take appropriate steps to eliminate such conflict.
Managed Accounts
The Adviser does not as a rule vote proxies relating to Managed Accounts. Rather, it
instructs the custodian to send directly to Managed Account clients proxy materials received with
respect to the Managed Accounts so that each Client may vote proxies itself. On Client’s written
request, rare exceptions to this policy may, from time to time, be made in unique and non-recurring
circumstances. The Adviser shall not be expected or required to take any action with respect to lawsuits
involving securities, or the issuers thereof, presently or formerly included among the portfolios of any
Managed Account.
Clients who wish to obtain information about how the Adviser voted their securities or a
copy of the Adviser’s proxy voting policies and procedures may contact it in writing at the mailing
address listed on the first page of this document.
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Item 18 – Financial Information
In certain circumstances, none of which are applicable to the Adviser, registered
investment advisers are required to provide financial information or disclosures about their financial
condition in this Item. The Adviser has no financial commitment that impairs its ability to meet
contractual and fiduciary obligations and has not been the subject of a bankruptcy proceeding.
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