Overview
- Headquarters
- San Jose, CA
- Average Client Assets
- $3.7 million
- SEC CRD Number
- 139237
Recent Rankings
Forbes 2025: 242
Clients
- HNW Share of Firm Assets
- 84.05%
- Total Client Accounts
- 2,105
- Discretionary Accounts
- 119
- Non-Discretionary Accounts
- 1,986
Services Offered
Services: Financial Planning, Portfolio Management for Individuals, Portfolio Management for Institutional Clients, Pension Consulting
Regulatory Filings
Primary Brochure: WERBA RUBIN PAPIER WEALTH MANAGEMENT - ADV PART 2A (2026-03-08)
View Document Text
Item 1: Cover Page
Werba Rubin Papier
Wealth Management, LLC
Form ADV Part 2A Brochure
Address:
1732 North 1st Street
Suite 220
San Jose, CA 95112
Phone:
(408) 549-8533
Email:
llam@wrpwealth.com
Website:
https://www.wrpwealth.com/
This brochure provides information about the qualifications and business practices of Werba Rubin Papier
Wealth Management, LLC. If you have any questions about the contents of this brochure, please contact us at
the telephone number or email address listed above. The information in this brochure has not been approved
or verified by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or by any state securities authority. Werba
Rubin Papier Wealth Management, LLC is a registered investment adviser, but registration does not imply a
certain level of skill or training.
Additional information about Werba Rubin Papier Wealth Management, LLC is also available on the SEC’s
website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov and by searching for CRD# 139237.
February 16, 2026
Page 1 of 20
Item 2: Material Changes
In this Item, Werba Rubin Papier Wealth Management, LLC is only required to identify and discuss
material changes since filing its last annual amendment. Since the firm’s last annual updating amendment
filed on March 27, 2025, we have the following material changes to report:
- Item 10 has been updated with regard to outside business activities.
- Item 12 has been updated with regard to access to benefits from custodial broker-dealers.
Page 2 of 20
Item 3: Table of Contents
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Item 1: Cover Page
Item 2: Material Changes
Item 3: Table of Contents
Item 4: Advisory Business
Item 5: Fees and Compensation
Item 6: Performance-Based Fees & Side-By-Side Management
Item 7: Types of Clients
Item 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies & Risk of Loss
Item 9: Disciplinary Information
Item 10: Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations
Item 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client Transactions & Personal Trading
Item 12: Brokerage Practices
Item 13: Review of Accounts
Item 14: Client Referrals and Other Compensation
Item 15: Custody
Item 16: Investment Discretion
Item 17: Voting Client Securities
Item 18: Financial Information
Page 3 of 20
Item 4: Advisory Business
A. Werba Rubin Papier Wealth Management, LLC (the “Adviser,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an
investment adviser founded in 2006, registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (“SEC”), and principally owned by Alan Werba, Aaron Rubin, Jason Papier, and
Scott Jacobs.
B. Adviser offers the following types of advisory services:
i.
Discretionary Investment Management. Adviser provides ongoing discretionary and
non-discretionary investment management services to its clients based upon each client’s
current financial condition, goals, risk tolerance, income, liquidity requirements,
investment time horizon, and other information that is relevant to the management of
clients’ account(s). This information will then be used to make investment decisions and
recommendations that reflect clients’ individual needs and objectives on an initial and
ongoing basis. Adviser’s investment decisions and recommendations will allocate
portions of clients’ account(s) to various asset classes classified according to historical
and projected risks and rates of return. For accounts in which Adviser has been granted
discretionary authority, Adviser will retain the discretion to buy, sell, or otherwise transact
in securities and other investments in a client’s accounts without first receiving the client’s
specific approval for each transaction. Such discretionary authority is granted by a client
in his or her investment management agreement with Adviser. For non-discretionary
accounts, Adviser may only buy, sell, or otherwise transact in securities and other
investments in a client’s accounts upon receiving the client’s specific approval for each
transaction. Clients may impose restrictions on investing in certain securities or types of
securities so long as such restrictions may reasonably be implemented by Adviser.
Adviser generally implements its investments strategy by allocating clients’ investable
assets across a diversified risk-based portfolio of no-load mutual funds and/or exchange
traded funds (“ETFs”), stocks, and bonds.
ii.
Financial Planning. When rendering financial planning services (which may be provided
either in connection with investment management services or as a standalone service),
Adviser will evaluate and make recommendations with respect to various financial
planning topics that are relevant to a particular client. Such topics can include, for
example, retirement planning, education savings, cash flow management, debt reduction,
estate planning, insurance needs, risk mitigation, tax planning, charitable giving
strategies, and/or financial goal tracking. Implementation of Adviser’s recommendations
will be at the discretion of the client.
When rendering financial planning services, a conflict exists between Adviser’s interests
and the interests of its clients; clients are under no obligation to act upon Adviser’s
financial planning recommendations. If a client elects to act on any of the
recommendations made by Adviser, the client is under no obligation to effect the
transaction through Adviser or any of its personnel.
iii. Pension Consulting Services. To the extent Adviser is retained by a pension or profit
sharing plan (a “Plan”), Adviser shall review the Plan’s investment objectives, risk
tolerance, and goals, and shall work in partnership with applicable third parties (such as
the Plan’s recordkeeper, third-party administrator, and/or discretionary investment
manager) to establish an appropriate investment policy statement and deploy applicable
investment options into the Plan’s account. Adviser shall periodically review the
investment options available to the Plan and, if applicable, will make recommendations to
assist the Plan with respect to the selection of the Plan’s qualified default investment
alternative (“QDIA”). Adviser will provide reports, information and recommendations, on a
reasonably requested basis, to assist the Plan in monitoring the selected investments. If
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elected by the Plan, Adviser may also provide various services related to the Plan’s
governance, the education of Plan participants, and the review of other service providers
to the Plan. In connection with Plans subject to the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) and applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended (the “Code”) Adviser acknowledges that it is a fiduciary under ERISA
and the Code, shall render prudent investment advice that is in Plan’s best interest, shall
avoid making misleading statements, and shall receive no more than reasonable
compensation.
iv. Retirement Plan Accounts. When we provide investment advice to you regarding your
retirement plan account or individual retirement account, we are fiduciaries within the
meaning of Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and/or the
Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), as applicable, which are laws governing retirement
accounts. The way we make money creates some conflicts with your interests, so we
operate under a special rule that requires us to act in your best interest and not put our
interest ahead of yours. Under this special rule’s provisions, we must:
• Meet a professional standard of care when making investment
•
•
•
•
•
recommendations (give prudent advice);
Never put our financial interests ahead of yours when making
recommendations (give loyal advice);
Avoid misleading statements about conflicts of interest, fees, and investments;
Follow policies and procedures designed to ensure that we give advice
that is in your best interest;
Charge no more than is reasonable for our services; and
Give you basic information about conflicts of interest.
C. Adviser offers the same suite of services to all of its clients. However, specific client investment
strategies and their implementation are dependent upon the client’s current situation (income,
tax levels, and risk tolerance levels). Clients may impose restrictions in investing in certain
securities or types of securities in accordance with their values or beliefs. However, if the
restrictions prevent Adviser from properly servicing the client account, or if the restrictions would
require Adviser to deviate from its standard suite of services, then Adviser reserves the right to
end the relationship.
D. Adviser does not participate in any wrap fee programs.
E. Adviser manages the following amount of discretionary and non-discretionary client assets
calculated as of December 31, 2025:
Discretionary:
Non-Discretionary:
Total:
$1,372,133,365
$28,788,308
$1,400,921,673
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Item 5: Fees and Compensation
A. Adviser is compensated for its advisory services primarily by fees charged based on a client’s
assets under management with Adviser. Fees are negotiable, and each client’s specific fee
schedule is included as part of the investment advisory agreement signed by Adviser and the
client.
Adviser’s standard fee schedule is included below, subject to negotiation with a client:
Client Assets Under Management
Annual Fee Percentage
(paid quarterly)
1.00%
0.85%
0.55%
For the first amount from $0 to ,000,000
For the next amount from $2,000,001 to
$5,000,000
For the next amount from $5,000,001 to
$10,000,000
For any amount above $10,000,000
0.25%
B. The fee schedule above is a “tiered” or “blended” fee schedule, which means that different annual
fee percentages will apply to different ranges of client assets under Adviser’s management. Fees
are deducted in advance on a quarterly basis from clients’ assets and based upon the market
value of such assets managed by Adviser as of the last day of the prior calendar quarter. Cash is
included in the assets upon which fees are assessed.
C. In addition to the fees charged by Adviser, clients will incur brokerage and other transaction costs.
Please refer to Item 12: Brokerage Practices, for further information on such brokerage and other
transaction-related practices. Clients will also typically incur additional fees and expenses
imposed by independent and unaffiliated third-parties, which can include qualified custodian fees,
mutual fund or exchange traded fund fees and expenses, mark-ups and mark-downs, spreads
paid to market makers, wire transfer fees, check-writing fees, early-redemption charges, certain
deferred sales charges on previously-purchased mutual funds, margin fees, charges or interest,
IRA and qualified retirement plan fees, and other fees and taxes on brokerage accounts and
securities transactions. These additional charges are separate and apart from the fees charged
by Adviser.
D. If Adviser or client terminates the advisory agreement before the end of a quarterly billing period,
Adviser’s fees will be prorated through the effective date of the termination. The pro rata fees for
the remainder of the quarterly billing period after the termination will be refunded to the client.
E. Neither Adviser nor any of its supervised persons accepts compensation for the sale of securities
or other investment products.
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Item 6: Performance-Based Fees & Side-By-Side
Management
Neither Adviser nor any of its supervised persons accepts performance-based fees (fees based on a
share of capital gains or capital appreciation of the assets of a client). Neither Adviser nor any of its
supervised persons engage in side-by-side management.
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Item 7: Types of Clients
Adviser generally offers its services to individuals, high-net-worth individuals, charitable organizations, and
pension and profit sharing plans. The minimum account value required to open and maintain an account
with Adviser is $500,000, subject to negotiation.
Page 8 of 20
Item 8: Methods of Analysis, Investment Strategies &
Risk of Loss
A. Adviser primarily relies upon Modern Portfolio Theory when formulating investment advice or
managing assets, with a focus on long-term investing. Modern portfolio theory is an
investment approach that attempts to maximize portfolio expected return over the long run for
a given amount of portfolio risk, or equivalently minimize risk for a given level of expected
return, by carefully choosing the proportions of various assets.
B. Like any investment strategy, Modern Portfolio Theory involves material risks, which are
described in further detail below:
i.
Investing for the long term means that a client’s account will be exposed to short-term
fluctuations in the market and the behavioral impulse to make trading decisions based on
such short-term market fluctuations. Adviser does not condone short-term trading in an
attempt to “time” the market, and instead coaches clients to remain committed to their
financial goals. However, investing for the long term can expose clients to risks borne out
of changes to interest rates, inflation, general economic conditions, market cycles,
geopolitical shifts, and regulatory changes.
ii.
Inflation risk is the risk that the value of a client’s portfolio will not appreciate at least in an
amount equal to inflation over time. General micro- and macro-economic conditions may
also affect the value of the securities held in a client’s portfolio, and general economic
downturns can trigger corresponding losses across various asset classes and security
types. Market cycles may cause overall volatility and fluctuations in a portfolio’s value,
and may increase the likelihood that securities are purchased when values are
comparatively high and/or that securities are sold when values are comparatively low.
Geopolitical shifts may result in market uncertainty, lowered expected returns, and
general volatility in both domestic and international securities. Regulatory changes may
have a negative impact on capital formation and increase the costs of doing business,
and therefore result in decreased corporate profits and corresponding market values of
securities.
C. Clients should be aware that there is a material risk of loss using any investment strategy. The
investment types listed below are not guaranteed or insured by the FDIC or any other
government agency.
i.
Investing in mutual funds does not guarantee a return on investment, and shareholders of
a mutual fund may lose the principal that they’ve invested into a particular mutual fund.
Mutual funds invest into underlying securities that comprise the mutual fund, and as such
clients are exposed to the risks arising from such underlying securities. Mutual funds
charge internal expenses to their shareholders (which can include management fees,
administration fees, shareholder servicing fees, sales loads, redemption fees, and other
fund fees and expenses, e.g.), and such internal expenses subtract from its potential for
market appreciation. Shares of mutual funds may only be traded at their stated net asset
value (“NAV”), calculated at the end of each day upon the market’s close.
Investing in ETFs bears similar risks and incurs similar costs to investing in mutual funds
as described above. However, shares of an ETF may be traded like stocks on the open
market and are not redeemable at an NAV. As such, the value of an ETF may fluctuate
throughout the day and investors will be subject to the cost associated with the bid-ask
spread (the difference between the price a buyer is willing to pay (bid) for an ETF and the
seller's offering (asking) price).
Clients are encouraged to carefully read the prospectus of any mutual fund or ETF to be
Page 9 of 20
purchased for investment to obtain a full understanding of its respective risks and costs.
ii.
Investing in common stocks means that a client will be subject to the risks of the overall
market as well as risks associated with the particular company or companies whose
stock is owned. These risks can include, for example, changes in economic conditions,
growth rates, profits, interest rates and the market’s perception of these securities.
Common stocks tend to be more volatile and more risky than certain other forms of
investments, especially as compared to fixed income products like bonds.
iii.
Investing in fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Government, including Treasury
Bills, Treasury Notes, Treasury Bonds, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (“TIPS”),
and Floating Rate Notes means that a client will be subject to the market prices of such
debt securities, which typically fluctuate depending on interest rates, credit quality, and
maturity. In general, market prices of debt securities decline when interest rates rise and
rise when interest rates fall. The longer the time to a security’s maturity, the greater its
interest rate risk. Fixed income securities issued by the U.S. Government are also subject
to inflation risk, reinvestment risk, redemption risk, and valuation risk.
iv.
Investing in corporate debt, including corporate bonds, carries additional risks to those
noted above for fixed income securities. Corporate debt is also subject to credit risk - the
risk that the bond issuer may default on one or more payments before the bond reaches
maturity. In the event of a default, you may lose some or all of the income you were
entitled to, and even some or all of the principal amount invested. Some corporate bonds
may also be subject to early redemption risk, with the issuer having the principal repaid
prior to the maturity date of the bond.
Investing in securities involves risk of loss that clients should be prepared to bear. Past performance
does not guarantee future returns.
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Item 9: Disciplinary Information
There are no legal or disciplinary events that are material to a client’s or prospective client’s evaluation of
Adviser’s advisory business or the integrity of Adviser’s management.
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Item 10: Other Financial Industry Activities & Affiliations
A. Neither Adviser nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an application
pending to register, as a broker-dealer or a registered representative of a broker-dealer.
B. Neither Adviser nor any of its management persons are registered, or have an application
pending to register, as a futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator, a commodity
trading advisor, or an associated person of the foregoing entities.
C. Neither Adviser nor any of its management persons have any relationship or arrangement with
any related person below:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
broker-dealer, municipal securities dealer, or government securities dealer or broker
investment company or other pooled investment vehicle (including a mutual fund,
closed-end investment company, unit investment trust, private investment company or
“hedge fund,” and offshore fund)
other investment adviser or financial planner
futures commission merchant, commodity pool operator, or commodity trading advisor
banking or thrift institution
insurance company or agency
pension consultant
sponsor or syndicator of limited partnerships
However, certain employees of Adviser are also employees of Werba Rubin Papier Tax Services,
LLC, an accounting firm offering accounting, consulting, and tax services to its clients. This
activity is separate and distinct from the activities of Adviser; however, it is anticipated that clients
of Werba Rubin Papier Tax Services, LLC will become clients of Adviser, and clients of Adviser
will become clients of Werba Rubin Papier Tax Services, LLC. This presents a conflict of interest
due to the additional compensation that will be earned to the extent clients retain both the
services of Adviser and Werba Rubin Papier Tax Services, LLC. Adviser addresses this conflict
of interest by fully disclosing it in this brochure, by informing clients of Adviser that they are under
no obligation to retain the services of Werba Rubin Papier Tax Services, LLC, and by informing
clients of Adviser that they are free to retain any accounting firm they deem fit for the provision of
accounting, consulting, and tax services.
Additionally, Aaron Rubin is a licensed attorney, but does not render legal advice or perform
legal services for clients. Clients seeking legal advice or legal services should retain their own
qualified legal counsel.
Also, Alan Werba and Quynh Ho are real estate brokers, but neither render real estate
brokerage services to clients. Clients seeking real estate brokerage services should retain their
own qualified real estate broker.
D. Adviser does not utilize nor select third party investment advisers.
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Item 11: Code of Ethics, Participation or Interest in Client
Transactions & Personal Trading
A. Adviser has adopted a code of ethics that will be provided to any client or prospective client upon
request. Adviser’s code of ethics describes the standards of business conduct that Adviser
requires of its supervised persons, which is reflective of Adviser’s fiduciary obligations to act in
the best interests of its clients. The code of ethics also includes sections related to compliance
with securities laws, reporting of personal securities transactions and holdings, reporting of
violations of the code of ethics to Adviser’s Chief Compliance Officer, pre-approval of certain
investments by access persons, and the distribution of the code of ethics and any amendments to
all supervised persons followed by a written acknowledgement of their receipt.
B. Neither Adviser nor any of its related persons recommends to clients, or buys or sells for client
accounts, securities in which Adviser or any of its related persons has a material financial
interest.
C. From time to time, Adviser or its related persons will invest in the same securities (or related
securities such as warrants, options or futures) that Adviser or a related person recommends to
clients. This has the potential to create a conflict of interest because it affords Adviser or its
related persons the opportunity to profit from the investment recommendations made to clients.
Adviser’s policies and procedures and code of ethics address this potential conflict of interest by
prohibiting such trading by Adviser or its related persons if it would be to the detriment of any
client and by monitoring for compliance through the reporting and review of personal securities
transactions. In all instances Adviser will act in the best interests of its clients.
D. From time to time, Adviser or its related persons will buy or sell securities for client accounts at or
about the same time that Adviser or a related person buys or sells the same securities for its own
(or the related person’s own) account. This has the potential to create a conflict of interest
because it affords Adviser or its related persons the opportunity to trade either before or after the
trade is made in client accounts, and profit as a result. Adviser’s policies and procedures and
code of ethics address this potential conflict of interest by prohibiting such trading by Adviser or
its related persons if it would be to the detriment of any client and by monitoring for compliance
through the reporting and review of personal securities transactions. In all instances Adviser will
act in the best interests of its clients.
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Item 12: Brokerage Practices
A. Adviser considers several factors when recommending a custodial broker-dealer for client
transactions and determining the reasonableness of such custodial broker-dealer’s
compensation. Such factors include the custodial broker-dealer’s industry reputation and financial
stability, service quality and responsiveness, execution price, speed and accuracy, reporting
abilities, and general expertise. Assessing these factors as a whole allows Adviser to fulfill its duty
to seek best execution for its clients’ securities transactions. However, Adviser does not
guarantee that the custodial broker-dealer recommended for client transactions will necessarily
provide the best possible price, as price is not the sole factor considered when seeking best
execution. After considering the factors above, Adviser recommends Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
("Schwab") and Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC ("Fidelity") as the custodial broker-dealers for
client accounts.
i.
Adviser does not have formal soft dollar arrangements, but has access to soft dollar
benefits from custodians. For example, the custodial broker-dealer(s) recommended by
Adviser do provide certain products and services that are intended to directly benefit
Adviser, clients, or both. Such products and services include but are not limited to (a)
an online platform through which Adviser can monitor and review client accounts, (b)
access to proprietary technology that allows for order entry, (c) duplicate statements for
client accounts and confirmations for client transactions, (d) invitations to the custodial
broker-dealer(s)’ educational conferences, (e) practice management consulting, and (f)
occasional business meals and entertainment.
The receipt of these products and services creates a conflict of interest to the extent it
causes Adviser to recommend Schwab and Fidelity as opposed to a comparable
custodial broker-dealer. Adviser addresses this conflict of interest by fully disclosing it in
this brochure, evaluating Schwab and Fidelity based on the value and quality of its
services as realized by clients, and by periodically evaluating alternative broker-dealers
to recommend.
ii.
In selecting or recommending custodial broker-dealers, Adviser does not consider
whether Adviser or a related person receives client referrals from a custodial
broker-dealer or third-party.
iii.
Adviser does not routinely recommend, request, or require that a client direct Adviser to
execute transactions through a specified custodial broker-dealer other than Schwab and
Fidelity.
B. Adviser retains the ability to aggregate the purchase and sale of securities for clients’ accounts
with the goal of seeking more efficient execution and more consistent results across accounts.
Aggregated trading instructions will not be placed if it would result in increased administrative and
other costs, custodial burdens, or other disadvantages. If client trades are aggregated by Adviser,
then such aggregation will be done so as not to systematically disadvantage any client and to
treat all clients as fairly and equally as possible.
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Item 13: Review of Accounts
A. The investment adviser representatives of Adviser monitor client accounts on an ongoing basis,
and typically review client accounts on a quarterly basis. Such reviews are designed to ensure
that the client is still on track to achieve his or her financial goals, and that the investments remain
appropriate given the client’s risk tolerance, investment objectives, major life events, and other
factors. Clients are encouraged to proactively reach out to Adviser to discuss any changes to
their personal or financial situation.
B. Other factors that may trigger a review include, but are not limited to, material developments in
market conditions, material geopolitical events, and changes to a client’s personal or financial
situation (the birth of a child, preparing for a home purchase, plans to attend higher education, a
job transition, impending retirement, death or disability among family members, etc.).
C. The custodial broker-dealer will send account statements and reports directly to clients no less
frequently than quarterly. Such statements and reports will be mailed to clients at their address of
record or delivered electronically, depending on the client’s election. If agreed to by Adviser and
client, Adviser and/or a third-party report provider will also send clients reports to assist them in
understanding their account positions and performance, as well as the progress toward achieving
financial goals.
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Item 14: Client Referrals and Other Compensation
A. Nobody other than clients provides an economic benefit to Adviser for providing investment
advice or other advisory services to clients. However, as described above in Item 12, the
custodial broker-dealer(s) recommended for client accounts provides certain products and
services that are intended to directly benefit Adviser, clients, or both.
B. Adviser has entered into arrangements with one or more independent third parties
(“Promoters”) that refer prospective advisory clients to Adviser. Such Promoter(s) are
compensated directly by Adviser, and the fees charged by Adviser to prospective advisory
clients is not increased as a result of such referral. The compensation paid by Adviser to a
Promoter will be memorialized in a written agreement, and is generally in the form of (i) a
percentage of the advisory fees earned by Adviser from clients referred by the Promoter,
(ii) flat per-referral fees, and/or (iii) a recurring flat fee that does not vary based on the
number of prospective advisory clients referred. Adviser is independent and unaffiliated
with the Promoter(s) from whom it receives prospective advisory client referrals.
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Item 15: Custody
For clients that do not have their fees deducted directly from their account(s) and have not provided
Adviser with any standing letters of authorization (“SLOAs”) to distribute funds from their account(s) to
third parties, Adviser will not have any custody of client funds or securities.
For clients that have their fees deducted directly from their account(s) or that have provided Adviser with
discretion as to amount and timing of disbursements pursuant to an SLOA to disburse funds from their
account(s) to third parties, Adviser will generally be deemed to have custody over such clients’ funds
pursuant to applicable custody rules and guidance thereto. At no time will Adviser accept custody of client
funds or securities in the capacity of a custodial broker-dealer or other qualified custodian, and at all times
client accounts will be held by a third-party qualified custodian as described in Item 12 above.
With respect to custody that is triggered by third party SLOAs, Adviser endeavors to comply with the
following seven conditions as listed in the 2017 SEC No Action Letter to the Investment Adviser
Association:
1. The client provides an instruction to the qualified custodian, in writing, that includes the client’s
signature, the third party’s name, and either the third party’s address or the third party’s account
number at a custodian to which the transfer should be directed.
2. The client authorizes the investment adviser, in writing, either on the qualified custodian’s form or
separately, to direct transfers to the third party either on a specified schedule or from time to time.
3. The client’s qualified custodian performs appropriate verification of the instruction, such as a
signature review or other method to verify the client’s authorization, and provides a transfer of
funds notice to the client promptly after each transfer.
4. The client has the ability to terminate or change the instruction to the client’s qualified custodian.
5. The investment adviser has no authority or ability to designate or change the identity of the third
party, the address, or any other information about the third party contained in the client’s
instruction.
6. The investment adviser maintains records showing that the third party is not a related party of the
investment adviser or located at the same address as the investment adviser.
7. The client’s qualified custodian sends the client, in writing, an initial notice confirming the
instruction and an annual notice reconfirming the instruction.
If a client receives account statements from both the custodial broker-dealer and Adviser or a third-party
report provider, then client is urged to compare such account statements and advise Adviser of any
discrepancies between them.
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Item 16: Investment Discretion
Adviser accepts discretionary trading authority to manage securities accounts on behalf of clients only
pursuant to the mutual written agreement of Adviser and the client through a power-of-attorney, which is
typically contained in the advisory agreement signed by Adviser and the client. This includes the authority
to buy, sell, and otherwise transact in securities and other investment products in client’s account(s)
without necessarily consulting with clients in advance. Clients may place reasonable limitations on this
discretionary authority so long as it is contained in a written agreement and/or power-of-attorney.
Page 18 of 20
Item 17: Voting Client Securities
Adviser does not have and will not accept authority to vote client securities. Clients will receive their proxies
or other solicitations directly from their custodial broker-dealer or a transfer agent, as applicable, and should
direct any inquiries regarding such proxies or other solicitations directly to the sender.
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Item 18: Financial Information
A. Adviser does not require or solicit prepayment of more than $1,200 in fees per client, six months
or more in advance.
B. Adviser has no financial condition that is reasonably likely to impair its ability to meet contractual
commitments to clients.
C. Adviser has not been the subject of a bankruptcy petition at any time.
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